A field experiment was conducted to study the performance of wheat crop under acidulated rock phosphate (RP) during rabi season 2009-2010 The experiment was laid out in randomized block design with A total of ten treatments viz., single super phosphate (SSP) alone, RP alone, RP + gypsum, RP + SSP, RP + PSB, RP + FYM, RP + FYM + PSB, RP + pressmud (PM) , RP + PM + PSB and RP + pyrites and crop wheat var. PBW-550 were selected. Crop yield differed significantly due to different treatments. RP + gypsum produced maximum grain yield (49.2 q ha-1), biological yield (120 q ha-1), plant height, shoot population, dry matter accumulation and yield attributes viz., spike length, number of fertile spikelets per spike and number of grain per spike, over other treatments. Rock phosphate acidulated with gypsum, each 300 kg ha-1 found best in terms of recording grain, straw and biological yield and hence, can be use as alternate source of phosphatic fertilizer.

Effect of acidulated rock phosphate on growth yield attributes and yield&nbsp;of wheat (Triticum aestivum L.)

<div>Background: Wheat (Triticum aestivum L.) is the most important cereal crop throughout India and other parts of the world. In late sowing conditions the variety selection, seed rate and row spacing is an important factor for a better crop yield. Higher seed rate and narrow row spacing are used in late sowing as compared to normal sowing conditions. 
 
Methods: The present field experiment was conducted at the Students Research Farm, Khalsa College, Amritsar, Punjab, India during rabi season of 2020-21. A field experiment was laid out in split-plot design with replicated three times comprising four levels of seed rate viz. (100, 110, 120 and 130 kg/ha) and three-row spacing viz. (12, 15 and 18 cm) of wheat cultivar DBW 187 (Karan Vandana). 
 
Result: The result showed that the number of tiller per meter, spike length, grains per spike, test weight, grain, straw and biological yield were significantly affected by different seed rates and row spacing. The seed rate 120 kg/ha recorded significantly higher grain yield (50.47 q/ha), effective tiller per meter row length (70) and the number of grain per spike (58), whereas 130 kg/ha gave significantly higher straw yield (73.40 q/ha). The crop sown with row spacing 18 cm showed significantly higher grain yield (49.13 q/ha), straw yield (72.70 q/ha), biological yield (121.83 q/ha), effective tiller per meter row length (68), spike length (12.10 cm) and number of grain per spike (56.16).</div>

Effect of Different Seed Rates and Row Spacing on Yield Attributes and Yield of Late Sown Wheat (Triticum aestivum L.)

<div style="text-align:justify">Background: Blackgram (Vigna mungo L.), commonly known as urdbean, mash, black mapte and other names, is a popular short-season pulse crop farmed throughout India. This crop is extensively sown in conjunction with various cropping systems under residual moisture conditions after wheat harvest as summer crops under irrigated conditions and due to its high protein and carbohydrate content, as well as its short duration crop, it is suitable in summer crop grown between wheat and rice. 
 
Methods: Field experiments was carried out during two consecutive summer seasons of 2018-19 and 2019-20 to study residual effect of biofertilizer and foliar nutrition on plant height and yield attributes of summer blackgram (Vigna mungo) under different fertility levels at the Research Farm, Division of Agronomy, SKUAST- J, Chatha. The experiment was laid out in split-split plot design with three factors replicated thrice.&nbsp; 
 
Result: Maximize residual effect of nutrients on blackgram after raised wheat as a major crop among the fertility levels including biofertilizer and foliar application, recommended dose fertilizer achieved, growth parameters viz, yield attributing characters, number of pods/plants, number of grains /plants, 1000-grains weight, seed yield, stover yield and harvest index as compared to 75% of RDF. However, control recorded lowest values of all growth, yield attributing parameter and yield of blackgram crop. Whereas, soil application of biofertilizer consortium recorded higher plant height and yield attributing characters of blackgram in comparison to seed treatment with biofertilizer consortium applied in wheat as main crop. Among the foliar application of 2% of NPK (19:19:19) higher values of growth character, yield and yield attributing parameters of blackgram were recorded in foliar application of 2% NPK (19:19:19) at flowering stage as compared to tillering and tillering + flowering stages of wheat crop during both the years. Economics of blackgram in terms of net return and B:C ratio was influenced by residual effect of various applied in wheat crop and recorded higher in RDF fertility, soil application of biofertilizer consortium and foliar application of 2% NPK at flowering stage.</div>

