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Current IssueEditorial BoardOnline First ArticlesArchive

Research Article

volume 54 issue 11 (november 2020) : 1391-1399,   Doi: 10.18805/ijar.B-3894

Etio-Epidemiological Studies on Diarrhoea in Cattle and Buffalo Calves

S
S.K. Sharma
M
Monika Joshi
1College of Veterinary and Animal Science, Rajasthan University of Veterinary and Animal Sciences, Vallabhnagar, Udaipur-313 601, Rajasthan, India.
Cite article:- Sharma S.K., Joshi Monika (2020). Etio-Epidemiological Studies on Diarrhoea in Cattle and Buffalo Calves. Indian Journal of Animal Research. 54(11): 1391-1399. doi: 10.18805/ijar.B-3894.

ABSTRACT

Calf diarrhoea is the most commonly encountered disease syndrome and significant cause of economic losses in dairy industry. Present investigation was undertaken to find out the prevalence of causative agents of diarrhoea in the bovine calves for a period of one year. The effect of age, sex, season and parity of dam was also studied.  E. coli was the major organism (86.00 %) observed in the faecal samples of the diarrhoeic calves followed by rotavirus, Eimeria spp. and Amphistomes (15.00 % each); Toxocara spp. (12.00 %); Strongyles (9.00 %); Cryptosporidium spp. (6.00 %); Trichuris spp. (5.00 %); and Salmonella spp. and Strongyloides spp. (3.00 % each). The prevalence of rotavirus, Cryptosporidium spp. and Eimeria spp. was found significantly higher in buffalo calves and crossbred calves than cow calves and Gir / local non-descript calves, respectively. The prevalence of Toxocara spp., Amphistomes and Strongyles in diarrhoeic buffalo calves was significantly higher than cow calves. Highest prevalence of E. coli and rotavirus was observed in faecal samples of diarrhoeic calves of 0-15 days age group. Rotavirus was not detected in faecal samples of diarrhoeic calves above 60 days age. The susceptibility of bovine calves for E. coli and rotavirus was found decreased with the advancement of the age. The prevalence of Salmonella spp. in diarrhoeic faecal samples of bovine calves was observed only in 16-60 days age whereas Cryptosporidium spp. was found only in 0-30 days age. The most of the parasitic infestations were observed after 30 days of age in calves. The calves of both sexes were equally susceptible to different causative agents of diarrhoea. The prevalence of E. coli and most of the helminth ova in the faecal samples of diarrhoeic calves was found maximum during rainy season whereas the rotavirus was observed mostly during winter season. The prevalence of E. coli, Salmonella spp., rotavirus and Cryptosporidium spp. was found highest in the faecal samples of the diarrhoeic calves of first or second parity dams.  

