<div>Background: The proventriculus, component of digestive system of bird secretes hydrochloric acid and pepsinogen which helps the churning of food material that takes place in ventriculus. Pepsinogen produces pepsin and it smashes the peptide bonds of amino acid of food material.&nbsp; 
 
Methods: The twelve proventriculus samples of Guinea fowl birds were fixed in 10% neutral buffered formalin and Bouin&rsquo;s fluid for &nbsp;histological procedure while chilled acetone and chilled ethanol were used as the fixatives for histochemical studies. The fresh unfixed samples were used on cryostat for studies of succinic dehydrogenase enzyme. 
 
Result: Histomorphologically the proventriculus of Guinea fowl was observed as the typical tubular component with four tunics from inside to outside as tunica mucosa, tunica sub mucosa, tunica muscularis and tunica serosa. The submucosal layer comprised with proventricular submucosal gland (PVSMG) which was encapsulated by elastic fibers. Tunica muscularis was inner longitudinal and outer circular layer, while the tunica serosa was observed with surrounding adipose tissue as the connective tissue constituent to endow the access of nutritional supply in the form of blood vessels. The luminal surface of proventricular submucosal glands has shown the significant activity of glycogen while intercalated, intralobular and interlobular ducts have exhibited the weak activity towards the same. The glandular cell rod of PVSMG, serosal layer and adjoining connective tissue with blood vessels has exhibited very weak activity of alkaline phosphatase. Mucosal folds and lumen of PVSMG has shown the weak activity of acidic phosphatase but the serosal limiting membrane has shown very weak activity.&nbsp;The succinic dehydrogenase activity was seen in the connective tissue septa of submucosal glandular cellular rods and the intense activity was observed at tunica muscularis.</div>

<div>Histomorphological and Histochemical Studies on Proventriculus in Guinea Fowl (Numida meleagris)</div>

<div style="text-align: justify;">The study has been conducted on the testes of 10 adult Large White Yorkshire pig (1.5-2) years of age. The testis was surrounded by a capsule made up of dense irregular connective tissue comprising three layers viz., outer visceral layer of tunica vaginalis, middle tunica albugenia and inner tunica vasculosa. The connective tissue trabeculae were extended from the capsule and divided the parenchyma of the testis into number of lobules and consisted of collagen, elastic and reticular fibers along with rete testis and blood vessels. The Periodic Acid&ndash;Schiff shows strong affinity in basement membrane of seminiferous tubules and tunica albuginea with a moderate activity in Leydig cells. The Alcian blue shows strong affinity in basement membrane of seminiferous tubule and weak activity was observed in tunica albuginea and interstitial tissue. The different histomorphometrical parameters with regard to thickness of testicular capsule, diameter and height of seminiferous tubules were found to be higher in the left testicle.&nbsp;</div>

<div style="text-align: justify;">Histological, Micrometrical and Histochemical Studies on the Testes of Large White Yorkshire Pig (Sus scrofa domesticus)</div>

Background: This study explores the histomorphological and histomorphometric features of the Bursa of Fabricius in Rainbow Rooster chickens, highlighting distinctions between vaccinated and non-vaccinated groups.&nbsp; 
 
Methods: The study included 57 numbers of chickens of various sexes and developmental stages. These were divided into two groups: 30 in control group (C) and 27 to the treatment group (T). From each group, six chicks (C1&nbsp;and T1) were retained for blood sample collection and three chickens (C2&nbsp;and T2) were sacrificed to collect the samples of the Bursa at 4-week intervals from 0-28th week. 
 
Result: The Bursa of Fabricius contains three layers: The tunica serosa, tunica muscularis and tunica mucosa. Two epithelial types were identified, Follicle-Associated Epithelium (FAE) and Inter-follicular Epithelium (IFE), both consist of principal columnar cells, basal cells and goblet cells. Histological assessments revealed an age-related rise in collagen and reticular fibers within the tunica muscularis and lamina propria. DNA and RNA in all follicular cells and weak positivity of PAS staining in the tunica mucosa. Morphometric analysis indicated that the number, length and breadth of plicae, epithelial height and follicular cortex and medulla dimensions peaked at 12th weeks, with higher values consistently observed in the vaccinated group. Secondary follicle development began earlier in vaccinated birds (4th week) indicating a stronger immune response due to vaccination. These findings highlight the role of vaccination in enhancing bursal development&nbsp; and immune function that can aid in improving poultry health and optimizing productivity.

