<div style="text-align: justify;">A study was undertaken to evaluate the economics of feeding protected protein and protected fat in crossbred cows. The feeding trial of 4 months duration was conducted on 24 crossbred cattle which were subjected to treatment T0 (Control), T1 (Protected- protein), T2 ( Protected fat) and T3 (Protected protein and fat). Crossbred cows in second to fourth lactation with most probable production ability (MPPA) of average 2300 liter milk production per lactation for each group were selected. All animals were fed with 2/3 DM through roughages (2/3 from dry and 1/3 from green) + 1/3 DM from concentrate mixture. In T0 and T2 groups untreated groundnut cake was given in ration. Whereas, in T1 and T3 groups, groundnut cake was treated with formaldehyde (FA) (@ 1.0 gm FA /100g CP). Also bypass fat (99%) was supplemented in T2 and T3 groups @ 10 gm per liter milk production. Daily DM intake and daily milk yield for individual animals were recorded. The data generated during experimental period were analyzed by Factorial Randomized Block Design (FRBD) with SAS, 9.3 versions.The DMI was significantly (P&lt;0.05) higher in T3 (12.72) followed by T1 (12.59), T0 (12.47) and T2 (12.23). However, the DMI/ 100 kg body weight was 3.05, 3.01, 3.13 and 2.81 kg/d in T0, T1, T2 and T3, respectively with non significant treatment. The average milk production during supplementation period was 9.82, 11.76, 11.41 and 12.43 kg/d in group T0, T1, T2 and T3, respectively which was significantly 16.49% higher in T1, 13.93% higher in T2 and 20.99% in T3 over T0. The net return over feed cost was highest in T3 group followed by T1 and T2 over T0.</div>

Economics of feeding protected protein and protected fat on crossbred cattle

<div><strong>Background:</strong>&nbsp;Pasteurellosis is an economically important disease of livestock worldwide and vaccination is effective mean to control the disease outbreaks. One of alternative method for vaccine preparation could be the use of lytic phages as bacterial inactivating agents and employing &ldquo;phage lysate immunogen&rdquo; as an immunizing agent. Therefore, the study was undertaken to explore the protective immune response of novel phage lysate vaccine against&nbsp;<em>Pasteurella multocida.&nbsp;</em><br />
<br />
<strong>Methods:</strong>&nbsp;A phage lysate vaccine of&nbsp;<em>Pasteurella multocida&nbsp;</em>was prepared using isolated lytic phage and subjected to vaccine response study in rabbits. In this experiment, two mouse fixed-dose of lysate was used and the prophylactic efficacies of lysates were evaluated in rabbits by passive mouse protection test (PMPT), western blotting and direct virulent challenge.<br />
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<strong>Result:</strong>&nbsp;Passive transfer of antibodies to mice using post-immunization sera of rabbits protected the animals against the challenge with A: 1 strain (75%) and B: 2&nbsp;strain (50%). In western blotting, a total number of 4 bands were observed in the region between 130 kDa to 25 kDa in the protein of the phage lysate. The study suggested the significance increase in humoral immunity by phage lysate in murine Pasteurellosis.</div>


<div>Active Immunization with <em>Pasteurella multocida</em> Lysate Elicits Antibody that Protects Rabbits against Virulent <em>Pasteurella multocida</em> and Protects Mice by Passive Immunization</div>


<div style="text-align: justify;">Vegetable cultivation is an awesome business in India, however it is difficult to judge how they are safe for human consumption as farmers spray large amount of&nbsp; pesticides which not only increases the cost of cultivation but also leaves residual toxicity in&nbsp; vegetables. To address these challenges, protected cultivation technology i.e., poly&nbsp;&nbsp; house, shade net, micro tunnel etc., have been globally accepted in horticultural sector and there is a scope for economic viability of tomato and capsicum under shade net for profitable agriculture. The present study was conducted during 2016-17 to analyse the economic viability of vegetable production under protected cultivation the Kolar, Malur and Mulbagal taluks of&nbsp; Kolar district of Karnataka by involving 80 vegetable growers. The viability of investment in the Shade net for cultivation of capsicum and tomato were analyzed by using project analysis parameters such as Net Present Value (NPV), Benefit Cost Ratio (BCR), Internal Rate of Return (IRR) and Payback Period (PBP).The Cash flow analysis was calculated based on estimated expenditure and returns for both capsicum and tomato crops&nbsp; over the 15 years for analyzing the economic viability. The study highlighted that Investment on shade net for capsicum (BCR=1.69:1) cultivation is more profitable than tomato (BCR=1.48:1). The fixed costs for cultivation of both the crops capsicum and tomato under shade net were found to be same. The labour cost for capsicum (Rs.59, 493) cultivation was nearly equal to tomato (Rs.59, 181) cultivation under shade net in an one acre area. The variation in gross income and net income of both the crops was mainly due to stable price in market for capsicum as compared to tomato. Finally concluded that capsicum crop is more economical than tomato under shade net which create pathway for continues profitability as well as sustainability of agriculture.</div>

