<div><strong>Background: </strong>Research for new alternatives in food processing and preservation has become a priority of food scientists, not only to provide better quality products, but also to satisfy the needs and preferences of the consumer and further to fulfill regulations regarding food safety and to offer new varieties in the food market. These new alternatives include the use of other preservation factors, as opposed to heat, that are able to inactivate microorganisms and enzymes and provide better stability to the product with only minor changes in the overall quality of the food. Non-thermal processes have gained importance in recent years due to the increasing demand for milk with a high nutritional value and fresh-like characteristics, representing a substitute to conventional thermal treatments.<br />
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<strong>Methods: </strong>This study was aimed to compare and evaluate the effectiveness of thermal and non- thermal technologies in microbial inactivation and shelf life extension of flavored milks such as rose milk and chocolate milk. UV radiation and pulsed electric field (PEF) technology were selected for non-thermal treatment of flavoured milks. In the food laboratory, high voltage laboratory and UV treatment chamber the milk samples were analyzed for a week.<br />
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<strong>Result: </strong>Our findings in thermal and non- thermal (UV and PEF) methods of flavored milk showed that compare to thermal treatment of flavored milk non- thermal methods are good for preservation of flavored milk. Among the three methods, PEF treatment had an excellent effect on preserving the shelf life compared to thermal pasteurisation and UV radiation.</div>


<div>Processing Flavoured Milk by Thermal and Non Thermal Methods</div>


<div><strong>Background:</strong> <em>Paspalum scorbiculatum</em> is an annual crop and has superior nutritional properties including high micronutrients, dietary fiber content and gluten free. It has low glycemic index (GI) carbohydrate diets help in prevention of Obesity, Diabeties and Cardiovascular diseases, <em>etc</em>. The current study was aimed to find out the suitable pre- sowing seed treatments for Kodo millet.<br />
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<strong>Methods:</strong> During the <em>Kharif</em> season 2019- 2020 total of 12 pre- sowing seed treatments were subjected with Botanicals, Magnetic and Electric fields, Thermal (Hot water) treatments and to fix the best treatment based on Seed Quality and Morphological traits of treated seeds. Morphological traits play an major role in crop growth and development where as, the present investigation was carried out with farmer&rsquo;s variety in field (RBD) design in 3 replications and laboratory (CRD) design in 4 replications in order to &ldquo;Standardization of different pre- sowing seed treatments on growth, yield and yield attributing traits of Kodo millet (<em>Paspalum scorbiculatum</em>). Seeds were subjected to various pre- sowing seed treatments <em>viz</em>.&nbsp;(T0) control, exposure to Magnetic field at 100 mT, 200 mT, 400 mT for 15,30 and 45 min; exposure to Electric field at 50 mA, 100 mA, 150 mA for 5,10, 15 min. Treatment with botanicals cow dung (5 gm) and Datura leaf extract (2.5 ml) for 12 hrs; Thermal hot water treatment at 46&deg;C and 50&deg;C for 10 min.<br />
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<strong>Result:</strong> Among all the treatments, T4-Magnetic field (200 mT) gave the best results in field and lab conditions of field emergence (98.610) and germination% (98.5), Magnetic field (400 mT) shown the good results and significantly higher values of all other yield (45.867, 78.833, 660.480, 165.120) and morphological traits as well as seed quality parameters like shoot length (86.925), root length (44.55), seedling length (13.131), vigour index- I and II (1267.138 and 5.058), fresh (0.343) and dry (0.0524) weight of seedlings and comparatively control (T0) was observed lowest to other treatments. As such, Magnetic treatment is quite effective for seedling establishment to overcome low germination and yield which helps in Qualitative and Quantiative seed production of Millets in sustainable agriculture.</div>


<p>Standardization of Different Pre-sowing Seed Treatments on Growth, Yield and Yield Attributing Traits of Kodo Millet (<em>Paspalum scorbiculatum</em>)</p>