Histomorphological and Histomorphometric Assessment of the Bursa of Fabricius in Rainbow Rooster Chickens Following Vaccination against Infectious Bursal Disease Virus

Background: The digestive system is responsible for the intake, conversion and absorption of nutrients and the elimination of wastes from the body in order to provide the necessary energy for the continuation of vitality and functions. The aim of this study was to examine the glandular stomach of the Chinese goose (Anser cygnoides) by histological, histochemical and scanning electron microscopic methods. 
 
Methods: The glandular stomachs of 12 (6 males and 6 females) healthy adult Chinese geese (Anser cygnoides) were used in the study. The tissues taken were subjected to routine histological procedures.&nbsp; 
 
Result: Gross anatomically, it was seen that the Proventriculus was a fusiform or spindle-shaped organ, extending along the median plane between the esophagus and the muscular stomach. Scanning electron microscopic (SEM) observations revealed that the glandular stomach surface of Chinese goose (Anser cygnoides) contained many mucosal folds. Parallel grooves and proventricular gland openings were observed between these folds. Histologically, it was observed that the glandular stomach wall of Chinese goose (Anser cygnoides) consisted of four layers: tunica mucosa, submucosa, tunica muscularis and tunica serosa. The tunica mucosa was observed to have lamina epithelialis, lamina propria and lamina muscularis sublayers. Single layer prismatic cells secreting mucus were found in the lamina epithelialis layer. These cells showed local Alcian Blue (AB) pH:2,5 positive reaction. Lamina muscularis consisted of longitudinal smooth muscle fiber bundles. Compound, branched tubular glands were observed in the submucosal layer. Again, a regional AB positive reaction was observed in the lumen-facing parts of the tubular glands. Periodic acid Schiff (PAS) positive reaction was noted in the basal parts of the tubular glands. In Gordon-Sweet (GS) staining method, reticular threads easily distinguished in all areas where connective tissue present.

Gross Anatomical, Histological, Histochemical and Scanning Electron Microscopic Examination of Glandular Stomach of Chinese Goose (Anser cygnoides)

<div>Background: The study on testes of local dog of Assam is of great value in regard to germplasm conservation. The aim of the study was to evaluate the gross and histomorphological examination of testes of male reproductive system. 
 
Methods: The testes were collected at the time of castration from Department of Surgery and Radiology, College of Veterinary Science, Assam Agricultural University, Khanapra, Guwahati, Assam, India. The research was carried out for a period of one year in Department of Anatomy and Histology, College of Veterinary Science, Assam Agricultural University, Khanapara, Guwahati, Assam. Then gross anatomical studies were made on it and the tissue samples were fixed in 10% neutral buffered formalin solution and were processed as per the standard technique of procedure (Luna, 1968). The paraffin blocks were sectioned in Shandon Finesse microtome at 5 &micro;m thickness and the sections were stained with Mayer&rsquo;s Haematoxylin and Eosin staining technique for Cellular details as per the method of Luna (1968).&nbsp; 
 
Result: Grossly, the testes of local dog consisted of two surface viz., lateral and medial and two ends i.e. upper end and lower end. The upper end of the testes was occupied by the head of the epididymis and the lower end of the testes was occupied by the tail of the epididymis. Mediastinum testis was observed in the centre of testes of local dog. Histologically, the testes were covered by serous layer (Tunica vaginalis), connective tissue layer (Tunica albugenia) and vascular layer (Tunica vasculosa) from outside to inwards. Spermatogenic cells like spermatogonia, primary spermatocytes, secondary spermatocytes, spermatids and spermatozoa, and sertoli cells were observed in seminiferous tubules. The sertoli cells were attached to the basement membrane of seminiferous tubules. Cluster of Leyding cells were found between the semineniferous tubules and it contained large spherical nuclei. The epididymides were lined by pseudo stratified ciliated columnar epithelium.</div>

