<div style="text-align: justify;">A total 509 faecal samples were collected from camel population of different age and sex from hyper-arid partially irrigated zone of Rajasthan from March, 2016 to January, 2017.An overall prevalence rate of helminthic infectionswas recorded in 60.70% camelsby conventional faecal examination techniques. Among helminthes, highest prevalence was of strongyles (49.31%) followed by Trichuris sp. (24.75%), Strongyloides sp. (14.14%) and Nematodirus sp.(13.16%). Egg per gram counts of Strongyloides sp, Trichuris sp, and strongyle group was recorded from 100-900 (261.11&plusmn;40.08); 100-1600 (564.81&plusmn;23.17) and 100-1900 (624.07&plusmn;47.73), respectively. Statistical analysis using multivariate binary logistic regression model revealed a highly significant difference (p&lt;0.01) in seasonal dynamics and district wise prevalence of gastrointestinal helminthic infections in camel population whereasage and sex wise prevalence analysis revealed statistically non-significant difference. Coproculture study revealed the presence of Haemonchus sp., &nbsp;Trichostrongylus sp., Strongyloides sp. and Nematodirus sp. in the decreasing order of prevalence.</div>

Prevalence of gastrointestinal helminthes in camels of hyper-arid partially irrigated zone of Rajasthan

<div style="text-align:justify"><strong>Background:</strong> Blackbuck is the most elegant member of the antelope family has long been associated with Indian culture. Wildlife parasitic diseases represent an important field of investigation as they may have a significant impact on wild animal health and are responsible for one-third of total losses due to all animal diseases. Adequate information on epidemiology of helminthic infections is a crucial requirement for the sustainable control of GIH in black bucks in near future.<br />
<strong>Methods: </strong>A total of 632 faecal samples were collected from Tal-Chhapar Sanctuary of Rajasthan during summer, rainy and winter season from November 2018 to September 2019 and examined qualitatively by faecal floatation and sedimentation techniques for helminth eggs and quantitatively by modified McMaster egg counting technique.<br />
<strong>Result: </strong>Coprological examination of samples revealed an overall prevalence of 72.46% for gastrointestinal helminths (GIH) with a mixed infection of 38.92%. Among different helminths recorded with their respective prevalences (%) were, Strongyle (56.80%), <em>Strongyloides</em> sp. (40.98%), <em>Trichuris</em> sp. (8.22%), <em>Marshallagia</em> sp. (6.64%) and <em>Ascaris </em>sp. (5.22%). Quantitative analysis revealed egg per gram of faeces ranging from 200-1200 and 200-900 with an average of 561.11 &plusmn; 67.74 and 469.23 &plusmn; 62.50 for strongyle and Strongyloides sp., respectively. Statistical analysis using multivariate binary logistic regression model revealed highly significant difference (P&lt;0.01) in the prevalence of GIH infection among different seasons. The coproculture study revealed <em>Bunostomum</em> sp. (42%) as the major contributor of strongyle nematode population, followed by <em>Haemonchus</em> sp. (31%), <em>Trichostrongylus</em> sp. (26%) and <em>Strongyloides </em>sp. (1%).</div>


<p>Prevalence of Gastrointestinal Helminthic Infections in Black Bucks (<em>Antilope cervicapra</em>) of Tal Chhapar Sanctuary of Rajasthan</p>


<div>Benzimidazoles are widely used and readily available ovine anthelminthics across the country. However, widespread resistance to this drug class has been documented, primarily in Haemonchus spp. The present study was conducted to determine the efficacy of closantel against benzimidazole resistant Haemonchus contortus infection in sheep. &nbsp;Naturally infected sheep (n=34) were divided into four groups on the basis of fecal egg counts (FEC) using modified McMaster technique with a lower detection limit of 8.3 eggs per gram of faeces (EPG) viz. Group-A (500-10000), Group- B (&gt;10,000-20,000), Group-C (&gt;20,000-30,000) and Group-D (&gt;30,000). Generic differentiation of larvae was carried out by coproculture performed on pooled faeces which showed the presence of Haemonchus, Trichostrongylus, Oesophagostomum and Strongyloides larvae. To ascertain the evidence of benzimidazole resistance, Egg Hatch Assay (EHA) was performed. All animals were treated with Closantel @ 10mg\kg body weight and EPG was determined on 7th and 11th day post treatment. &nbsp;Animals of different groups had mean EPG range of 400 -760 at 11th day of treatment. In group A, B, C and D mean per cent efficacy of closantel was 91.24&plusmn;3.49, 95.15&plusmn;1.72, 97.73&plusmn;0.72, 98.23&plusmn;0.86 respectively. Efficacy of closantel against Haemonchus and other gastrointestinal nematodes was further confirmed by performing coproculture 11th day post treatment. Post treatment coproculture revealed presence of Trichostrongylus, Oesophagostomum and Strongyloides larvae and were devoid of Haemonchus larvae. To clear the left out infection of Trichostrongylus, Oesophagostomum and Strongyloides animals were further treated with Fenbendazole @5mg/kg body weight and EPG 14 days post treatment became zero. The results of the study suggested that closantel can be used for Targeted Selective Treatment (TST) in sheep primarily infected with Haemonchus. Since closantel is highly efficacious against Haemonchus its use as an alternative to benzimidazoles group may be helpful to decrease pasture contamination. Overall control of gastrointestinal nematodiasis may therefore be possible by use of closantel along with benzimidazoles.&nbsp;</div>