<div style="text-align: justify;">Genetic variation has a profound effect on the nutritional and anti nutritional profile of pulses. Thus, investigating this fact, comparison of five desi and four kabuli varieties of chickpea were done to assess the effect of genetic variation on the anti nutritional factors, bioavailability of minerals and the influence of hydrothermal (autoclaving, microwave cooking, boiling) and dry roasting processing methods. Results showed that large variability exist in antinutritional and mineral content of selected chickpea cultivars. &nbsp;Antinutritional factors (viz. &nbsp;phytate, &nbsp;tannin and trypsin inhibitor&rsquo;s content) was found significantly (p&lt;0.05) higher in all desi cultivars of chickpea than their kabuli counterparts. All hydrothermal, thermal and bio processing treatments were found to reduce antinutritional factors in all the cultivars of chickpea. Molar ratios of phytic acid with zinc and iron were high in all selected chickpea cultivars which showed poor bioavailability before processing. The bioavailability of iron and zinc were significantly (pd&rdquo;0.05) improved as a result of all hydrothermal and thermal processing treatments which were applied in this study. Bioavailability of Fe and Zn was higher in case of kabuli cultivars (8.1% and 40.5%, respectively) than desi cultivars (5.5% and 38.4%, respectively). The most pronounced increment among all the processing treatments of in vitro bioavailability of iron and zinc was with autoclaving treatment (17.5 to 30.9% and 25.6 to 41.4%, respectively) followed by microwave cooking, boiling and roasting. Hydrothermal processing treatments particularly autoclaving shows highest reduction in antinutritional factors and improvement in the availability of iron and zinc in all the cultivars of chickpea. Therefore, promotion of suitable cultivars and proper processing treatment should be encouraged.</div>

<div style="text-align: justify;">Effect of thermal processing on anti nutritional factors and in vitro bioavailability of minerals in <em>desi</em> and <em>kabuli</em> cultivars of chick pea grown in North India.</div>

<div style="text-align: justify;">Today, the ecosystem is being rapidly destroyed due to habitat loss, animal hunting, road construction, raising of transmission lines, general pollution, and agricultural activities, in addition to many other factors, all of which directly and indirectly affect wildlife. By necessity, rehabilitation units are available for the care and treatment of wild birds and mammals in need of life support. This paper discusses data collected regarding the treatment and rehabilitation of wild mammals and birds brought to the Center for Wildlife Conservation and Rehabilitation at Van Y&uuml;z&uuml;nc&uuml; Y&yacute;l University from 2009-2016. During the course of the present study, total 145 wild animals including 117 birds and 28 mammals. Out of the total treated, 96 wild birds and 21 wild mammals recovered, 12 birds and 4 mammals died without responding to treatments, whereas 9 birds and 3 mammals were euthanized. Additionally, of the 96 birds and 21 mammals that recovered, 15 birds and 6 mammals were determined to be unable to survive in their natural habitats, and were sent to zoo gardens or wildlife conservation and rehabilitation centers. The remaining 96 animals that fully recovered were released back into their natural habitats.</div>

Treatment and Rehabilitation of Wild Birds and Mammals

<div style="text-align: justify;">Field experiment was conducted to study the thermal energy utilization in mungbean as influenced by sowing times and genotypes during Kharif season of &nbsp;2014 and 2016 at Research farm of CCS Haryana Agricultural University, Hisar, India. Experiment was laid out in split plot design with four main-plot treatments of sowing times (2nd fortnight of June, 1st fortnight of July, 2nd fortnight of July and 1st fortnight of August) and four sub-plot treatments comprised of &nbsp;genotypes &nbsp;(MH 421, Basanti, Sattya and MH 318). The results indicated that yield and yield attributes, phenology, agro-meteorological indices (GDD, HTV, HYTV, PTU and PAR) and yield based thermal energy use efficiencies (HUE, HTUE, HYTUE, PTUE and RUE) were significantly influenced by sowing times and genotypes. Early sowing (2nd fortnight of June) of mungbean was found more suitable and recorded significantly higher yield and thermal energy use efficiencies. Among the genotypes MH 318 was recorded with maximum thermal use efficiencies followed by MH 421.</div>

Thermal energy utilization in mungbean (<em>Vigna radiata</em> L.) as influenced by sowing times and genotypes

<div>Plasma also called as &lsquo;fourth state of matter&rsquo; encompasses ionized gas, atoms, free molecules, radicals and free electrons. Considering its discovery in late 19<sup>th</sup> century plasma is extensively used as low pressure or high pressure plasmas in many applications commercially such as microelectronic technology, textile industry, organic waste management <em>etc.</em> When a gas is passed through an electric field in a plasma chamber, three types of collisions are known to take place in it particularly, excitation, ionization and deposition that provide plasma its characteristic glow, ion-electron pair, reactive species respectively. Plasma treatment of different object can change their chemical and physical properties. In Seed Science and Research, many seed quality enhancement techniques are used to improve seed quality in crop plants such as, seed priming, fortification, solid matrix priming, chemical treatment, hardening <em>etc</em>. Plasma treatment of seeds is a unique tool that utilizes an ionized gas to modify the physical and chemical properties seed<em> viz</em>., wettability, porosity, water absorption, activity of antioxidant enzymes. It can also decontaminate the seed surface off micro flora and convert hydrophobic seeds to hydrophilic. It also enhances soluble sugar content, protein content and causes a reduction in lipid peroxidation. Thus plasma treatment in turn improves seed germination rate, seedling characteristics, seed physical quality and seed health.</div>