Macro and Micro Anatomical Observation on the Testes of Local Dog (Canis lupusfamiliaris) of Assam

Background: Energy is the important part of any life, the potential energy present in the tissue in the form of chemical energy. Presence of glycogen as glucose is source of energy for cell division, differentiation, delamination and maturation process as essential process in histogenesis of foetal organ. Glycosaminoglycans, also known as mucopolysaccharides, are long chains of sugar occurs in different proportion in different tissue and their distribution in compartment of ruminant stomach varied in foetus of different CRL. Copmartment of ruminant stomach abomasum , omasum, reticulum and rumen was contributed grossly in varied proportion from initial stage to full term of prenatal stage. In initial stage rumen is largest compartment with advancement of development omasum is largest compartment&nbsp; followed by reticulum and abomasum at full term.&nbsp;As per morphology and histology of varied compartment there could be probability of varied intensity of histochemical reaction in different layer of tissue as per their ebryogenesis.&nbsp;Kosali cattle is registered 36th breed of India. Kosali the native breed of Chhattisgarh, known for its compact body, disease tolerance and well maintained in agricultural waste. More than total 60% Kosali cattle are concentrated in the central plains of the C.G. state. There is paucity of Cited literature, literally no scientific documentation regarding presence and distribution of glycogen and mucopolysaccharides in rumen, reticulum, omasum and abomasum of prenatal Kosali cattle. In view importance of Kosali cattle concern with livelihood of farmers in Chhattisgarh, varied degree of development of compartment of stomach and paucity of literature regarding intensity of histochemical reaction&nbsp; from initial to final term of prenatal stage present research was undertaken. 
 
Methods: In light of above background in twenty four Kosali foeti were collected and on the basis of CR length categorizedin to four groups with six foeti in each group i.e. Group I (below 20 cm CRL), Group II (Above 20 up to 40 cm CRL), Group III (Above 40 up to 60 cm CRL) and group IV (Above 60 cm CRL) , tissue samples ofrumen, reticulum, omasum and abomasum were collected and processed&nbsp; for study of glycogen and mucopolysaccharide by PAS and&nbsp; AB-PAS method respectively. 
 
Result: Apparently in group I PAS&nbsp; activity was either not observed&nbsp; as in reticulum or very mild in rumen, omasum and abomasum and was greater in abomasum. In epithelium, propria submucosa and serosa PAS activity increased slowly mostly from mild to moderate while in glands reaction was intense. However in tunica muscularis of rumen reaction decreased from group III to IV , in omasal tunica muscularis and omasal laminae from group II to IV. In group I PAS activity was higher in pyloric region than cardiac stomach. AB-PAS activity for neutral mucopolysaccharide was&nbsp; observed in epithelium and tunica muscularis of rumen, reticulum, omasum and abomasum in all groups, mixed mild activity for both neutral and acid mucopolysaccharide in propria submucosa in group I and II. In fundic region in group III and IV in glands intense acid mucopolysaccharide reaction was seen in patches in forerunner parietal cells.

Prenatal Histochemical Study of Stomach in Kosali Cattle

<div>Background: The gizzard is a muscular stomach of the Gastrointestinal tract of bird that holds sparing crystals which aids as the mechanical multure component for food material to be ingested by birds. Its specialty is to grinding of ingested food material after secretion of HCL (Hydrochloric Acid) and pepsinogen enzymes in the proventriculus.&nbsp; 
 
Methods: The twelve samples of gizzard of guinea fowl were fixed in 10% NBF (Neutral buffered formalin) and Bouin&rsquo;s fluid for histological while chilled acetone and chilled ethanol for histochemical studies. The fresh unfixed tissues were used for the cryostat section for the demonstration of different enzymes. 
 
