Determining the effect of sowing density is crucial for good tillering and production of &nbsp;dry matter yield of green manure crops. An experiment was to determine the effect of sowing density on tiller number, total dry matter yield production and ground cover by green leaf blades of two green manure crops namely winter rye and lolium. Split-plot design was used with a green manure crop as a main factor and sowing density as a sub-plot factor with six blocks in 3 different sowing densities. An advisable sowing density of 50% and 100% did show a significant difference on the number of tillers for winter rye. Sowing density did show a significant linear effect on ground cover by green leaf blades of the crops. Sowing density showed a significant linear effect on total dry matter yield. To evaluate the effect of environment further investigation would be need.&nbsp;

Effect of sowing density on number of tiller, ground cover and dry matter&nbsp;yield production of two green manure crops, winter&nbsp;rye (Secale cereale L.) and lolium mix

<div>Background: Yield is a complex entity. The pre-requisite for achieving high yields in rice depends on identification of superior new genotypes for various traits associated with yield. These characters may help in advancing the yield like the plant height, tillers per plant, length of panicle, grains per panicle, grain weight and their relationship with yield and direct and indirect contribution to grain 
yield. The present study was conducted to identify the yield and its related characters of all the rice cultivars which are collected from the hill farmers of Manipur. 
 
Methods: Field experiment of 90 local rice cultivars were conducted in the experimental farm of ICAR, Lamphel, Imphal, Manipur. Sample random sampling technique with a sample size of 6 competitive plant were study in the present study. Data of plant height, total tillers per plant, length of panicle, total spikelet&rsquo;s per panicle, grain per panicle, grain weight, grain yield per plant were analysed. 
 
Result: The present finding shows that a large number of local cultivars are used by the hill farmers of Manipur without appropriate selection. Some of these cultivars were having those agronomic traits which are considered to be associated with yield characters of rice. If improved high yielding varieties for upland rice cropping is not available to the farmers&rsquo; they can select to those local cultivars having desirable yield characters.</div>

​Yields and its Component Characters in Upland Rice of Manipur

An investigation was carried out at Regional Agricultural Research Station (RARS), Titabor and Instructional-Cum- Research Farm, Assam Agricultural University, Jorhat during 2013-14 and 2014-15 in boro and sali season respectively. The field trials were conducted to evaluate effectiveness by combining rodenticides with local bamboo traps against field rodents in rice. Combined effect of rodenticides and traps were evaluated at different growth stages of rice against Bandicota bengalensis in terms of live burrow count (LBC/ha), trapping &nbsp;index (TI) &nbsp;as well as per cent cut tillers in both boro and sali rice, respectively. Baiting with bromadiolone (0.005%) at panicle initiation stage and bamboo traps at milky stage recorded the highest reduction in rodent population (72.39% LBC/ha, 70.57% TI and 68.13% cut tillers) in boro and (72.27% LBC/ha, 77.13% TI and 70.77% cut tillers) in sali rice over control at harvesting stage. The second best treatment in respect of per cent reduction of LBC/ha, trap index and cut tillers was bamboo traps at maximum tillering stage and bromadiolone (0.005%) at panicle initiation stage in both boro and sali rice, respectively which recorded a reduction of 65.89% LBC/ha, 66.19% TI and 65.66% cut tillers in boro rice and 68.33% LBC/ha, 71.04% TI and 62.83% tiller damage in sali rice&nbsp;

Effect of rodenticides and traps against lesser bandicoot rat,&nbsp;(Bandicota bengalensis) in rice field

Background: Irrigation management and silicon fertilization are critical challenges in optimizing crop performance, particularly under water stress conditions. Therefore, effective irrigation and silicon fertilization strategies are crucial for optimizing barley growth, particularly under varying environmental conditions. This study investigates the impact of varying irrigation levels and silicon application on the growth, phenology, yield attributes and quality of barley (Hordeum vulgare L.). 
 
Methods: The experiment was conducted under controlled field conditions at the Agriculture Research Farm, Department of Agronomy, Lovely Professional University, Jalandhar, during the Rabi season of 2023-2024. It utilized a split plot design (SPD), featuring three irrigation levels based on number of irrigations: I1&nbsp;(no irrigation), I2&nbsp;(two irrigations at tillering and grain development) and I3&nbsp;(four irrigations at tillering, jointing, booting and grain development stages) and five silicon treatments: S1&nbsp;(control), S2&nbsp;(0.50% at tillering), S3&nbsp;(0.50% at tillering and booting), S4&nbsp;(1% at tillering) and S5&nbsp;(1% at tillering and booting). Observations were recorded on plant population, leaf area, days to emergence, heading, flowering, physiological maturity, weight of grains spike-1, biological yield, SPAD chlorophyll index, proline content and relative water content. 
 