<div>Plasma Treatment and Seed Quality Advancement: A Review</div>


<div><strong>Background:</strong> Micronutrient formulation is a liquid mixture of micronutrients which can be used as a fertilizer. It is a mixture of two solutions <em>viz.</em>, solution A and solution B. Solution A is a mixture of zinc sulphate (50 gL<sup>-1</sup>), boric acid (10 gL<sup>-1</sup>), copper sulphate (20 gL<sup>-1</sup>), manganous sulphate (0.5 gL<sup>-1</sup>), ferrous sulphate (10 gL<sup>-1</sup>) and ammonium molybdate (0.5 gL<sup>-1</sup>) whereas solution B is an organic acid which act as a chelate. The mixture can be diluted to specific concentrations for application. The objective of the study was to evaluate the effect of micronutrient formulation as seed treatment and foliar nutrition.&nbsp;<br />
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<strong>Methods:</strong> The study was conducted at College of Agriculture, Padannakkad, Kerala Agricultural University and Regional Agricultural Research Station, Pilicode during 2018&ndash;19. The investigation was carried out in three parts: (i) standardization of micronutrient formulation for cowpea (ii) seed treatment study (iii) field experiment. The proportion of mixing micronutrient formulation and the duration for seed treatment was standardized in experiment I. In experiment II, a seed treatment study was carried out in a completely randomised design with seven treatments and three replications which included seed treatment with micronutrient formulation @ 0.25, 0.50, 0.75, 1, 1.5 and 2 percent as T<sub>1</sub>, T<sub>2</sub>, T<sub>3</sub>, T<sub>4</sub>, T<sub>5</sub> and T<sub>6</sub> respectively. T<sub>7 </sub>(seed treatment with water) was the control. Three, a field experiment was carried out in randomized block design (factorial) with twelve treatments and three replications. The treatment consisting of combination of four levels of seed treatment - factor A [no seed treatment (S<sub>1</sub>), seed treatment with rhizobium (S<sub>2</sub>), seed treatment with best concentration from experiment 1 (S<sub>3</sub>) and second best seed treatment from experiment 1 (S<sub>4</sub>)]&nbsp;and three levels of foliar application of micronutrient - factor B [no foliar application (F<sub>1</sub>), one foliar application at 15 DAS (F<sub>2</sub>) and two foliar applications at 15 and 30 DAS (F<sub>3</sub>)].<br />
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<strong>Result:</strong> Through lab experiments, solution B was standardized and the formulation was developed by mixing solution A and solution B in the ratio 1:2. Duration for seed treatment was also standardized as 6 hours. Thus micronutrient formulation was standardized. In seed treatment study, seeds treated with 2% micronutrient formulation (T<sub>6</sub>) showed highest plant height at three leaf stage (24.23 cm) and seedling vigour index (2423). In the field experiment seed treatment with 2% micronutrient formulation (S<sub>3</sub>), foliar spray at 15 and 30 days after sowing (F<sub>3</sub>) and their interaction (S<sub>3</sub>F<sub>3</sub>) was found to be highly effective to the crop in terms of plant height, stem diameter, number of pods per plant, pod weight per plant, grain yield and nutrient content in grain. These results clearly indicate the role of micronutrient formulation in enhancing the growth, yield and nutrient content of cowpea.</div>


<p>Evaluation of Micronutrient Mixture as Seed Treatment and Foliar Nutrition in Grain Cowpea</p>