REFERENCES

  1. Arsenopoulos, K., Theodoridis, A. and Papadopoulos, E. (2017). Effect of colostrum quantity and quality on neonatal calf diarrhoea due to Cryptosporidium spp. infection. Comparative Immunology, Microbiology and Infectious Diseases. 53: 50-55.
  2. Barua, C.C., Chamuah, J.K., Barua, A.G., Saleq, A., Hazarika, A.and Biswas, R. (2009). Prevalence of gastrointestinal parasites in ruminants. Indian Vet. J. 86(7): 747-748.
  3. Baruah, S., Borah, P. and Sharma, R.K. (2011). Prevalence of Shiga toxin producing Escherichia coli (STEC) in animals and man. Indian Vet. J. 88(4): 09-10.
  4. Beg, S.A., Wani, S.A., Hussain, I. and Bhat, M.A. (2010). Determination of G and P type diversity of group A rotaviruses in faecal samples of diarrhoeic calves in Kashmir, India. Lett. Appl. Microbiol. 51(5): 595-599.
  5. Bicknell, E.J. and Noon, T.H. (1993). Neonatal calf diarrhoea. Animal Care and Health Maintenance, Arizona Ranchers’ Manage-ment Guide, Russell Gum, Arizona Cooperative Extension, Arizona. pp. 19-24. 
  6. Bilal, M.Q., Hameed, A. and Ahmad, T. (2009). Prevalence of gastrointestinal parasites in buffalo and cow calves in rural areas of Toba tek Singh, Pakistan. J. Anim. and Plant Sci. 19(2): 67-70.
  7. Constable, P.D. (2004). Antimicrobial use in the treatment of calf diarrhoea. J. Vet. Intern. Med. 18: 8-17.
  8. Cook, N., Bridger, J., Kendall, K., Gomarad, M.I., El-Attarb, L. and Gray, J. (2004). The zoonotic potential of rotavirus. J. Infect. 48: 289-302.
  9. Cowan, S.T. and Steel, K.J. (1975). Manual for the Identification of Medical Bacteria. Cambridge University Press, pp. 1-217.
  10. El-Moneim Mohammed, S.A., El-MoneimbMarouf, S.A., Erfana, A.M., El-Haleem El-Jakee, J.K.A., et al. (2019). Risk factors associated with E. coli causing neonatal calf diarrhea. Saudi J. Biol. Sci. 26(5):1084-1088.
  11. Estes, M. and Kapikian, A. (2007). Rotaviruses. In: Fields Virology, 5th edn., [Knipe, D.M., Howley, P.M., Griffin, D.E., Lamb, R.A., Martin, M. A., Roizman, B. and Straus, S. E.(eds)], Kluwer Health/Lippincott, Williams and Wilkins, Philadelphia, pp. 1917-1974. 
  12. Garcia, A.M. and Lima, J.D. (1993). Frequencia do Cryptosporidium cm bezerroslacerotes de rehanhoLeiteriro de minas. Arg. Bras. Med. Vet. Zool. 45: 193-198.
  13. Gupta, N., Sharda, R., Sharma, V., Deshpande, A. and Udaykar, A. (2011). Pathogenicity and antibiogram of Escherichia coli isolated from diarrhoeic cow calves. Indian J. field Vet. 7(2): 1-4.
  14. Hansa, A., Rai, R.B., YaqoobWani, M. and Dhama, K. (2012). ELISA and RT-PCR based detection of bovine coronavirus in northern India. Asian J. Anim. Vet. Adv. 7: 1120-1129.
  15. Herring, A.J., Inglis, N.F., Ojeh, C.K., Snodgrass, D.R. and Menzies, J.D. (1982). Rapid diagnosis of rotavirus infection by direct detection of viral nucleic acid in silver-stained polyacrylamide gels. J. Clin. Microbiol. 16(3): 473-477.
  16. Holt, J.G., Krieg, N.R., Sneath, P.H.A., Staley, J.T. and Williams, S.T., (1994). Group 5: Facultatively anaerobic gram negative rods. In: Bergey’s Manual of Determinative Bacteriology. 9thedn. Williams and Wilkins, Baltomore, USA, pp. 175-189.
  17. Jeyakumar, S., Ganesh Kumar, B., Kuntola Roy, Jai Sunder, Kundu, A. (2009). Incidence of parasitic infection in livestock and poultry in Andaman. Indian Vet. J. 86(11):1178-1179.
  18. Kumar, A. and Verma, S.P. (2006). Prevalence of gastrointestinal helminthes infection in cow calves. Indian J. Vet. Med., 26(1): 43-44.
  19. Kumar, B.K., Shekher, P. and Kumar, N. (2010). A clinical study on neonatal calf diarrhoea. IntasPolivet, 11(2): 233-235.
  20. Kumaresan, A., Behera, K., Mohanty, T.K., Shiv Prasad and Layek, S.S. (2009). Strategizing managemental practices for dairy calves. IntasPolivet, 10(II): 129-138.
  21. Kusumakar, A.L. (2006). Molecular Characterization of rotavirus associated neonatal diarrhoea in bovine, porcine and humans. M V.Sc and A.H. Thesis submitted to JNKVV, Jabalpur, India. 
  22. Logan, E.F., Meneely, D.J. and Lindsay, A. (1981). Colostrum and serum immunoglobulin levels in Jersey cattle. British Vet. J. 137(3): 279-282. 