Residual Effect of Fertility Levels, Biofertilizer and Foliar Nutrition on Yield and Yield Attributes of Summer Blackgram (Vigna mungo L.) in Wheat-blackgram Cropping System under Subtropical Conditions in Jammu

<div>Background: Wheat (Triticum aestivum L.) is an important cereal crop as being consumed as staple food in the world as well as in Ethiopia. The production of wheat in Ethiopia decreased due to the incidence of insect pests. Out of insects&rsquo; pests the Russian wheat aphid (Diuraphis noxia) is the recent one that causes yield loss either directly or indirectly.&nbsp; 
 
Methods: The experiment was carried out at selected districts of West Showa zone, Ethiopia during off cropping season 2019 to evaluate the yield reduction in wheat crop due to the invasion of Russian wheat aphids. Malamar, Dimethoate, neem seeds, leaves, Beaveria bassiana and Metarhizium anisopliae were used in form of spray.&nbsp; 
 
Result: However, Malamar and Dimethoate highly significantly lowered the population of Diuraphis noxia. The combination of Beaveria bassiana and Metarhizium anisopleae significantly lowered the population of Russian wheat aphid. The combination of Neem leaf and Neem seeds, as well as Beaveria bassiana, proved to be effective against Russian wheat aphid yet they were protected and sound against the environments. Malamar showed the maximum decrease in Diuraphis noxia populations followed by Dimethoate, the combination of Beaveria bassiana and Metarhizium anisopleae.</div>

Yield Reductions of Wheat Cultivar Obora (UTIQUE96/FLAG-1) due to Russian Wheat Aphid (Diuraphis noxia) Infestation under Field Conditions at Selected Districts of West Showa Zone, Ethiopia

<div style="text-align: justify;">The purpose of this study was the calibration and validation of DSSAT-CSM-CERES-Wheat model (v4.5) for wheat in Hisar conditions. The DSSAT-CSM-CERES-Wheat model was calibrated with the field experimental data of rabi 2010-11 having 3 levels of irrigation (I1-one irrigation at crown root initiation [CRI], I2- two irrigations at CRI and heading and I3- four irrigations at CRI, late tillering, heading and milking) and 5 nitrogen levels (0, 50, 100, 150 and 200 kg N/ha) and validated with data of experiment rabi 2011-12 conducted at Hisar (29&deg;10&rsquo; N and 75&deg;46&rsquo; E). The model performance was evaluated using average error (Bias), root mean square error (RMSE), normalized root mean square error (nRMSE), index of agreement (d-stat) and coefficient of determination (r2), and it was observed that DSSAT-CSM-CERES-Wheat model was able to predict the phenology, total nutrient uptake and grain yield of wheat with reasonably good accuracy. The simulated results were within the permissible limit of the error (error % less than &plusmn;15).</div>

Simulation of phenology, total nutrient uptake and grain yield of wheat under different irrigation and nitrogen application managements in Hisar, India using the DSSAT-CSM-CERES-Wheat model

An investigation was carried out on the effect of irrigation schedules and genotypes on the growth and yield components of wheat (Triticum aestivum L.) at the University of Agricultural Sciences, Dharwad (Karnataka) in the year 2001-02. The design of the experiment was split plot with three replications. Irrigation schedules(I7) at crown root initiation + tillering + jointing + flowering + milky + dough stages recorded maximum effective tillers at harvest (94.66), total dry matter production (217.58 g m-1 row length), leaf area (49.31 dm2 m-1 row length), leaf area index (2.18), the mean ear length (6.89 cm), number of grains per ear (34.58), 1000 grain weight (39.83 g). Due to increased growth parameters, I7 irrigation schedule resulted in maximum grain yield (2669 kg ha-1) over I1 (1626 kg ha-1), I4 (2128 kg ha-1), I2 (2150 kg ha-1) and I3 (2240 kg ha-1) but was on par with I5 (2463 kg ha-1) and I6 (2580 kg ha-1). Significantly higher (2128 kg ha-1) grain yield was observed in I4 irrigation schedule over I1 (1626 kg ha-1) but was on par with I2 (2150 kg ha-1) and I3 (2240 kg ha-1) irrigation schedule. Significantly lowest (1626 kg ha-1) grain yield was recorded in irrigation schedule at crown root initiation and tillering stage. Among the wheat genotypes, DWR-1006 (durum wheat) recorded higher effective tillers at harvest (84.28), total dry matter production (206.06 g m-1 row length), leaf area (46.45 dm2 m-1 row length), leaf area index (2.06), number of grains per ear (33.46), 1000 grain weight (40.83 g), harvest index (0.379) and grain yield (2390 kg ha-1). The grain yield was affected due to wheat genotypes. Significantly higher (2390 kg ha-1) grain yield was recorded in wheat genotype DWR-1006 over DWR-162 (2140 kg ha-1).