<div style="text-align: justify;">Techno-Economic Analysis of Vegetable Production under&nbsp;Protected Cultivation in Kolar district of Karnataka</div>

<div><strong>Background: </strong>Dendrobiums are most popular high value cut flowers which require special attention during cultivation. In Assam, <em>Dendrobium</em> orchids are normally grown under iron frame shade net houses which are quite vulnerable to cold injury during extreme winter period and heavy rain during monsoon period. Further, the existing structures are very costly which is not affordable by small and marginal farmers of Assam. Keeping in view the current study was aimed to evaluate a suitable low cost protected structure for commercial cultivation of <em>Dendrobium</em> cv. Sonia under Assam condition.&nbsp;<br />
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<strong>Methods:</strong> An experiment was conducted in the Horticulture Experimental Farm, Assam Agricultural University, Jorhat, during 2018-2019 which was laid out in factorial completely randomized design with 10 treatment combinations replicated five times. The first factors comprised 5 numbers of low cost protected structures <em>viz.</em>, G<sub>1</sub>, G<sub>2</sub>, G<sub>3</sub>, G<sub>4</sub> and G<sub>5</sub>. The second factors comprised T<sub>1</sub>-1 tier and T<sub>2</sub>-2 tiers.<br />
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<strong>Result: </strong>The results revealed that among the protected structures, healthy growth and better quality flowers were obtained under G<sub>1</sub> (Bamboo frame structure covered with fixed 200 micron UV film with top ventilated and 50% agro shade net as ceiling) protected structure followed by G<sub>4</sub>. Between the tiers, T<sub>2</sub> was found to be superior in respect of the growth characters as well as most of the flower characters. So, this treatment combination is merits consideration for commercial growers of Assam to bring about timely and quality flower production of <em>Dendrobium </em>cv. Sonia.</div>


<p>Evaluation of Low Cost Protected Structure for Commercial Cultivation of <em>Dendrobium</em> Cv. Sonia under Assam Condition</p>


<div style="text-align:justify">Photo selective shade net is a product made of plastic fibers connected together with each other, forming a regular porous structure and allowing gases, liquid and light to pass through. It has a capacity to selectively filter the intercepted solar radiation, in addition to their protective function. Vegetables are considered as protective food which are highly perishable in nature. High temperature due to global warming, climate change and excessive use of chemicals are some of the burning issues of vegetable production. Photo selective shade net can be a partial solution for these problems. Vegetable crops grown under different photo selective shade net shows productive responses thus by application of various Photo selective shade nets we can improve the quality as well as production of vegetable crops.</div>


<p class="ql-align-justify">Photo Selective Shade Net: An Effective Tool to Reduce the Impact of Global Warming and Pesticide Residues in Vegetable Production: A Review</p>

<p><strong>Background:</strong> Photo-selective shade netting technology is an emerging agro-technological concept, which aims at the improvement of crop quality by modification of spectral light and provides physical protection of the crop. The aim of this study was to investigate the influence of four protective nets with different colours on the colour of the apple fruits grown under the netting.<br />
&nbsp;<br />
<strong>Methods: </strong>The colour of apple fruits, variety Florina, grown under different photo-selective nets: black, red, white and yellow was studied. The colour of the fruits studied was determined in terms of hue, saturation and brightness. The effect of white reflective ground cover on colour of the apples was also investigated. For this purpose, the reflective ground cover was applied for the duration of one month, during the fruit ripening period. To determine the colour and its descriptive values, spectrophotometric measurements were carried out with a CSS-D spectrophotometer, equipped with a CSS-45 sensor from Gigahertz-Optic. The spectrophotometric measurements show that the dominant colour of the apples was-yellow and the covering colour of the skin of the fruit falls in the orange section of the spectrum.<br />
&nbsp;<br />
<strong>Result:</strong> As a summary of the obtained results, the most intense was the colour of apples, grown under a yellow net and the least intense was the apple colour when a white net and a reflective ground cover was used. It was found that, the colour of the apple skin, in terms of wavelength, significantly changes when a ground reflective cover was used. Noticeable differences in the intensity of the apple colour were found. The apple colour intensity was higher when only photo-selective nets were used. A deviation from this dependence was observed only for the black net. A correlation analysis was made between the spectral characteristics. The results show that there was strong, albeit negative, relationship between the half-width of the reflection peak and the rest of the spectral characteristics, the strongest being for the spectral colour of the apple fruit.</p>