Result: Results indicated that employing four irrigation treatments and 0.5% silicon spray applied at key growth stages significantly improved barley morphology, phenology, yield characteristics, biochemical attributes and plant-water relations indicating better water retention and stress tolerance. The synergistic effects of these treatments suggest that balanced irrigation coupled with silicon application can be an effective strategy for maximizing barley growth and quality in varying environmental conditions. This research offers valuable insights for agricultural practices aimed at optimizing cereal crop performance under variable water availability for effective crop management practices. 
&nbsp;

Effect of Irrigation Levels and Silicon on Growth and Productivity of Barley (Hordeum vulgare L.)

Pearl millet [Pennisetum glaucum (L.) R. Br.] is the staple diet for a vast majority of poor farmers in arid and semi-arid regions of India. An experiment was conducted at Millet Breeding Station, Tamil Nadu Agricultural University, Coimbatore to determine the interrelationship between yield and yield component traits in 250 recombinant inbred lines (RILs) of pearl millet during summer 2015. A perusal of the results of this study showed positive significant and strong &nbsp;genotypic and phenotypic correlations between grain yield per plant and plant height, number of productive tillers per plant, earhead length, earhead girth, single earhead weight, single earhead grain weight, 1000- grain weight and beta carotene content. Path coefficient analysis indicated that number of productive tillers per plant and single earhead grain weight had high direct effect on grain yield per plant. High indirect effect on grain yield per plant was caused by single earhead weight via single earhead grain weight and single earhead weight, single earhead grain weight and 1000- grain weight influences grain yield per plant through moderate positive indirect effect of number via productive tillers per plant. Based on the present results, it could be concluded that number of productive tillers per plant, earhead girth, single earhead weight and single earhead grain weight could be identified as the most important traits that are associated with grain yield in pearl millet. Hence these traits can be used as selection criteria for yield improvement in pearl millet.&nbsp;

Trait association among beta carotene content and yield attributes in recombinant inbred lines of pearl millet [Pennisetum glaucum (L.) R. Br.] 
&nbsp;

<div>Background: An investigation was performed to identify epistasis, additive, dominance components of genetic variation and yield and yield variability attributing characteristics by triple test cross testing involving three testers (P1, P2 and F1) and ten rice lines. 
 
Methods: The study materials consisted of F1 seeds of three crosses, involving six parents namely, ASD16, ADT47, ASD18, CO51, TKM9 and MTU 7029. They are evaluated in randomized complete block design with three replications. Observations were reported for seven traits, namely plant height, number of tillers per plant, number of productive tillers per plant, length of panicle, number of grains per panicle, weight of 1000 grains and yield of grain per plant on five randomly selected plants per replication. 
 
Result: The segregating population of three crosses exhibited wide range of variability for most of the traits. The difference between GCV and PCV was low for most of the characters indicated less influence of environment. Among the three crosses ASD18 x CO15 recorded high percent of heritability and genetic advance for grain yield per plant. The estimate of total epistasis revealed that i type of epistasis (additive x additive) was highly significant for number of tillers per plant, number of productive tillers per plant, panicle length and 1000 grain weight. The effect of the additive (D) variance was very important for all the traits except the number of grains per panicle. Across all traits, the degree of dominance (H / D)1/2 was less than unity (&lt;1) suggesting, partial of dominance. Since, the pre dominance component of epistasis in autogamous crop is additive x additive (i type), it was suggested that the selection may be post ponded to later generation until all the non-additive components of variance has been mitigated to additive components.</div>

<div>Revelation of Epistasis through Triple Test Cross (TTC) Analysis in Rice (Oryza sativa L.)</div>