<div>Efficacy of closantel against benzimidazole resistant <em>Haemonchus contortus</em> infection in sheep</div>


<div style="text-align:justify">The objective of the present study was to determine the prevalence of gastrointestinal (G.I.) parasitic infections in cattle and swamp buffalo of Assam, India. A total of 3597 fecal samples of cattle (2339) and buffaloes (1258) were examined for presence of parasitic infections. Examinations revealed an overall prevalence of 58.35% and 29.80% infections in cattle and buffalo, respectively. In cattle, Strongyle sp. (18.76%) was predominant followed by Eimeria sp. (11.97%), Amphistome sp. (8.72%), Strongyloides sp. (3.76%), Moniezia sp. (2.65%), Toxocara vitulorum (1.32%), Buxtonella sulcata (0.81%), Trichuris sp. (0.72%), Fasciola gigantica (0.47%) and Bunostomum sp. (0.38%). In buffalo, Amphistome sp. (8.90%) was predominant followed by T. vitulorum (5.64%), Strongyle sp. (5%), Eimeria sp. (4.53%), Strongyloides sp. (1.35%) and Trichuris sp. (0.47%). Mixed infections with more than one species were recorded in 8.76% and 3.89% cattle and buffalo, respectively. The egg per gram (EPG) of feces in cattle and buffalo was 582.44&plusmn;8.13 and 475.86&plusmn;11.29, respectively while oocyst per gram (OPG) of feces was 425.00&plusmn;20.37 and 251.75&plusmn;22.35, respectively. Correlation of rainfall and temperature with EPG/OPG of cattle and buffalo was highly significant (P&lt;0.01) while correlation of relative humidity (Av.) with EPG of cattle and buffalo was significant (P&lt;0.05). Multiple linear regressions explained about 98.10% of total variance in EPG of cattle with environmental variables. 89.10% of total variance in EPG of buffalo was explained in multiple linear regressions due to environmental variables. This shows that the climate in this region is exclusively conducive for the development and propagation of parasites.</div>

Gastrointestinal parasitic infections in cattle and swamp buffalo of Guwahati, Assam, India

<div>Parasitism is a common problem for mithun (Bos frontalis) resulting in production losses in terms of meat and milk. Prevalence of ectoparasites infestation including Rhipicephalus microplus, Ambylomma testuidinarium, Ixodes ovatus and I. acutitarsus, has been reported based on taxonomic studies and PCR amplification of conserved gene. Different gastrointestinal helminth like Haemonchus contortus, Mecistocirrus digitatus, Trichostrongylus spp., Oesophagostomum spp., Trichuris spp s, Thelazia species, Strongyloides papillosus, different amphistomes and Fasciola gigantica were also reported from mithun from India. Among filarial worms, Setaria digitata was &nbsp;recorded from peritoneal cavity of mithun and its molecular confirmation was done based on PCR amplification of marker genes. Tapeworm infestation viz. Moniezia expansa, M. benedeni, hydatid cyst and Cysticercus tenuicollis, were also commonly occurred in mithun. Enteric protozoa like different species of Eimeria, Cryptospordium species, Balantidium coli, has been diagnosed based on morphological identification sporulated oocysts and developmental stages found on faecal examination. Another obligate intracellular parasites Toxoplasma gondii, was also diagnosed based on ELISA and modified agglutination test. An integrated approach incorporating deworming, good livestock management and optimum feeding management practice coupled with vaccination programme will make successful parasite control programme in near future.</div>


<div>Parasites of mithun (<em>Bos frontalis</em>) in North Eastern hilly region of India-A review</div>