Effect of irrigation scheduling on the growth and yield of wheat genotypes

Background: Wheat is an important crop of India That is grown in the winter season (October to April). A field study was conducted for nine plots having a dimension of 3 &times; 2 meter and different nutrient was applied to test the biomass yield. The objectives are to describe (a): To conduct field experiments under controlled conditions and vary the dosage of fertilizers for different treatments. (b): To observe the variation in crop yield of wheat with different dosages of fertilizers. (c): To model the crop yield of different treatments using InfoCrop and DSSAT crop models. 
 
Methods: An experiment was conducted for Wheat crop having a dimension of 3 &times; 2 meter at the Indian Institute of Technology, UK-India. Three plots (C1, C2, C3) was given control fertilizer supply while plot (F1, F2, F3) given -25%, +25%, +50% and plot (N1, N2, N3) given -25%, +25%, +50% w.r.t to control. The simulation model Infocrop and DSSAT were simulated to check test the model. 
 
Result: In this study, two crop simulation models namely Infocrop and DSSAT were used to predict the yield of wheat crops. Field experiments were carried out at a farm site at Roorkee, India and different treatments of fertilizers are applied to the field plots. In total, seven fertilizer treatments are used: C (controlled with a normal dosage of fertilizers), F1, F2, F3 (varying amount of applied farmyard manure), N1, N2 and N3 (varying amount of applied urea). The objective of the study was to evaluate yields of the seven treatments using Infocrop and DSSAT crop models and compare them to the observed values of yields. The grain yield of the controlled treatment (C1, C2, C3) was predicted accurately by both models. There was a significant variation in the grain yields of the F1, F2, F3 treatments with the application of farm yard manure (FYM). DSSAT under-predicted the grain yields for the plot F1, F2, F3 treatments and over-predicted these for N1, N2, N3 treatments. Overall, Infocrop, which was developed and validated for Indian conditions, simulated the grain yield more accurately as compared to the DSSAT model under varying applications of FYM and urea dosages.

Wheat Yield Modelling using Infocrop and DSSAT Crop Simulation Models

<div>Background: Drought is one of the most important abiotic factors that limit the growth and development of plants all over the world. In Ethiopia, wheat is the second most important crop and occupies third in total production in the African countries. Low productivity as compared to the national production scale is due to water stress. The present work aimed to study the effect of water stress on the growth and yield performance of wheat. 
 
Methods: The experiment was conducted in an exceeding greenhouse at East Gojjam Zone, Debre Markos University in 2017-2018 to assess the effects of wheat to water stress applied at different growth stages. The experiment comprised of two water stress treatments, maintained by withholding water at tillering, anthesis and at each stage. Different growth and yield performance data were collected and analyzed by SAS software. 
 
Result: Water stress caused a reduction in leaf relative water contents, water potential, osmotic potential, turgor potential, growth and yield components of the wheat. The results indicated that successive stress at growth stages caused a severe reduction in vegetative growth parameters of wheat. Therefore, the results indicated that the high value of relative water content was related to exaggerated yield and its components of crops. The water-stressed treatment has reduced the growth and yield performance of wheat than unstressed treatments. This was due to a reduction in the osmotic activities of plants.</div>

<div>Growth and Yield Performance of Wheat (Triticum aestivum L.) to under Water Stress Conditions</div>

<div>Background: Water scarcity is one of the major problems faced by farmers for crop production. Productivity and sustainability of a crop like wheat which is highly susceptible to water stress could be affected the most. Identifying and growing such varieties of wheat which could thrive under restricted irrigation could solve the problem. The current study aimed to evaluate the performance of certain new wheat genotypes under restricted irrigation. 
 