  23. Manya, P., Sinha, S.R.P. and Sinha, S. (2007). Coccidiosis in bovine calves. Intas.Polivet. 8(1): 45-48.
  24. Nourmohammadzadeh, F., Davoudi, Y., Abdollahpour, G. and Nouri, A. (2011). The prevalence of rotavirus in neonatal calf diarrhoea using electron microscope examination. Comp. Clin. Pathol. 10: 1007. 
  25. Palanivel, K.M., Vijayalingam, T.A. and Selvasubramanian, S. (2011). Cryptosporidium oocyst in calves. Indian Vet. J. 88(2): 80-81.
  26. Panchasara, S.N., Sutaria, T.V. and Shah, R.R. (2009). Factors affecting mortality in Mehsana buffalo calves. Intas Polivet. 10(2):170-173.
  27. Pandey, G.S., Nambota, A.M. and Chitambo,H. (2009). Prevalence of Cryptosporidium oocyst among dairy calves and kids in Zambia. Indian Vet. J. 86(10): 1019-1020.
  28. Pegu, S.R., Sarma, D.K., Rajkhowa, S., Choudhury, M., Das, J.P. and Sarma, D. (2017). Detection of group a rotavirus and histopathological studies in diarrheic piglets of Kamrup district, Assam. Indian Journal of Animal Research. 51: 742-746.
  29. Prakash, S., Prabu, K. and Palanivel, K.M. (2009). Prevalence of cryptosporidiosis in dairy calves in chennai. Tamilnadu J. Vet. Anim. Sci. 5 (2): 41-46.
  30. Radostits, O.M., Gay, C.C., Blood, D.C. and Hinchcliff, K.W. (2009). Veterinary Medicine. A text book of diseases of cattle, sheep. Pigs, goats and horses. 10thedn., New York, W.B. Saunders Ccmpany Ltd. pp. 779-781.
  31. Radostits, O.M., Gay, C.C., Blood, D.C. and Hinchcliff, K.W. (2003). Veterinary Medicine. A text book of diseases of cattle, sheep. Pigs, goats and horses. 9thedn., New York, W.B. Saunders Ccmpany Ltd. pp. 231-233.
  32. Roy, S., Roy, M., Asati, C.K. and Vishwakarma, P. (2009). Colibacillosis in calves- its prevalence and therapeutic management. IntasPolivet. 10(2): 207-211.
  33. Sahu, B.D. and Maiti, S.K. (2009). Cryptosporidiosis in diarrhoeic bovine calves. Indian Vet. J. 86(9): 969-970.
  34. Schalm, O.W., Jain, N.C. and Carrol, E.J. (1986). Veterinary haematology, 4th edn. Lea and Febiger, Philadelphia.
  35. Sharma, D. and Soni, S.S. (2008). Occurrence of Salmonella typhimurium and Salmonella weltevreden in diarrhoeic bovine calves. Veterinary Practitioner. 9(2): 125-126.
  36. Sharma, S.K. and Joshi, Monika (2018). Epidemiological studies on calf diarrhoea. Indian Vet. J. 95 (03): 32-34.
  37. Singh, S.P. and Pachauri, S.P. (2012). Deworming and its clinical importance in calf health management. IntasPolivet. 13(1): 15-16.
  38. Singh, D.D., Kumar, M., Choudhary, P.K. and Singh, H.N. (2009). Neonatal calf mortality-An overview. Intas Polivet. 10(2): 165-169.
  39. Snedecor, G.W. and Cochran, W.G. (1994). Statistical Methods, Oxford and IBH, New Delhi.
  40. Stoltenow, C.L. and Vincent, L.L. (2003). Calf scours: causes, prevention and treatment. NDSU extension service, North Dakota State University, Fargo, North Dakota 58105.
  41. Sushma, Nehra, V., Shunthwal, J. and Rath, A.P. (2018). Aetio-pathological studies of digestive and respiratory affections in cattle calves. Indian Journal of Animal Research. 52 (11): 1628-1634. 
  42. Svensson, C., Lundborg, K., Emanuelson, U. and Olsson, S.O. (2003). Morbidity in Swedish dairy calves from birth to 90 days of age and individual calf-level risk factors for infectious diseases. Prev. Vet. Med. 58(3/4): 179-197. 
  43. Temesgen, W. (2004). Calf morbidity and mortality in dairy farms in Debre Zeit and its environs, Ethiopia. A Master of Science in Tropical Veterinary Epidemiology thesis submitted to Faculty of Veterinary Medicine, Addis Ababa University.
  44. Thakre, T., Warke, S., Bobade, B. and Kalorey, D.R. (2017). Character
  45. -ization of E. coli pathotypes of bovine and livestockfarm environment origin. Indian Journal of Animal Research. 51:1125-1129.
  46. Tikoo, A., Singh, R. and Agrawal, R. (2009). Occurrence of cases of calf diarrhoea in Jammu. Indian J. Vet. Med. 29(1): 53-54.
  47. Wani, S.A., Bhat, M.A., Nawchoo, R., Munshi, Z.H. and Bach, A.H. (2004). Evidence of rotavirus associated with neonatal lamb diarrhoea in India. Tropical Animal Health and Production. 36: 27-32.
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    Research Article