<p><strong>Background:</strong> Gastrointestinal infection of small ruminants is becoming a real problem due to the resistance against anthelmintic treatment. These parasitic infections are prevalent among grazing ruminants and result in significant economic losses by reduced production. The aim of the study was to evaluate and estimate the total loud of parasitic infection is small ruminants, sheep&rsquo;s and goats from different farms located in Kor&ccedil;a district.<br />
<br />
<strong>Methods: </strong>This study investigates parasitic infections in sheep and goats across 40 farms situated in Kor&ccedil;a district in southeastern Albania. The primary objective is to assess the prevalence of gastrointestinal parasites within feces samples from mature sheep and goats. In total, 121 feces samples were meticulously collected. Samples were analysed and processed using the Mini-FLOTAC technique in order to identify eggs and oocysts in each herd.<br />
<br />
<strong>Result: </strong>The results of the investigation revealed the presence of <em>Strongyloides papillosus</em> in 45.45% of samples, <em>Ostertagia spp. </em>eggs in 40.9% of samples, <em>Monezia expansa</em> eggs in 27.2% of samples, <em>Dictiocaulus filaria</em> in 22.3% of samples, <em>Nematodirus spathiger </em>eggs in 13.2% of samples,<em> Haemonchus contortus</em> eggs in 13.3%, <em>Cooperia spp.</em> eggs in 9% of samples, <em>Trichostrongylus axei </em>in 9% of samples, <em>Coccidian oocysts</em> in 4.1% of samples and <em>Trichuris ovis</em> in 1.6% of samples.</p>


<p>Epidemiological Data Regarding the Distribution of Gastrointestinal Parasites in Albanian Small Ruminants</p>


<div><strong>Background:</strong> <em>FAffaMAlanCHArt</em> (FAMACHA) is a technique for treating the animals infested with gastrointestinal parasites by using clinical anaemia as the determinant. The test is based on the assessment of colour variation of the conjunctival mucous membrane.&nbsp;<br />
<br />
<strong>Methods:</strong> In the present study FAMACHA has been standardized and used to correlate the anaemic status of goats with faecal egg count (gastro intestinal parasites) and blood profile. On the basis of FAMACHA score and faecal egg count, the goats were treated with benzimidazole compound and macrocyclic lactone.&nbsp;&nbsp;<br />
<br />
<strong>Result:</strong> The result indicated significant (P&lt;0.05) reduction in the faecal egg count of <em>Haemonchus</em> spp from 1200&plusmn;155.76 to 525&plusmn;75, <em>Strongyloides</em> spp from 469.57&plusmn;77.37 to 78.26&plusmn;33.83 and <em>Eimeria</em> spp from 900&plusmn;240.05 to 195.65&plusmn;55.34 respectively. FAMACHA score of anaemic goats improved from 4.08&plusmn;0.11 to 3.2&plusmn;0.13. Mean haemoglobin (g/dl), packed cell volume (PCV), red blood cell (RBC) and white blood cell (WBC) improved from 8.33 to 8.99, 22.66 to 24.86, 13.73 to 14.76 and 18029 to 19894, respectively which indicated clinical improvement. Highly significant (P&lt;0.01) correlation was observed between the FAMACHA score and the haemoglobin level. It could be concluded that FAMACHA is a very handy tool to detect anaemic status of the animals and correlate with gastrointestinal parasitic load.</div>


<p>Use of FAMACHA to Detect Anaemia and Control of Gastrointestinal Parasite in Goats of A and N Islands, India</p>


<div><strong>Background:</strong> Natural populations of ungulates are threatened by pathogens and parasites with gastrointestinal parasites being the most widespread. Parasitic infestation is one of the major problems in the management and a growing concern for the conservation of threatened wild animal species. The current study was undertaken to evaluate prevalence of gastrointestinal helminth parasites in Himalayan goral (<em>Naemorhedus goral</em>) in Kazinag National Park (KNP) of Kashmir.<br />
<br />
<strong>Methods: </strong>From May 2018 to June 2020, a total of 463 fresh faecal samples of Himalayan goral were collected from Kazinag National Park. The samples were processed by the standard sedimentation and floatation techniques.<br />
<br />
<strong>Result: </strong>Out of 463 faecal samples examined, 236 were found infected with GIT helminthes. In the present study five helminth species were found including, four nematodes [<em>Haemonchus contortus</em> (35.70%), <em>Trichuris ovis</em> (23.40%),<em> Strongyloides</em> spp. (20.80%) and <em>Trichostrongylus </em>spp. (12.30%)] and one cestode [<em>Moneizia expansa</em> (8.00%)]. Based on the severity of infection, 80.6% of goral positive samples were severely infected (epg&gt;1,500), 9.4% heavily infected (epg = 1,100-1,500), 3.3% moderately infected (epg = 800-1,000) and 6.8% mildly infected (epg = 500). Epidemiological prevalence of GIT helminthes in goral was profoundly influenced by different seasons. The maximum helminth infection was observed in summer season and minimum in winter (p = 0.03). Mixed infection was observed in 206 fecal samples with a prevalence of 47.24%.</div>