An investigation was carried out on the effect of irrigation schedules and genotypes on the growth and yield components of wheat (Triticum aestivum L.) at the University of Agricultural Sciences, Dharwad (Karnataka) in the year 2001-02. The design of the experiment was split plot with three replications. Irrigation schedules(I7) at crown root initiation + tillering + jointing + flowering + milky + dough stages recorded maximum effective tillers at harvest (94.66), total dry matter production (217.58 g m-1 row length), leaf area (49.31 dm2 m-1 row length), leaf area index (2.18), the mean ear length (6.89 cm), number of grains per ear (34.58), 1000 grain weight (39.83 g). Due to increased growth parameters, I7 irrigation schedule resulted in maximum grain yield (2669 kg ha-1) over I1 (1626 kg ha-1), I4 (2128 kg ha-1), I2 (2150 kg ha-1) and I3 (2240 kg ha-1) but was on par with I5 (2463 kg ha-1) and I6 (2580 kg ha-1). Significantly higher (2128 kg ha-1) grain yield was observed in I4 irrigation schedule over I1 (1626 kg ha-1) but was on par with I2 (2150 kg ha-1) and I3 (2240 kg ha-1) irrigation schedule. Significantly lowest (1626 kg ha-1) grain yield was recorded in irrigation schedule at crown root initiation and tillering stage. Among the wheat genotypes, DWR-1006 (durum wheat) recorded higher effective tillers at harvest (84.28), total dry matter production (206.06 g m-1 row length), leaf area (46.45 dm2 m-1 row length), leaf area index (2.06), number of grains per ear (33.46), 1000 grain weight (40.83 g), harvest index (0.379) and grain yield (2390 kg ha-1). The grain yield was affected due to wheat genotypes. Significantly higher (2390 kg ha-1) grain yield was recorded in wheat genotype DWR-1006 over DWR-162 (2140 kg ha-1).

Effect of irrigation scheduling on the growth and yield of wheat genotypes

<div>Background: In central Punjab, the primary cause of depleting underground water is early transplantation of long-duration rice varieties. Because of their growth in rainy days and early maturity, the cultivation of medium-duration varieties in the low evaporation period can help to migrate the over draft of underground water. 
 
Methods: The field experiment entitled &ldquo;Effect of date of transplanting on growth and productivity of the rice (Oriza sativa L.) cultivars&rdquo; was conducted at Research Farm of University College of Agriculture, Guru Kashi University, Talwandi Sabo, Bathinda to study the impact of date of transplanting on growth and productivity of the rice cultivars during kharif season in 2019. The trail was laid out in split plot design with three dates of transplanting (June 15, June 25 and July 5) in main plot and three rice cultivars (PR 122, PR 126 and PUSA 44) in sub plot, replicated thrice. 
 
Result: Transplanting on 15 June crop recorded significantly higher plant height at 30, 60 DAT and at harvest viz. 67.4, 110.0 and 122.6 cm respectively; number of tillers at 30, 60 DAT and at harvest viz. 59.4, 58.2 and 46.2 respectively; leaf area index (LAI) at 60 DAT (3.1); dry matter accumulation (DMA) at&nbsp; 30, 60 DAT and at harvest viz. 8.5, 26.7 and 132.6 q/ha respectively; number of days taken to panicle initiation (57.6); number of days taken for 50 per cent flowering (64.1); effective tillers per meter row length (38.6); panicle length (26.1 cm); panicle weight (6.1 g); number of grains per panicle (177.9); 1000-grain weight (31.0g); grain yield (72.2 q/ha); straw yield (161.1 q/ha); harvest index (33.4%). The grain yield was at par with June 25. Among the cultivars, PUSA 44 recorded significantly higher plant height at 30, 60 DAT and at harvest viz. 70.6, 117.4 and 128.6 cm respectively; number of tillers at 30, 60 DAT and at harvest viz. 65.0, 60.3 and 50.4 respectively; leaf area index (LAI) at 60 DAT (3.4); dry matter accumulation (DMA) at&nbsp; 30, 60 DAT and at harvest viz. 9.5, 31.3 and 153.4 q/ha respectively; number of days taken to panicle initiation (65.2); number of days taken for 50 per cent flowering (68.7); effective tillers per meter row length (43.2); panicle length (27.5 cm); panicle weight (6.5 g); number of grains per panicle (195.7); 1000-grain weight (34.7g); grain yield (80.1 q/ha); straw yield (181.2 q/ha); harvest index (34.1%). June 15 transplanting produced significantly higher grain yield which was 1.5 and 6.4% higher than June 25 and July 5 transplanting respectively. PUSA 44 produced significantly higher grain yield which was 27.3 and 17.4% higher than PR 126 and PR 122 respectively. All the interaction effect of date of transplanting and rice cultivars recorded non-significant results.</div>

Effect of Date of Transplanting on Growth and Productivity of Rice (Oryza sativa L.) Cultivars