<p>Effect of Different Photo-sensitive Nets on the Colour of Apple Cv. Florina</p>


<div style="text-align: justify;">Farm workers are exposed to pesticide vapours and organic dust during various farm activities which may leads to many health problems. To minimize health hazards protective clothes were designed with reference to fabric and functional features. Designed protective clothing was given to twenty five farm workers involved in pesticide application and forty farm workers (25 males and 15 females) engaged in threshing activity, for a period of one month to access their suitability and acceptability. On the basis of suitability and acceptability recommended protective clothing for pesticide applicators were jacket with hood and pyjama of water proof fabric (having lining of cotton hosiery fabric), Chemical Resistant mask, Glasses/goggles, Nitrile gloves and Sports shoes. For threshing activity recommended protective clothing were : apron with hood and full sleeves with elasticized cuffs (elastic in &nbsp;two rows),Pleated mask / beak mask, Glasses/goggles ,Sports shoes, Mittens/gloves (for male) and &nbsp;for female : &nbsp;Kameez with full sleeves preferably elasticized cuffs or apron, hood mask/scarf mask ,glasses/goggles, sports shoes, mittens/gloves.</div>

Development of protective clothing for agricultural workers&nbsp;

<div><strong>Background:</strong> The negative energy balance around calving and in early lactation is the major cause of increased incidence of postpartum metabolic disorders, reduced milk production and impaired reproductive performance. This study was aimed to evaluate the effect of rumen protected choline, fat supplementation and Vit-E and selenium&nbsp; injections on plasma endocrine profile, postpartum productivity, fertility and economics in transitional Gir cows.&nbsp;<br />
<br />
<strong>Methods:</strong> Forty advanced pregnant multiprous Gir cows of an organized farm were randomly distributed into five equal groups (T1 to T5; n=8 each) and were fed and managed individually from 30 days prepartum till 60 days postpartum. Cows in T1 (control) group were fed basal diet, while cows in treatment groups received basal diet + supplementation of rumen protected choline-RPC @ 45 g/d/cow (T2), rumen protected fat-RPF @ 80 g/d/cow from -30 to +15 days peripartum and then @ 10 g/kg milk yield (T3), RPC and RPF in combination @ as above (T4) and&nbsp; Inj. E-Care Se<sup>(R) </sup>10 ml i/m (Vit-E 500 mg and Se 15 mg) on days -30, -15, 0, +15, +30 and +45 peripartum (T5) along with blood samples for estimation of plasma levels of insulin, IGF1, PGFM, estradiol (E<sub>2</sub>), progesterone (P<sub>4</sub>) and cortisol. The puerperal events and fertility parameters were recorded till 10 months postpartum.&nbsp;<br />
<br />
<strong>Result: </strong>The fortnightly plasma P<sub>4</sub> concentration decreased, while E<sub>2</sub>, PGFM and cortisol increased gradually and significantly (P&lt;0.01) from 30 days prepartum to day of calving and thereafter P<sub>4</sub>, E<sub>2</sub> and cortisol remained basal or very low, while PGFM decreased till 45-60 days postpartum, overall and in all groups. The treatment effect was significant (P&lt;0.01) only for E<sub>2</sub> and PGFM, with higher values of E<sub>2</sub> in T3 and T4 groups and of PGFM in T1 and T2 than in T5 group. The insulin and IGF1 concentrations fluctuated insignificantly during prepartum phase with significantly lowest values till 15 and 30 days postpartum and thereafter only IGF1 increased significantly by day 60 postpartum. The treatment effect was also significant at some intervals with overall highest values of both the metabolic hormones in T1 followed by T5 and T2 than T3 and T4 groups. The uterine involution was significantly earlier in all treatment groups than in control. The first heat postpartum (days) was significantly earlier in group T5 (33.6&plusmn;3.4), delayed in group T1 (63.5&plusmn;9.5) and intermediate in Group T2 to T4. The conception rates postpartum were 50.0, 75.0, 62.5, 75.0 and 87.5% in groups T1 to T5, respectively, with significantly reduced service period (days) in T5 (96.3&plusmn;14.6), followed by T2 (137.3&plusmn;11.2), than T1, T3 and T4 groups (187 to 214 days). The overall net returns over feed cost of milk yield and reduced service period in T2, T3, T4 and T5 groups over control T1 were Rs. +15898, +6150, +7165 and +24060, respectively. The findings reflected the beneficial and economic role of RPF alone or in combination with RPC and of Se + Vit E supplementation on peripartum endocrine profile and improved postpartum fertility in Gir cows.</div>


<p>Peripartum Supplementation of Rumen Protected Choline and Fat and Se+Vit E in Gir Cows Economically Improves Endocrine Profile and Reproductive Performance</p>


