<div style="text-align: justify;">System of rice intensification (SRI) has been gaining momentum over the years in Tripura, one of the eastern states of India. To meet the growing rice demand, a rapid increase in paddy production is needed. Considering the growing importance of System of Rice Intensification (SRI) in the state, the need for such a study was felt and accordingly the present study was conducted in Sepahijala district of Tripura on the basis of highest area coverage under SRI among all districts of the State. SRI offers an interesting alternative to improve rice productivity. The present study was carried out to examine the comparative economics of SRI and conventional methods of rice cultivation in Tripura, India during the year 2016-17. For the study 120 sample farmers were selected by using multistage random sampling. The cost concepts were used are Cost A, Cost B and Cost C. This paper has compared the economics of SRI and the conventional methods of rice cultivation. It has shown that gross return and net return were much higher for SRI (Rs. 129000.50), (Rs. 67050.50) than conventional (Rs. 78444.00), (Rs. 27168.00), respectively. Similarly, the return over cost was higher for SRI (2.08) than conventional (1.52) methods. The present study concludes that SRI has a tremendous potential to increase the production of rice. Moreover, adoption of this technique by the farmers would give them higher yields which in turn will help them to earn more and improve their socio-economic situation. It has proved to serve as an alternative method for rice cultivation.</div>

<div style="text-align: justify;">System of rice intensification (SRI): An innovative and remunerative method of rice cultivation in Tripura, India</div>

Background: O. alta is an important wild rice harboring many elite genes. However, the wild rice belongs to the allotetraploid (CCDD) and has a complex genetic background. It is difficult to utilize its genetic resource in rice breeding. Therefore, it is necessary to systematically observe the segregation (population structure) of the offspring of its inbred population, to provide a better basis for further gene editing and selection. 
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Methods: Total of 371 plants from self-bred offspring of O. alta which were planted in the experimental field of South China Agricultural University were employed in which the main agronomic traits, of O. alta were investigated. Population structure of self-crossed ten generations of O. alta was conducted by investigating about ten agronomic traits of this wild rice. 
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Result: My investigation found significant differences in most of the main agronomic traits that include reduction in plant height, confirming the consistence of O. alta new line compared to the conventional breed. Furthermore, the experiment observed strong panicles, thicker and wider leaves in new lines as compared to typical wild and cultivated rice, approving that populating the structure of O. alta will surely allow the study of genomic DNA variations and pave way to DNA analysis of wild rice line using re-sequencing. 
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Population Structure of Oryza alta Swallen as a Potential Wild Rice Variety for Cultivated Rice Improvement

<div>Background: Continuous rice cultivation has a negative effect on sustainable rice production. Crop rotation can increase the yield and soil quality. This study aimed to provide information on the morpho-physiological fingerprints of rice cultivars in different crop rotation systems. 
 
Methods: Twelve rice cultivars were evaluated in terms of their morpho-physiological in three crop rotation systems, i.e., rice-rice-rice, maize-maize-rice (M-M-R) and vegetable-vegetable-rice, at the Agrotechnology Innovation Center, Universitas Gadjah Mada at Berbah District, Sleman Regency, Special Province of Yogyakarta, Indonesia, from December 2020 to June 2021. 
 
Result: The results revealed an interaction between rice cultivars and the crop rotation system, with the effects observed on the nitrogen, phosphorus and potassium contents in the leaf tissue (NC, PC and KC, respectively), crop growth rate, total dry weight per clump, empty grain per clump (EG) and grain weight per clump (GWC). The increase in NC, PC and KC positively affected the increase in GWC. The GM 8 cultivar in the M-M-R crop rotation system showed lowest EG of 3% and highest GWC of 133.90 g clump-1.</div>

Studies on Morpho-physiological Fingerprints of Rice Cultivars in Rice Crop in Rice-Rice-Rice, Maize-Maize-Rice and Vegetable-Vegetable-Rice Cropping Systems