<div><strong>Background: </strong>Climatic factors, such as high temperature, high relative humidity, can induce a thermal stress in animals. The phenomenon of mammalian sensitivity to thermal stress, especially in small ruminants, is widely reported in the literature. The present study aimed to analyze temperature and humidity effects on serum metabolic profile and cortisol concentration in sheep.&nbsp;<br />
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<strong>Methods:</strong> The experiment was conducted on 40 adult, non-lactating and non-pregnant Suffolk sheep from December 2018 to December 2019. The subgroups were formed by age (two groups): twenty sheep were about 1.5 years old (Group 1) and other twenty - about 3 years old (Group 2). Based on the value of the temperature-humidity index, the following three subgroups were formed: 1) temperature humidity index &ge;20; 2) 20&gt; temperature-humidity index &gt;10 and 3) temperature-humidity index &lt;10. Blood cortisol concentration and biochemical parameters were measured once per month on the same day, in identical animals.&nbsp;<br />
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<strong>Result:</strong> The analysis of biochemical parameters revealed that Group 2 showed significantly higher values &nbsp; for creatinine, phosphorus, zinc and cortisol. All blood indicators, except iron, phosphorus and total bilirubin, were dependent on THI concentration. The highest positive correlation coefficient of cortisol was calculated with urea and total protein. It is concluded that both cortisol and biochemical parameters play a significant role in thermal stress reactions in the Suffolk sheep.</div>


<div>The Influence of Thermal Stress on Serum Biochemical Profile in Sheep</div>


<div style="text-align: justify;">Field experiments were conducted for two consecutive years during kharif and rabi season of 2015-16 and 2016-17 at Research area, Department of Agronomy, CCSHAU, Hisar to evaluate the direct and residual effect of planting methods and phosphorus levels on productivity, agro-meteorological indices, thermal and energy efficiencies in mungbean&ndash; wheat cropping system. The experiment was laid out in split plot design during kharif and in split -split plot design during Rabi with five replications at same site during both the years. Main plot treatments consisted of planting methods viz. furrow irrigated raised bed (FIRB) and conventional where as sub plot consisted of three levels of phosphorus, viz., 30, 40 and 50 kg P2O5 /ha applied to mungbean in kharif and sub -sub treatments applied to wheat in rabi were 40, 50 and 60 kg P2O5 /ha. Sowing of mungbean and wheat crops on beds i.e. furrow irrigated raised bed was superior over conventional sowing in respect of productivity. In mungbean, application of 50 kg P2O5/ha to mungbean significantly increased grain yield over 30 and 40 kg P2O5/ha, respectively but it did not differ significantly with 40 kg P2O5/ha. The residual effect of phosphorous applied to mungbean was found to be non significant on yield attributes and yield of wheat. However, direct application of phosphorous to wheat had significant effect on yield attributes and yield. The agro meteorological indices values were similar under FIRB and conventional method however, thermal and energy efficiencies were higher under FIRB planting as compared to conventional and increased with increasing levels of phosphorous.&nbsp;</div>

<div style="text-align: justify;">Direct and Residual Effect of Planting Method and Phosphorous Levels on Productivity and Agro-Meteorological Indices, Thermal and Energy Efficiencies in Mungbean&ndash; Wheat Cropping System</div>

<p>Postpartum uterine infections result from uterine contamination with bacteria during parturition. The uterine infection implies adherence of pathogenic organisms to the mucosa, colonization or penetration of the epithelium, and release of bacterial toxins that lead to establishment of uterine diseases. Treatment of endometritis with parenteral or intra-uterine infusion of the antibacterial agents and antibiotics have met with varying degree of success but inconsistence of recovery rate, high cost of treatment, milk disposal after antibiotic therapy, immergence of microbial resistance are obvious disadvantage of their use. They also markedly destroy the phagocytic activity of polymorphonuclear leucocytes, which are responsible for maintaining non-specific uterine defence. So, there is urgent need to find out an alternative therapy for treatment of uterine infections by activation of natural defence mechanism in the uterus. Prospects in use of certain non-specific immunomodulators in routine therapeutic protocol for endometritis and other uterine disorders is reviewed in present studies.</p>


Processing Flavoured Milk by Thermal and Non Thermal Methods

Standardization of Different Pre-sowing Seed Treatments on Growth, Yield and Yield Attributing Traits of Kodo Millet (Paspalum scorbiculatum)

Effect of thermal processing on anti nutritional factors and in vitro bioavailability of minerals in desi and kabuli cultivars of chick pea grown in North India.

Treatment and Rehabilitation of Wild Birds and Mammals

Thermal energy utilization in mungbean (Vigna radiata L.) as influenced by sowing times and genotypes

Plasma Treatment and Seed Quality Advancement: A Review

Evaluation of Micronutrient Mixture as Seed Treatment and Foliar Nutrition in Grain Cowpea

The Influence of Thermal Stress on Serum Biochemical Profile in Sheep

Direct and Residual Effect of Planting Method and Phosphorous Levels on Productivity and Agro-Meteorological Indices, Thermal and Energy Efficiencies in Mungbean– Wheat Cropping System

Strategic treatment with immunomodulators to resolve endometritis in cow: A review