    volume 54 issue 11 (november 2020) : 1391-1399,   Doi: 10.18805/ijar.B-3894

    Etio-Epidemiological Studies on Diarrhoea in Cattle and Buffalo Calves

    S
    S.K. Sharma
    M
    Monika Joshi
    1College of Veterinary and Animal Science, Rajasthan University of Veterinary and Animal Sciences, Vallabhnagar, Udaipur-313 601, Rajasthan, India.
    Cite article:- Sharma S.K., Joshi Monika (2020). Etio-Epidemiological Studies on Diarrhoea in Cattle and Buffalo Calves. Indian Journal of Animal Research. 54(11): 1391-1399. doi: 10.18805/ijar.B-3894.

    ABSTRACT

    Calf diarrhoea is the most commonly encountered disease syndrome and significant cause of economic losses in dairy industry. Present investigation was undertaken to find out the prevalence of causative agents of diarrhoea in the bovine calves for a period of one year. The effect of age, sex, season and parity of dam was also studied.  E. coli was the major organism (86.00 %) observed in the faecal samples of the diarrhoeic calves followed by rotavirus, Eimeria spp. and Amphistomes (15.00 % each); Toxocara spp. (12.00 %); Strongyles (9.00 %); Cryptosporidium spp. (6.00 %); Trichuris spp. (5.00 %); and Salmonella spp. and Strongyloides spp. (3.00 % each). The prevalence of rotavirus, Cryptosporidium spp. and Eimeria spp. was found significantly higher in buffalo calves and crossbred calves than cow calves and Gir / local non-descript calves, respectively. The prevalence of Toxocara spp., Amphistomes and Strongyles in diarrhoeic buffalo calves was significantly higher than cow calves. Highest prevalence of E. coli and rotavirus was observed in faecal samples of diarrhoeic calves of 0-15 days age group. Rotavirus was not detected in faecal samples of diarrhoeic calves above 60 days age. The susceptibility of bovine calves for E. coli and rotavirus was found decreased with the advancement of the age. The prevalence of Salmonella spp. in diarrhoeic faecal samples of bovine calves was observed only in 16-60 days age whereas Cryptosporidium spp. was found only in 0-30 days age. The most of the parasitic infestations were observed after 30 days of age in calves. The calves of both sexes were equally susceptible to different causative agents of diarrhoea. The prevalence of E. coli and most of the helminth ova in the faecal samples of diarrhoeic calves was found maximum during rainy season whereas the rotavirus was observed mostly during winter season. The prevalence of E. coli, Salmonella spp., rotavirus and Cryptosporidium spp. was found highest in the faecal samples of the diarrhoeic calves of first or second parity dams.  