<div><strong>Background:</strong> Phosphorus, an essential element, plays a central role in cell metabolism and reproduction. It is a structural component of energy transferring molecules (ATP, ADP and AMP), nucleic acids, coenzymes, phosphor-proteins, phospholipids and sugar phosphates. In soils, the P does not occur abundantly as nitrogen or potassium. Despite its importance, only a proportion (~ 0.1-1.0 %) of it is available for use by plants and microorganisms because phosphorous has poor solubility and gets fixed in soil. Many studies had been done regarding nutrient management of soil in various parts of the world, but limited study was done in India and in North-East India, it is relatively unexplored. Thus, the main aim of this experiment was to find out how nutrient management influencing P fractions under protected cultivation.<br />
<br />
<strong>Methods:</strong> The investigation area from which soil samples were collected i.e., Horticultural Farm, Assam Agricultural University, Jorhat-13, Assam. The study was carried out under protected poly house condition in the year 2017-18. The test crop was Capsicum (<em>Capsicum annum var. Swarna</em>). The design of the experiment was Split-Split plot technique. Random soil samples were collected from different treatments under protected cultivation at a depth of 0-15 cm. The soil samples were collected at two different stages of the crop viz., flowering and fruiting stages at 45 and 115 days after planting respectively.<br />
<br />
<strong>Result: </strong>The present study revealed that single factor effect of nitrogen (N), phosphorus (P) and potassium (K) had a significant effect on different forms of P The readily available P forms tend to increase in the fruiting stage while the iron bound phosphates registered a decrease. This implies that iron bound phosphate form predominantly controlled available P in acid soils under protected cultivation. The study indicates that iron bound P may be considered as slowly available labile P for fertilizer scheduling under protected cultivation. The present study also revealed that single factor effect of nitrogen(N) and phosphorus(P) had a significant effect on yield of capsicum. Among the various P fractions, Pi-water and Pi-Fe contribute more towards yield of capsicum.</div>


<div>Effect of Soil Nutrient Management on P transformation under Protected Cultivation</div>


<div style="text-align:justify">A field experiment was conducted at Agricultural Research Station, Malnoor, &nbsp;University of &nbsp;Agricultural Sciences, &nbsp;Raichur on vertisols during kharif seasons of 2010-11 and 2011-12 to study the productive potential of pigeonpea genotypes in different planting geometry under protective irrigation. The experiment consisted of three genotypes (BSMR-736, TS-3R and Laksmi) and seven planting geometry ( 90 x 20 cm, 120 x20 cm, 120 x 60 cm, 120 x 90 cm, 150 x 20 cm, 150 x 60 cm and 150 x 90 cm). &nbsp;The experiment was conducted in split plot design with three replications. &nbsp;Results revealed that among three genotypes tested, &nbsp;BSMR-736 (1667 kg/ha) recorded significantly higher grain yield &nbsp;over Laksmi (1369 kg/ha) &nbsp;and &nbsp;TS-3R (823 kg/ha). &nbsp;With respect to &nbsp;planting geometry, 90 x 20 cm, 120x20 cm and &nbsp;150x20 cm recorded the highest grain yield, net returns and B:C &nbsp;irrespective of the genotypes. &nbsp;The interaction between genotypes and planting geometry showed that &nbsp;the genotype BSMR-736 planted at 150X20 cm recorded the highest grain yield (2322 kg/ha), &nbsp;net returns (Rs. 64421/ha) and B:C (4.37).</div>

<div style="text-align: justify;">Productive &nbsp;potential of pigeonpea [<em>Cajanus cajan</em> (L.) Millsp.] genotypes in &nbsp;different planting geometry under protective irrigation</div>

Economics of feeding protected protein and protected fat on crossbred cattle

Active Immunization with Pasteurella multocida Lysate Elicits Antibody that Protects Rabbits against Virulent Pasteurella multocida and Protects Mice by Passive Immunization

Techno-Economic Analysis of Vegetable Production under Protected Cultivation in Kolar district of Karnataka

Evaluation of Low Cost Protected Structure for Commercial Cultivation of Dendrobium Cv. Sonia under Assam Condition

Photo Selective Shade Net: An Effective Tool to Reduce the Impact of Global Warming and Pesticide Residues in Vegetable Production: A Review

Effect of Different Photo-sensitive Nets on the Colour of Apple Cv. Florina

Development of protective clothing for agricultural workers

Peripartum Supplementation of Rumen Protected Choline and Fat and Se+Vit E in Gir Cows Economically Improves Endocrine Profile and Reproductive Performance

Effect of Soil Nutrient Management on P transformation under Protected Cultivation

Productive potential of pigeonpea [Cajanus cajan (L.) Millsp.] genotypes in different planting geometry under protective irrigation