<div>Prevalence of Gastrointestinal Helminth Parasites of Himalayan goral (<em>Naemorhedus goral</em>) in Kazinag National Park, Jammu and Kashmir, India</div>


<div style="text-align: justify;">Calf diarrhoea is the most commonly encountered disease syndrome and significant cause of economic losses in dairy industry. Present investigation was undertaken to find out the prevalence of causative agents of diarrhoea in the bovine calves for a period of one year. The effect of age, sex, season and parity of dam was also studied. &nbsp;E. coli was the major organism (86.00 %) observed in the faecal samples of the diarrhoeic calves followed by rotavirus, Eimeria spp. and Amphistomes (15.00 % each); Toxocara spp. (12.00 %); Strongyles (9.00 %); Cryptosporidium spp. (6.00 %); Trichuris spp. (5.00 %); and Salmonella spp. and Strongyloides spp. (3.00 % each). The prevalence of rotavirus, Cryptosporidium spp. and Eimeria spp. was found significantly higher in buffalo calves and crossbred calves than cow calves and Gir / local non-descript calves, respectively. The prevalence of Toxocara spp., Amphistomes and Strongyles in diarrhoeic buffalo calves was significantly higher than cow calves. Highest prevalence of E. coli and rotavirus was observed in faecal samples of diarrhoeic calves of 0-15 days age group. Rotavirus was not detected in faecal samples of diarrhoeic calves above 60 days age. The susceptibility of bovine calves for E. coli and rotavirus was found decreased with the advancement of the age. The prevalence of Salmonella spp. in diarrhoeic faecal samples of bovine calves was observed only in 16-60 days age whereas Cryptosporidium spp. was found only in 0-30 days age. The most of the parasitic infestations were observed after 30 days of age in calves. The calves of both sexes were equally susceptible to different causative agents of diarrhoea. The prevalence of E. coli and most of the helminth ova in the faecal samples of diarrhoeic calves was found maximum during rainy season whereas the rotavirus was observed mostly during winter season. The prevalence of E. coli, Salmonella spp., rotavirus and Cryptosporidium spp. was found highest in the faecal samples of the diarrhoeic calves of first or second parity dams. &nbsp;</div>

<div style="text-align: justify;">Etio-Epidemiological Studies on Diarrhoea in Cattle and Buffalo Calves</div>

<div style="text-align: justify;"><strong>Background: </strong>Gastrointestinal (GI) parasitism by protozoan and helminth parasites exists as one of the major limiting factors in the buffalo industry, especially in the wellbeing of the calves around the developing countries like Nepal. During a field survey on buffaloes, we encountered a two- and half month ill male calf suffering from various illnesses for 14 days.&nbsp;<br /><strong>Methods:</strong> We collected its stool sample for three days and processed through a direct wet mount, sedimentation, floatation and acid-fast staining techniques and observed via a compound microscope.&nbsp;<br /><strong>Result:</strong> We detected the multiple patterns of infections of GI parasites and even counted the oocysts of coccidia and eggs of nematodes released per gram of the feces and discussed that co-infection was associated with the pathologic consequences. Coprological surveys with appropriate egg/oocyst counting techniques are useful in the treatment and preventive options of GI infections in calves.&nbsp;</div>

Prevalence of gastrointestinal helminthes in camels of hyper-arid partially irrigated zone of Rajasthan

Prevalence of Gastrointestinal Helminthic Infections in Black Bucks (Antilope cervicapra) of Tal Chhapar Sanctuary of Rajasthan

Efficacy of closantel against benzimidazole resistant Haemonchus contortus infection in sheep

Gastrointestinal parasitic infections in cattle and swamp buffalo of Guwahati, Assam, India

Parasites of mithun (Bos frontalis) in North Eastern hilly region of India-A review

Epidemiological Data Regarding the Distribution of Gastrointestinal Parasites in Albanian Small Ruminants

Use of FAMACHA to Detect Anaemia and Control of Gastrointestinal Parasite in Goats of A and N Islands, India

Prevalence of Gastrointestinal Helminth Parasites of Himalayan goral (Naemorhedus goral) in Kazinag National Park, Jammu and Kashmir, India

Etio-Epidemiological Studies on Diarrhoea in Cattle and Buffalo Calves

A Case Study of Multiple Parasitisms in a Calf Buffalo (Bubalus bubalis)