<div>Background: This study aimed to observe the agronomic response of 18 Southeast Sulawesi local upland rice cultivars that were grown under two cultivation systems (dry land and wet rice field) and optimize local potential to support self-sufficiency and food security.&nbsp; 
 
Methods: The research used a split-plot design with the following main plot: cultivation system (L) including upland (L1) and rice field cultivation system (L2). The subplots were 18 local upland rice cultivars such as Wangkomina (K1), Wuna Lapodidi (K2), Waburi-buri (K3), Wapantoga (K4), Nggalaru (K5), Wuna Parigi (K6), Bakala (K7), Biu (K8), Ikulaku (K9), Bou (K1), Momea (K11), Daindomoronene (K12), Konkep (K13), Tinangge (K14), Ndoamoito (K15), Uwa (K16), Ndowatu (K17) and Indalibana (K18).&nbsp; 
 
Result: The local upland rice responded better to the wetland cultivation system than the upland cultivation system. The local upland rice cultivar Ndowatu showed the highest production potential, which was statistically similar to the Biu, Ikulaku, Momea, Konkep and Uwa cultivars. Ndowatu cultivar showed high production potential (842.80 g.m-2). Thus, this cultivar can be considered suitable for development in the rainfed lowlands to increase the planting index and to support the self-sufficiency and food security of the region.</div>

Agronomic Response of Local Upland Rice Cultivars on Growing under Two Cultivation Systems

<div style="text-align: justify;">A Study was conducted in Sunpura block, Lohit district of Arunachal Pradesh with objective of studying the relationship between the selected socio-personal characteristics and extent of opportunities during rice cultivation by the rice growers with sample size of 150 respondents.The extent of opportunities in rice cultivation is any kind of benefit or facility provided to rice growers directly or indirectly by Government or Non-Governmental Organization but not the benefits from natural sources. The study revealed that 60 per cent of rice growers were fall under the medium category, 22 per cent low and 18 per cent high category, which implies that the average rice growers agree on availability of opportunities of rice cultivation. The possible reason might be that majority of farmers can read and write so they get information on new technology through mass media and also because of their high social participation. Further, Stepwise Regression analysis showed that all the selected independent variables put together explained about 54.20 percent of variation in extent of opportunities during rice cultivation among the rice growers coming from the variables like mass media exposure, sources of information and attitude towards pesticide used, were positively and significantly associated with extent of opportunities among the rice growers of Lohit district of Arunachal Pradesh.&nbsp;</div>

<div style="text-align: justify;">Extent of opportunities in rice cultivation practices at Lohit District of Arunachal Pradesh</div>

<div>Background: Growth and yield characteristics of genotypes depend on genetic and environmental factors. Among the different production factors, varietal selection at any location plays an important role. Proper crop management depends on the growth characteristics of various varieties to get maximum benefit from new genetic material. Among the different water- saving irrigation methods in rice, the most widely adopted is alternate wetting and drying (AWD). Many of the rice cultivars vary in their performance under different systems of cultivation. 
 
Methods: A field experiment was conducted on a clay loam soil at Indian Institute of Rice Research (IIRR) Rajendranagar, Hyderabad, Telangana during the kharif seasons of 2017 and 2018. to study the &ldquo;productivity and water use efficiency of rice cultivars under different irrigation regimes and systems of cultivation&rdquo; The treatments consisted of two irrigation regimes Alternate wetting and drying and Saturation as main plot treatments, three establishment methods System of Rice Intensification (SRI), Drum Seeding (DS) and Normal transplanting (NTP) as sub plot treatments and four Cultivars namely DRR Dhan 42, DRR Dhan 43, MTU-1010 and NLR-34449 as sub-sub plot treatments summing up to 24 treatment combinations laid out in split-split plot design with three replications. 
 