    REFERENCES

    1. Arsenopoulos, K., Theodoridis, A. and Papadopoulos, E. (2017). Effect of colostrum quantity and quality on neonatal calf diarrhoea due to Cryptosporidium spp. infection. Comparative Immunology, Microbiology and Infectious Diseases. 53: 50-55.
    2. Barua, C.C., Chamuah, J.K., Barua, A.G., Saleq, A., Hazarika, A.and Biswas, R. (2009). Prevalence of gastrointestinal parasites in ruminants. Indian Vet. J. 86(7): 747-748.
    3. Baruah, S., Borah, P. and Sharma, R.K. (2011). Prevalence of Shiga toxin producing Escherichia coli (STEC) in animals and man. Indian Vet. J. 88(4): 09-10.
    4. Beg, S.A., Wani, S.A., Hussain, I. and Bhat, M.A. (2010). Determination of G and P type diversity of group A rotaviruses in faecal samples of diarrhoeic calves in Kashmir, India. Lett. Appl. Microbiol. 51(5): 595-599.
    5. Bicknell, E.J. and Noon, T.H. (1993). Neonatal calf diarrhoea. Animal Care and Health Maintenance, Arizona Ranchers’ Manage-ment Guide, Russell Gum, Arizona Cooperative Extension, Arizona. pp. 19-24. 
    6. Bilal, M.Q., Hameed, A. and Ahmad, T. (2009). Prevalence of gastrointestinal parasites in buffalo and cow calves in rural areas of Toba tek Singh, Pakistan. J. Anim. and Plant Sci. 19(2): 67-70.
    7. Constable, P.D. (2004). Antimicrobial use in the treatment of calf diarrhoea. J. Vet. Intern. Med. 18: 8-17.
    8. Cook, N., Bridger, J., Kendall, K., Gomarad, M.I., El-Attarb, L. and Gray, J. (2004). The zoonotic potential of rotavirus. J. Infect. 48: 289-302.
    9. Cowan, S.T. and Steel, K.J. (1975). Manual for the Identification of Medical Bacteria. Cambridge University Press, pp. 1-217.
    10. El-Moneim Mohammed, S.A., El-MoneimbMarouf, S.A., Erfana, A.M., El-Haleem El-Jakee, J.K.A., et al. (2019). Risk factors associated with E. coli causing neonatal calf diarrhea. Saudi J. Biol. Sci. 26(5):1084-1088.
    11. Estes, M. and Kapikian, A. (2007). Rotaviruses. In: Fields Virology, 5th edn., [Knipe, D.M., Howley, P.M., Griffin, D.E., Lamb, R.A., Martin, M. A., Roizman, B. and Straus, S. E.(eds)], Kluwer Health/Lippincott, Williams and Wilkins, Philadelphia, pp. 1917-1974. 
    12. Garcia, A.M. and Lima, J.D. (1993). Frequencia do Cryptosporidium cm bezerroslacerotes de rehanhoLeiteriro de minas. Arg. Bras. Med. Vet. Zool. 45: 193-198.
    13. Gupta, N., Sharda, R., Sharma, V., Deshpande, A. and Udaykar, A. (2011). Pathogenicity and antibiogram of Escherichia coli isolated from diarrhoeic cow calves. Indian J. field Vet. 7(2): 1-4.
    14. Hansa, A., Rai, R.B., YaqoobWani, M. and Dhama, K. (2012). ELISA and RT-PCR based detection of bovine coronavirus in northern India. Asian J. Anim. Vet. Adv. 7: 1120-1129.
    15. Herring, A.J., Inglis, N.F., Ojeh, C.K., Snodgrass, D.R. and Menzies, J.D. (1982). Rapid diagnosis of rotavirus infection by direct detection of viral nucleic acid in silver-stained polyacrylamide gels. J. Clin. Microbiol. 16(3): 473-477.
    16. Holt, J.G., Krieg, N.R., Sneath, P.H.A., Staley, J.T. and Williams, S.T., (1994). Group 5: Facultatively anaerobic gram negative rods. In: Bergey’s Manual of Determinative Bacteriology. 9thedn. Williams and Wilkins, Baltomore, USA, pp. 175-189.
    17. Jeyakumar, S., Ganesh Kumar, B., Kuntola Roy, Jai Sunder, Kundu, A. (2009). Incidence of parasitic infection in livestock and poultry in Andaman. Indian Vet. J. 86(11):1178-1179.
    18. Kumar, A. and Verma, S.P. (2006). Prevalence of gastrointestinal helminthes infection in cow calves. Indian J. Vet. Med., 26(1): 43-44.
    19. Kumar, B.K., Shekher, P. and Kumar, N. (2010). A clinical study on neonatal calf diarrhoea. IntasPolivet, 11(2): 233-235.
    20. Kumaresan, A., Behera, K., Mohanty, T.K., Shiv Prasad and Layek, S.S. (2009). Strategizing managemental practices for dairy calves. IntasPolivet, 10(II): 129-138.
    21. Kusumakar, A.L. (2006). Molecular Characterization of rotavirus associated neonatal diarrhoea in bovine, porcine and humans. M V.Sc and A.H. Thesis submitted to JNKVV, Jabalpur, India. 
    22. Logan, E.F., Meneely, D.J. and Lindsay, A. (1981). Colostrum and serum immunoglobulin levels in Jersey cattle. British Vet. J. 137(3): 279-282. 