Background: The integration of organic fertilizers with nitrogen-based fertilizers creates a synergistic effect that enhances wheat growth, yield and grain quality within a sustainable agricultural framework. 
&nbsp; 
Methods: The experimentation was executed at the Research Farm, Division of Agronomy, Lovely Professional University, during the rabi seasons of 2023-2024 and 2024-2025, evaluating the effects of organic fertilizers and nitrogen on wheat growth and yield. The research was conducted using a&nbsp; split-plot design with three replications. The treatment comprised five main plots, viz., M1: Control, M2: 10 t/ha FYM, M3: 15 t/ha FYM, M4: 5 t/ha Poultry Manure and M5: 7.5 t/ha Poultry Manure and three sub-plot viz., N1: 100% RDN, N2: 50% RDN + Two spray of nano urea (at tillering and booting stages) and N3: 75% RDN + one spray of nano urea (at booting stages). 
&nbsp; 
Result: The analysis highlighted that among the application of organic manures, 7.5 t-ha poultry manures (M5) notably observed the highest growth parameters like plant height (104.25 cm), dry matter accumulation (258.10 g/m row length) and leaf area index (4.86) succeeded by plant height (103.64 cm), dry matter accumulation (257.50 g/m row length) and leaf area index (4.81) on 15 t/ha FYM (M3) of the wheat which the resulted values were statistically at par. In a similar vein, it was observed that varying levels of nitrogen application had a pronounced and significant influence on the growth parameters of wheat crops viz., plant height (102.08 cm), dry matter accumulation (235.10 g/m row length) and leaf area index (4.65), all of which were achieved under the nitrogen treatment, 100% RDN (N1).&nbsp; Furthermore, the yield attributes and yield as effective tillers of 228.39, grains per spikelet of 47.39, test weight of 43.41 g, grain yield of 55.67 q/ha, a straw yield of 73.65 q/ha, a biological yield of 129.32 q/ha and harvest index of 43.04% were obtained from 7.5 t-ha poultry manures (M5) followed by effective tillers of 227.94, grains per spikelet of 47.09, test weight of 42.97 g, grain yield of 55.09 q/ha, a straw yield of 73.27 q/ha, a biological yield of 128.36 q/ha and harvest index of 42.91% from 15 t/ha FYM (M3) when juxtaposed with the outcomes observed from other treatments administered during the study. However, these values were statistically comparable with 7.5 t/ha poultry manures (M5). Among the various nitrogen levels employed in the study, the highest yield attributes and yield such as effective tillers of 222.57, grains per spikelet of 46.39, test weight of 41.46 g, grain yield of 51.59 q/ha, a straw yield of 69.83 q-ha, a biological yield of 121.42 q/ha and harvest index of 42.43% were recorded under the 100% RDN (N1).

Influence of Organic Fertilizers and Nitrogen on the Growth and Yield of Wheat (Triticum aestivum L.)

<div style="text-align: justify;">Rice is the most important food crop of India which is grown in about 43.86 million hectare. In India the production touches 112 MT milled rice used to feed 0.8 billion peoples that is 65% of the population.Rice is grown by manual transplanting of young rice seedlings in the puddled field in bending and squatting posture, which is very drudgerious operation. Prior to transplanting, puddling is done to prepare a soft seedbed for maintain water level in the field. Generally, animal drawn puddler, tractor&rsquo;s cage wheel and power tiller operated rotary tiller were used for puddling operation.A self-propelled puddler developed at IIT Kharagpur for rice crop was tested in sandy loam soil of Kharagpur district in India. The average value of puddling index and the puddle depth was found to be above 78 % and 107 mm, respectively. The puddling with self-propelled puddled was found to be at par with that of rotary tiller.&nbsp;</div>

Effect of sowing density on number of tiller, ground cover and dry matter yield production of two green manure crops, winter rye (Secale cereale L.) and lolium mix

Yields and its Component Characters in Upland Rice of Manipur

Effect of rodenticides and traps against lesser bandicoot rat, (Bandicota bengalensis) in rice field

Effect of Irrigation Levels and Silicon on Growth and Productivity of Barley (Hordeum vulgare L.)

Trait association among beta carotene content and yield attributes in recombinant inbred lines of pearl millet [Pennisetum glaucum (L.) R. Br.]

Revelation of Epistasis through Triple Test Cross (TTC) Analysis in Rice (Oryza sativa L.)

Effect of irrigation scheduling on the growth and yield of wheat genotypes

Effect of Date of Transplanting on Growth and Productivity of Rice (Oryza sativa L.) Cultivars

Influence of Organic Fertilizers and Nitrogen on the Growth and Yield of Wheat (Triticum aestivum L.)

Self-propelled puddler for rice (Oryza sativa) crop and its evaluation