Result: At 60, 90 DAS/DAT and harvest significantly dry matter production (DMP) was recorded with DRR Dhan 43 cultivar (607, 4320 and 11548 kg ha-1 respectively in pooled means of both 2017 and 2018) than other cultivars. Whereas MTU-1010 and NLR-34449 recorded on par dry matter production values at all the crop growth stages during both the years of study. However, DRR Dhan 42 produced the lowest dry matter production compared to other genotypes. DRR Dhan 43 recorded higher dry matter accumulation (g m-2) in root, stem and leaves at all the crop growth stages, during both the years of the study over other cultivars. Alternative wetting and drying method of irrigation recorded significantly higher DMP at all the growth stages of rice (60, 90 DAS/DAT and at harvest) except at 30 DAS/DAT during both 2017 and 2018 as compared to saturation. SRI recorded significantly higher DMP as compared to normal transplanting; however, it was comparably at par with drum seeding at all the growth stages.</div>

<div>Dry Matter Production and Partitioning in Different Plant Parts of Rice Cultivars under Irrigation Regimes and Systems of Cultivation</div>

Background: Water is the most important environmental factor for sustainability of rice production. Traditionally rice was cultivated by continuous flooding. Due to global climate change and rapid industrialization and urbanization, the amount of water utilised for agriculture is declining which increases the water scarcity for irrigated rice production.

Methods: The present experiment was carried out during Kuruvai (July-November) 2022 at Tamil Nadu Agricultural University, Coimbatore. Experiments were carried out with five treatments viz., T1- 100 % Saturation under drip irrigation, T2 &ndash; 150 % Saturation under drip irrigation T3 &ndash; 200 % Saturation under drip irrigation, T4 &ndash; System of Rice Intensification (SRI), T5 &ndash; Conventional method.

Result: Results of the experiment showed that growth parameters was higher in SRI method and this was on par with conventinal method. SRI method recorded significantly higher yield parameters and grain yield. From the above results, it can be concluded that. SRI method performed well compared to different method of cultivation due to the synergistic effects of various cultivation principles followed in this method.&nbsp;&nbsp;

Evaluation of Growth and Yield Parameters of Rice under Different Cultivation Methods

<div>Background: Mungbean [Vigna radiata (L.) Wilczek], also known as green gram is cultivated on area of 4.75 million ha in kharif and rabi/ spring seasons as monocrop or intercrop in India. It serves as a major source of dietary protein for the vast majority of vegetarian people in the country. Mungbean contributed 10.03 per cent of total pulses production (23.40 million tonnes) in the country with productivity level of 494 kg ha-1 in 2018-19. The pulses cultivation in Haryana is almost eliminated in kharif season owing to deviation of area towards cotton, cluster bean and pearlmillet because of low profitability. However, the new window opens for cultivation of mungbean in rice-wheat cropping system in summer season to generate additional farm income and to improve soil health. The area under summer mungbean in state was around 64 thousand ha with the production of 50 thousand tonnes and the average productivity of 780 kg/ha during 2017-18. Although rice-wheat system provides better farm returns, but it has imposed threat to soil health, availability and contamination of ground water, weed and biotic stress management.&nbsp; 
 
Methods: The data &nbsp;pertains to costs and returns from &nbsp;summer mungbean cultivation was gathered from &nbsp;60 mungbean cultivators of Hisar, Kurukshetra and Panipat districts of Haryana having adequate irrigation water availability adopting personal interaction approach in 2018-19. Simple budgeting technique was employed to draw practical implications which ultimately help to take favourable policy decisions for enhancing acreage of summer mungbean. 
 