    23. Manya, P., Sinha, S.R.P. and Sinha, S. (2007). Coccidiosis in bovine calves. Intas.Polivet. 8(1): 45-48.
    24. Nourmohammadzadeh, F., Davoudi, Y., Abdollahpour, G. and Nouri, A. (2011). The prevalence of rotavirus in neonatal calf diarrhoea using electron microscope examination. Comp. Clin. Pathol. 10: 1007. 
    25. Palanivel, K.M., Vijayalingam, T.A. and Selvasubramanian, S. (2011). Cryptosporidium oocyst in calves. Indian Vet. J. 88(2): 80-81.
    26. Panchasara, S.N., Sutaria, T.V. and Shah, R.R. (2009). Factors affecting mortality in Mehsana buffalo calves. Intas Polivet. 10(2):170-173.
    27. Pandey, G.S., Nambota, A.M. and Chitambo,H. (2009). Prevalence of Cryptosporidium oocyst among dairy calves and kids in Zambia. Indian Vet. J. 86(10): 1019-1020.
    28. Pegu, S.R., Sarma, D.K., Rajkhowa, S., Choudhury, M., Das, J.P. and Sarma, D. (2017). Detection of group a rotavirus and histopathological studies in diarrheic piglets of Kamrup district, Assam. Indian Journal of Animal Research. 51: 742-746.
    29. Prakash, S., Prabu, K. and Palanivel, K.M. (2009). Prevalence of cryptosporidiosis in dairy calves in chennai. Tamilnadu J. Vet. Anim. Sci. 5 (2): 41-46.
    30. Radostits, O.M., Gay, C.C., Blood, D.C. and Hinchcliff, K.W. (2009). Veterinary Medicine. A text book of diseases of cattle, sheep. Pigs, goats and horses. 10thedn., New York, W.B. Saunders Ccmpany Ltd. pp. 779-781.
    31. Radostits, O.M., Gay, C.C., Blood, D.C. and Hinchcliff, K.W. (2003). Veterinary Medicine. A text book of diseases of cattle, sheep. Pigs, goats and horses. 9thedn., New York, W.B. Saunders Ccmpany Ltd. pp. 231-233.
    32. Roy, S., Roy, M., Asati, C.K. and Vishwakarma, P. (2009). Colibacillosis in calves- its prevalence and therapeutic management. IntasPolivet. 10(2): 207-211.
    33. Sahu, B.D. and Maiti, S.K. (2009). Cryptosporidiosis in diarrhoeic bovine calves. Indian Vet. J. 86(9): 969-970.
    34. Schalm, O.W., Jain, N.C. and Carrol, E.J. (1986). Veterinary haematology, 4th edn. Lea and Febiger, Philadelphia.
    35. Sharma, D. and Soni, S.S. (2008). Occurrence of Salmonella typhimurium and Salmonella weltevreden in diarrhoeic bovine calves. Veterinary Practitioner. 9(2): 125-126.
    36. Sharma, S.K. and Joshi, Monika (2018). Epidemiological studies on calf diarrhoea. Indian Vet. J. 95 (03): 32-34.
    37. Singh, S.P. and Pachauri, S.P. (2012). Deworming and its clinical importance in calf health management. IntasPolivet. 13(1): 15-16.
    38. Singh, D.D., Kumar, M., Choudhary, P.K. and Singh, H.N. (2009). Neonatal calf mortality-An overview. Intas Polivet. 10(2): 165-169.
    39. Snedecor, G.W. and Cochran, W.G. (1994). Statistical Methods, Oxford and IBH, New Delhi.
    40. Stoltenow, C.L. and Vincent, L.L. (2003). Calf scours: causes, prevention and treatment. NDSU extension service, North Dakota State University, Fargo, North Dakota 58105.
    41. Sushma, Nehra, V., Shunthwal, J. and Rath, A.P. (2018). Aetio-pathological studies of digestive and respiratory affections in cattle calves. Indian Journal of Animal Research. 52 (11): 1628-1634. 
    42. Svensson, C., Lundborg, K., Emanuelson, U. and Olsson, S.O. (2003). Morbidity in Swedish dairy calves from birth to 90 days of age and individual calf-level risk factors for infectious diseases. Prev. Vet. Med. 58(3/4): 179-197. 
    43. Temesgen, W. (2004). Calf morbidity and mortality in dairy farms in Debre Zeit and its environs, Ethiopia. A Master of Science in Tropical Veterinary Epidemiology thesis submitted to Faculty of Veterinary Medicine, Addis Ababa University.
    44. Thakre, T., Warke, S., Bobade, B. and Kalorey, D.R. (2017). Character
    45. -ization of E. coli pathotypes of bovine and livestockfarm environment origin. Indian Journal of Animal Research. 51:1125-1129.
    46. Tikoo, A., Singh, R. and Agrawal, R. (2009). Occurrence of cases of calf diarrhoea in Jammu. Indian J. Vet. Med. 29(1): 53-54.
    47. Wani, S.A., Bhat, M.A., Nawchoo, R., Munshi, Z.H. and Bach, A.H. (2004). Evidence of rotavirus associated with neonatal lamb diarrhoea in India. Tropical Animal Health and Production. 36: 27-32.
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