Result: The tubular glands were main feature of mucosal layer but sometime acinar glands also found as the replacement of tubular glands with lymphoid aggregation. The horizontal koilin was also noticed between long mucosal folds. Tunica submucosa was discovered in squeezed manner in comparison to the mucosa. The tunica muscularis has shown inner circular and outer longitudinal as the thick layer. It was intermingling with collagen and elastic fibers. Histochemically the gizzard was examined for glycogen, alkaline phosphatase, acid phosphatase and succinic dehydrogenase.</div>

<div>Histoarchitectural and Histoenzymatic Studies on Gizzard of Guinea Fowl (Numida meleagris)</div>

<div>Background: To have a better understanding of the lympho glandular complexes (LGC) along with the histoarchitecture of large intestine and associated M cells, the proposed study have been undertaken. 
 
Methods: Present study was conducted on 12 (twelve) numbers of apparently healthy weaned crossbred piglets of 3 to 4 months irrespective of sex. After humane sacrifice of the animals with the approval of institutional animal ethics committee, the representative tissue samples were collected preserved, processed and stained as per standard methods of Luna (1968).&nbsp;&nbsp; 
 
Result: Columnar cells predominated the follicle associated epithelium (FAE) and the crypts. M cells were recorded in the follicle associated epithelium as well as in lower crypt epithelium in toluidine blue stained ultra thin sections. M cells were observed with intraepithelial lymphocyte and basally placed euchromatic nucleus. In the colon and rectum of crossbred pigs the lympho glandular complex (LGC) typically consisted of a pore like depression on surface epithelium from which extensions of mucosal glands passed through the circular gap into lamina muscularis mucosae. The lymphatic aggregation of LGC in the lamina propria and tunica submucosa showed three distinct zone viz. follicle, interfollicular area and dome area and distinct FAE could be appreciated. The epithelium lining the solitary lymphatic nodule (SLN) showed (Periodic acid-Schiff) PAS positive reaction. The mucous substance showed strong reaction in the gland in LGC and the FAE epithelium the number of goblet was less. The LGC was formed by aggregation of lymphoid follicles with invagination of crypt gland inside the follicle in the tunica sub mucosa. The follicle associated epithelium devoid of goblet cells were observed on the LGC with interspersed of diffuse migrating lymphocytes in the lamina propria. In the LGC, secondary follicle with interfollicular area was appreciated. In mesenteric lymph node the secondary follicles with inner germinal centre and outer corona could be seen in cortico medullary area. Meshwork of reticular fibers was abundantly present around the crypts in the lamina propria and in the pore like depression of LGC and around the secondary follicle. Collagen fibers could be seen surrounding the LGC and glands. Scanty collagen fibres were observed in the inter-follicular glands. Innervations of nerve fibre was observed around the lymphoid follicle and penetrating the LGC. The mucosal glands were PAS positive.</div>

<div>&nbsp;</div>

Histoarchitecture of Large Intestine and Lympho Glandular Complex of Pig

<div>The present study records ultrasonographic (USG) and pathological findings of grade III cervico vaginal prolapse in a buffalo. There was a rare involvement of urinary bladder and intestines in the prolapsed mass. Urinary bladder appeared as anechoic region surrounded by hyperechoic circumferential, whereas intestines appeared as brief hypoechoic area in USG. Intriguingly, the histopathological investigation correspondingly showed marked discontinuation of uterine musculature especially of inner circular layer of tunica muscularis. Hyaline degeneration characterized by swollen and eosinophilic fibres and early necrobiotic changes characterized by few mononuclear cells infilteration.&nbsp;</div>

<div>Ultrasonographic and pathological findings of grade III cervico vaginal prolapse in a pregnant buffalo</div>

<div style="text-align: justify;">The present study was designed to elucidate the histomorphology of the testis of adult Zovawk. In the present study, the collagen and reticular fibres were abundant in tunica albuginea and interstitial tissue surrounding the seminiferous tubules. However, few elastic fibers occurred in the capsule and only in the blood vessels of both the testis in Zovawk. The different micrometrical values with regard to thickness of testicular capsule, diameter of seminiferous tubule, height of seminiferous tubule, number of leydig cells, spermatogonia, germs cells per mm2 were found to be higher in the left testicle as compared to right one. There was no-significant difference observed in the right and left testes of Zovawk.</div>