<div style="text-align:justify">High-fat-diet (HFD) induced BPH mice model used to examine how aerobics exercise prevents the development of BPH and try to find the mechanism. Materials and Methods: C57BL/6J mice were randomized into three groups for a 6-week intervention: Control group (Co, n = 8) and Diet group (Di, n = 8) fed standard diet, and Exercise and diet group fed standard diet meanwhile run on a treadmill at 12m/min, 30 min/day, 6 days/week (Ex+Di, n = 8). Body weight (BW), fat, prostate weight (PW), prostate index (PI), Estradio(E2), Testosterona (T) &nbsp;and estrogen receptor(ER) were detected. Results: The Di had a higher BW, fat, PW and PI, compared to Co and Ex+Di. BW and PI in Ex+Di significantly lower compared to Di, thus running prevented increase in BW and PI. Although, E2 and T in Di and Ex+Di haven&rsquo;t seen anything statistically significant, compared with Co. However, ER&aacute; in Ex+Di (0.039&plusmn;0.012 ng/ml) was significant reduced (P&lt;0.05) compared with Di (0.046&plusmn;0.011 ng/ml); Compared with Di (0.032&plusmn;0.009 ng/ml), ER&acirc; in Ex+Di (0.039&plusmn;0.011 ng/ml) was significant reduced (P&lt;0.05). Conclusion: Obesity is an important risk factor for the development of BPH. It may also provide scientific evidence to promote weight loss and aerobic exercise beneficial adjuvant therapies for BPH.</div>

<div style="text-align:justify">Aerobic exercise regulating expression of ER&aacute; and ER&acirc; in prostate to prevent benign prostatic hyperplasia of obesity mice</div>

<div>Background: Smooth muscle contraction and enlargement of the prostate are important targets for the treatment of lower urinary tract symptoms in patients with benign prostatic hyperplasia. The effect of Ferula elaeochytris (FE) root extract on tissues that play a role on fertility such as the prostate has not been demonstrated yet. The aim of this study is to investigate the effects of FE extract on isolated rat prostate tissue induced by electrical field stimulation (EFS) in vitro. 
 
Methods: In this experimental study, 48 male rats were randomly divided into 6 groups (n = 8). Groups were consisting FE (20 &micro;l), FE + Adenosine triphosphate (ATP; 50 &mu;M), FE + prazosin (0.3 &mu;M), FE + Calcium (Ca2+; 3 mM and 6 mM), FE + suramin (100 &mu;M), FE + phenylephrine and FE + carbachol. 
 
Result: In our study, FE extract inhibited the neurogenic contractions induced by EFS on isolated rat anterior prostate tissue. The presence of suramin and prazosin were not significantly increase the inhibition caused by the FE extract, while Ca2+ and ATP significantly increased the inhibition by the FE extract. (p&lt;0.05). In addition, FE extract significantly inhibited phenylephrine and carbachol contractions (p&lt;0.05).</div>

​Effect of Ferula Elaeochytris Root Extract on Smooth Muscle Contraction of Prostate Gland in Rat

Background: Prostate gland ultrasonography is a diagnostic imaging technique used to assess size, shape and structure of the prostate gland in male dogs. Prostate size estimation is important in the diagnosis and monitoring of prostatic disorders such as prostatitis, benign prostatic hyperplasia (BPH), cysts, abscesses and neoplasms.&nbsp; 
 
Methods: The dimensions of prostate gland in dogs, as assessed by ultrasonography, is currently not yet reported in this area.This study was aimed at reporting of standardization of prostate gland features including length, width and ultrasonographic appearance and correlation of prostate gland parameters i.e. length and width with age and body weight of healthy dogs, 2-5 years old of German shepherd (n=30) and Labrador (n=30) breeds, reported at Veterinary Clinical Complex of Post Graduate Institute of Veterinary Education and Research (PGIVER), Jaipur. B-mode transabdominal ultrasonographic examination was done at 6 MHz frequency in lateral recumbency without sedation.&nbsp; 
 