Result: The inquiry profound that mungbean cultivation in summer season particularly in rice-wheat was established as additional income generation farm enterprise. The net benefits accrued from short duration varieties of mungbean over variable cost was Rs. 31831 ha-1 &nbsp;with time span of 60-70 days by utilizing fallow land in summer season. The B-C ratio toiled considering expenses incurred on variable resources with value of 2.99 divulges economic viability of mungbean cultivation in the study area. It is imperative from results that cultivation of short duration cultivars of mungbean is viable option to enhance farm income, restoration of diminishing soil fertility owing to adoption of continuous rice-wheat rotation by inherent characteristics of converting atmospheric nitrogen. Distinctive efforts are essential to evolve mungbean cultivars suitable to prevailing cropping system in Haryana and assure market procurement. The exploration of mungbean cultivation will reduce dependency on import and improve net availability of pulses in India.</div>

<div>Additional Income Generation from Cultivation of Summer Mungbean in Rice-Wheat System of Haryana</div>

<div style="text-align: justify;">Large amounts of chemical fertilizers are being used to enhance the growth and development of the rice (Oryza sativa L.) crop. Chemical fertilizers are too expensive; hence, endophytic bacteria with growth promoting activity can be considered to promote the crop plant growth to minimize the usage of chemical fertilizers and to have sustainable rice cultivation. This study was undertaken to explore the potential of endophytic bacterial isolates (EBIs) which were isolated previously. The objective of this study was to evaluate 800 EBIs for auxin-like activity and its effect on early seedlings growth of rice. Surface sterilized rice seeds were treated separately with different EBIs and allowed to grow in Petriplates (containing sterile cotton) for 10 days. On the 10th day, the root length of the rice seedlings was measured and recorded to determine the auxin-like activity of EBIs. Results showed that 9 different isolates out of 800 EBIs screened to have significant effect on rice root and shoot growth when compared to control. The increase in root length was in the range of 58.30% to 81.68%, in comparison to root length of seedlings from control category. Based on the results, it was concluded that the positive root growth promoting response of rice seedlings could be due to the production of auxin-like compounds by the EBIs. These research findings could be useful in developing endophytic bacteria based formulation to enhance the growth of rice crop.</div>

Screening of cultivable endophytic bacterial isolates for their plant growth promoting activity in rice

<div>Background: Legume nodulating bacteria (LNB), also known as rhizobia produce root nodules on leguminous plants where in nitrogen fixation takes place. In agriculture, this symbiotic relationship is significant as it provides nitrogenous fertilizers to the leguminous crops. Traditionally rhizobia were exclusively members of the Rhizobiaceae family in the Alphaproteobacteria class of bacteria. Several reports revealed that large number of diazotrophs have the ability to nodulate and fix atmospheric N2 in legumes in addition to rhizobia which are outside the Alphaproteobacteria class. Relatively less information is available on the genetic diversity of indigenous rhizobia nodulating blackgram cultivated in rice fallows. Hence the present study was carried out to know the diversity of symbiotic native nitrogen fixing bacteria isolated from the root nodules of blackgram grown in rice fallows using partial 16S rRNA sequencing. 
 
Methods: Nitrogen fixing microsymbionts (Rhizobium strains) from root nodules of blackgram were isolated on yeast extract mannitol agar (YEMA) medium. The pure cultures were maintained at 28&plusmn;2&deg;C for 48 h. Identification of Rhizobium isolates was done by using various tests and Morphological characterization of isolates was also done by using standard microbiological methods. The 
PCR amplification and sequencing of 16S rRNA gene of isolates were carried out to identify the isolates. 
 
Result: In the present study four strains of Rhizobium designated as VM-2, VM-8, VM-9 and VM-15 were isolated. Morphologically colonies of all strains are round, transparent, entire, convex and smooth. They are Gram-ve and rod shaped. Mucilage production is noticed in VM-2, VM-8 and VM-9. The 16S rRNA gene sequences revealed that the strain VM-2 showed a close relation with Rhizobium, VM-8 and VM-9 with Bradyrhizobium where as VM-15 with Achromobater. It was concluded that the symbiotic nitrogen fixing bacteria isolated from the root nodules of blackgram cultivated in rice fallows exhibited high genetic diversity.&nbsp;</div>