Result: Prostate gland had hypoechoic homogenous parenchyma with moderately echogenic stippling appearance. The capsule appeared relatively hyperechogenic. In GSD age group-I (2 to 3 years), group-II (3 to 4 years) and group-III (4 to 5 years) prostate measured 22.73&plusmn;1.01 mm and 22.58&plusmn;0.95 mm; 30.22&plusmn;1.85 mm and 29.04&plusmn;1.66 mm and 32.02&plusmn;0.65 mm and 32.34&plusmn;0.90 mm in length and width, respectively. In Labrador age group-I (2 to 3 years), group-II (3 to 4 years) and group III (4 to 5 years) prostate measured 20.88&plusmn;0.62 mm and 22.32&plusmn;0.67 mm; 26.54&plusmn;0.56 mm and 27.97&plusmn;0.63 mm and 37.05&plusmn;0.90 mm and 37.90&plusmn;1.12 mm in length and width, respectively. Prostatic parameters i.e. length and width in GSD and Labrador (in all three groups) showed positive correlation with age and body weight. Ultrasonographic features of the prostate are considered to be more precise, as gives clearly distinct demarcation of the prostate&rsquo;s edges with better resolution and visualization along with absence of a magnification effect.

Ultrasonographic Features of the Prostate Gland in Dogs in Jaipur, Rajasthan

<div>Background: Prostate gland affections are considered as common cause for perineal hernia in intact male dogs. Normal prostate gland is usually less distinct, radiographically; however, when enlarged it alters the anatomical position of rectum and urinary bladder and can be distinguished for its objective assessment. Radiography fails to differentiate the parenchymal abnormalities of prostate however, ultrasonography can. Therefore, this study was aimed to assess the involvement of prostate gland using radiography and ultrasonography in perineal hernia affected dogs.&nbsp; 
 
Methods: Thirty-eight intact male dogs, suffering from perineal hernia and presented during the entire year of 2018, were investigated. Both radiographic (subjective and objective) and ultrasonographic modalities were applied to assess the enlargement of prostate gland. The subjective assessment parameters on radiography (n=38) included the lifting/displacement of rectum from normal position and cranial displacement of urinary bladder. The objective parameters (n=29) included the prostate length and depth measured using inbuilt calliper of computerized radiography system and ultrasonography and comparing it with 70% of the pubic brim to sacral promontory distance.&nbsp; 
 
Result: The mean prostatic length was significantly more than the prostate depth on both radiography and ultrasonography. There was a significant positive correlation between the radiographic pubic brim to sacral promontory distance and the prostate length and depth measured on both the diagnostic modalities. The subjective assessment of prostate over emphasized the prostate depth and under estimated the prostate length compared to objective measurements on radiography. There was a significant correlation between the prostate lengths measured on radiography and ultrasonography and the lengths were not significantly different on two diagnostic modalities. Objective analysis on radiography revealed the prostate length and or/depth of 54.72% perineal hernia dogs (15/29) to be more than 70% of pubic brim to sacral promontory distance. In conclusion, the prostate affections may not always be the primary aetiology in dogs suffering from perineal hernia and prior investigation of prostate is recommended as a deciding factor for whether castration should be done a few weeks prior to or simultaneously with the perineal herniorrhaphy. The increased length of the prostate is a better indicator of prostatomegaly than the depth.&nbsp;</div>

<div>Ultrasonographic and Radiographic Assessment of Prostate Gland in Perineal Hernia Dogs</div>

Background: Vaginal hyperplasia is an estrogen-dependent condition commonly observed in bitches during proestrus and estrus. To evaluate how the duration of vaginal hyperplasia in bitches affects its treatment outcome. 
 
Methods: The present clinical study reports 11 cases of vaginal hyperplasia in bitches presented to the Teaching Veterinary Clinical Complex, Bihar Veterinary College, Patna, over a one-year period. Diagnosis was based on clinical examination, vaginal cytology, serum estradiol assay and ultrasonography. Blood parameters (CBC and serum biochemistry) were within normal ranges in all cases. Treatment groups were divided into medical management with human chorionic gonadotropin (hCG, 500 IU intramuscularly at alternate-day intervals for three doses; n = 5) and surgical management by ovariohysterectomy (OVH; n = 6). Clinical outcomes were monitored by the regression of prolapse and changes in serum estradiol concentration. 
 
Result: OVH resulted in a marked reduction of serum estradiol (from 49.5 pg/mL to 12.5 pg/mL), with resolution of hyperplasia in 67% of cases. hCG treatment achieved clinical regression in 60% of cases, consistent with previous reports of variable efficacy. When hyperplasia lasted for 10 days or more, the incidence of fibrosis was 80%, compared to only 20% when it lasted for less than 10 days. Histopathological evaluation revealed stromal fibrosis in non-responsive instances, particularly when hyperplasia persisted for more than 10 days, indicating a strong correlation between prolonged estradiol exposure and the development of fibrotic changes. These findings suggest that while hCG may provide limited therapeutic benefit in field conditions, ovariohysterectomy remains the definitive treatment. Furthermore, the duration of estrogenic stimulation appears to influence stromal remodelling and may predict therapeutic outcomes. 
&nbsp;

Prolonged Estradiol Exposure and Stromal Fibrosis Influence Treatment Response in Canine Vaginal Hyperplasia

The present paper reports a case of benign melanocytoma in an 8- years old non-descript cow, which are reported less commonly in India. The tumour was located on ventral aspect of neck and was surgically removed with successful recovery. Histopathological expression of the tumour suggests its benign nature which is also confirmed by its non-recurrence after 2 years of its surgical removal.

Benign melanocytoma in a non-descript cow: A case report

<div>Background: Successful medical management of a serious form of Cystic Endometrial Hyperplasia-Pyometra (CEH-P) in a white tiger, with a combination of mifepristone, misoprostol, cloprostenol, cabergoline and enrofloxacin is discussed. 
 
Methods: A 14-year-old white tiger (Panthera tigris) belonging to the Zoological Garden, Thiruvanathapuram showed symptoms of gradual discomfort, dyspepsia and polydipsia for two weeks. There were no signs of oestrus for the previous two months and a serosanguinous vaginal discharge was also noticed. On ultrasonographic examination, uterine sacculations filled with fluid could be found which was suggestive of pyometra. Leukocytosis, neutrophilia, increased level of serum progesterone, anaemia, high ESR, persistent hyperproteinaemia and hyperglobulinaemia were evident on haematological examination. Considering the risks associated with performing OHE in large felids, medical management was planned. A combination of mifepristone, misoprostol, cloprostenol, cabergoline, enrofloxacin and supportive therapy were given along with strict and close monitoring by different experts on site or by utilizing telemedicine communication technologies. Periodic hematological examination, serum biochemistry, progesterone estimation and ultrasonographic evaluation were done to evaluate the progress of treatment. The progesterone values during the period of study ranged from 45.6 ng/ml at the commencement of treatment to a basal level of 0.73 ng/ml towards the end of treatment.&nbsp; 
 
Result: The animal had an uneventful clinical recovery. Considering the risks associated with performing OHE in large felids, medical management can be considered as a valuable option in treating CEH-Pyometra in wild felids. This being the first report of successful medical treatment of CEH-P in a large captive felid with a combination of antiprogestins, prolactin antagonists, prostaglandins and antibiotics, it is suggested that due consideration of such a treatment regimen is of great importance in large felids.</div>

A Novel Protocol for Medical Management of Cystic Endometrial Hyperplasia-Pyometra in White Tiger

<div>Background: Wheat is staple diet for majority of people of world and requires several nutrients for optimum growth like Nitrogen, Potassium and Zinc etc. These nutrients when added in the form of chemical fertilizers definitely increase production but at the cost of negative impact on soil, air, water and living beings. Nanoformulations can provide a possible solution to this problem. The current study tried to assess the impact of foliar application of Nano-N, K, Zn on morphological and yield related parameters of wheat. 
 
Methods: Wheat plants were grown up to harvesting stage for two consecutive years from 2018 to 2020. Pots grown plants were treated with three different concentrations of Nano-N, K, Zn and bulk/chemical N, K, Zn along-with a control setup having no external nutrients supplement. Several morphological and yield related parameters were recorded. 
 
Result: Application of Nano-N, K, Zn resulted in statistically significant increase in plant height, seeds per spike, root length, 100 seed weight, yield and biomass accumulation compared to the control and bulk/chemical N, K, Zn. Highest yield per pot of 23.87 g was obtained under nano-N, K, Zn treatment while yield under bulk fertilizers and control setup was only 7.54 g and 4.38 g respectively. Our work presents a novel combination of nitrogen, potassium and zinc nanofertilizers which not only increase quality of wheat produce but also environment friendly too.</div>

<div>Effect of Environmentally Benign Nano-nitrogen, Potassium, Zinc on Growth and Yield Enhancement in Triticum aestivum</div>

<div>Background: The study was aimed to find out the epidemiological data of canine mammary tumor in Dachshund breed in relation to age, growth rate, lymph node status, histological type of tumor and to compare hematological alterations of any within the tumor to compare hematological alterations due to different types of tumor. 
 
Methods: Mammary neoplasms were clinically evaluated. The measurement of total erythrocyte count (TEC), total leukocyte count (TLC), platelet count and packed cell volume (PCV %) was carried out as per standard methods. Histological observation was performed by staining with Hematoxylin and Eosin stain. Benign and malignant mammary tumors were found highest in the younger age group of 8 to 12 years and lowest thereafter. 
 
Result: 79.16% cases of the mammary tumors located in the inguinal region were found. The fast growth rate was observed in 45.83% of tumors. The hematological profile showed no difference. However, the platelet count in the malignant mammary gland tumor dogs showed significant (P&lt;0.01) decrease than the normal and benign tumor dogs. Distant metastasis to lung was found only in 8.33% of the total mammary tumor dogs. Mammary tumors with stage I, stage II and stage III were restricted to benign mammary tumors whereas, those with stage IV and stage V were of malignant mammary tumors.</div>

Clinico-pathological Studies on Canine Mammary Tumors in Dachshund Dog

<div style="text-align: justify;">Background: The present study was conducted on vesicular, prostate and bulbourethral glands of buffalo bull to study the seasonal variations.&nbsp; Methods: Glands were collected from the abattoir immediately after sacrifice during winter and summer seasons. The anatomical observations of accessory sex glands were done after removal of fascia. The biometrical observations were recorded after dissecting the prostate (corpus and disseminate), right and left vesicular and bulbourethral glands during each season. Result: The vesicular glands had grape-like appearance and bulbourethral glands were piriform in shape. The prostate gland of buffalo bull was composed of two parts i.e. corpus prostate and pars disseminata. The external or corpus part of prostate remained at the neck of bladder whereas the disseminate prostate was found in the propria submucosa of pelvic urethra. The length, thickness and weight of left and right vesicular gland decreased from winter to summer season, whereas there was no significant difference in width between the right and left glands during summer and winter seasons. The mean length of disseminate part of prostate gland and diameter of bulbourethral gland showed a significant decrease from winter to summer season.&nbsp;</div>

Aerobic exercise regulating expression of ERá and ERâ in prostate to prevent benign prostatic hyperplasia of obesity mice

Effect of Ferula Elaeochytris Root Extract on Smooth Muscle Contraction of Prostate Gland in Rat

Ultrasonographic Features of the Prostate Gland in Dogs in Jaipur, Rajasthan

Ultrasonographic and Radiographic Assessment of Prostate Gland in Perineal Hernia Dogs

Prolonged Estradiol Exposure and Stromal Fibrosis Influence Treatment Response in Canine Vaginal Hyperplasia

Benign melanocytoma in a non-descript cow: A case report

A Novel Protocol for Medical Management of Cystic Endometrial Hyperplasia-Pyometra in White Tiger

Effect of Environmentally Benign Nano-nitrogen, Potassium, Zinc on Growth and Yield Enhancement in Triticum aestivum

Clinico-pathological Studies on Canine Mammary Tumors in Dachshund Dog

Seasonal Variations in Gross and Biometry of Accessory Sex Glands of Buffalo Bull