Methods: A field experiment was conducted in eastern sub-Himalayan plains during Rabi season, 2016-2017 to evaluate the performance of certain wheat genotypes under restricted irrigation. The experiment was laid out in a split plot design with three different levels of irrigation, viz., no irrigation, one irrigation at CRI stage, two irrigations at CRI and booting stage, randomly allotted in main plots; while six genotypes comprising HI 1612, HD 2888, C 306, K 8027, HD 3171 and K 1317 were randomly allocated in sub plots. 
 
Result: It was observed that with increase in number of irrigation, the overall biomass production increased irrespective of genotypes. The highest biomass (7.38 t ha-1) was achieved in plots where two irrigations were given. Higher leaf area with increased plant height and tiller number as well as higher values of major yield components viz., number of spikes m-2 and number of filled grain spike-1 were also achieved in plots receiving two irrigations. The twice irrigated plot also exhibited higher yields (3.02 t ha-1) as compared to once irrigated plot. With increase in number of irrigation the grain yield increased significantly. Among the genotypes, HI 1612 reflected the maximum grain yield (2.76 t ha-1) under restricted irrigation though there was no significant variation in grain yield achieved with the other 5 genotypes except HD 3171.</div>

<div>Growth and Yield Performances of Wheat Genotypes under Restricted Irrigation in Eastern Sub-Himalayan Plains</div>

<div style="text-align: justify;">A field experiment conducted during Rabi season of 2017-18 at wheat research farm of CCS Haryana Agricultural University, Hisar, India to study the effect of sowing dates and varieties on yield and quality performance of wheat (Triticum aestivum L.). The experiment was laid out in split plot design with three replications containing four sowing dates viz. 5th November, 25th November, 15th December and 5th January as main plot treatments and seven wheat varieties i.e. HS 562, HD 2967, HD 3086, HI 1544, MACS 6222, WR 544 and WH 1105 as sub plot treatments. On the basis of one year study it was concluded that among sowing dates, 5th November sowing is the most economical and suitable than rest of the sowing dates. 5th November sown crop recorded significantly longer spike (11.7 cm), higher number of effective tillers (98.3 per mrl), grains per spike (48.6), test weight (39.9 g), grain appearance score (8.3), hectoliter weight (82.9 kg/hl), grain yield (5432 kg ha-1) and harvest index (39.0%) compared to rest of the sowing dates, while highest protein content (12.9 %) was observed with 5th January sown crop. Maximum net return (Rs.54, 262 ha-1) and B: C (1.73) were recorded with 5th November sowing. Among the varieties, HI 1544 recorded significantly higher number of effective tillers (94.6 per mrl), grains per spike (48.4), test weight (38.6 g), grain yield (4920 kg ha-1) harvest index (39.2), grain appearance score (8.1) and hectoliter weight (82.0 kg/hl), while variety WH 1105 resulted in longer spike (11.5 cm) and WR 544 in higher protein content (12.6 %) as compared to rest of the varieties. While comparing the interaction of varieties with date of sowing, HI 1544 produced significantly higher grain higher yield (6007 kg ha-1) of wheat sown at 5th November which was statistically at par with WH 1105 (5833 kg ha-1) and HD 3086 (5616 kg ha-1) at same date of sowing. Delayed sowing of HI 1544 from 5th November to 25th November reduced the grain yield by 9.1 per cent; to 15th of December by 21.0 per cent and to 5th January by 42.3 per cent.&nbsp;</div>

Effect of acidulated rock phosphate on growth yield attributes and yield of wheat (Triticum aestivum L.)

Effect of Different Seed Rates and Row Spacing on Yield Attributes and Yield of Late Sown Wheat (Triticum aestivum L.)

Residual Effect of Fertility Levels, Biofertilizer and Foliar Nutrition on Yield and Yield Attributes of Summer Blackgram (Vigna mungo L.) in Wheat-blackgram Cropping System under Subtropical Conditions in Jammu

Yield Reductions of Wheat Cultivar Obora (UTIQUE96/FLAG-1) due to Russian Wheat Aphid (Diuraphis noxia) Infestation under Field Conditions at Selected Districts of West Showa Zone, Ethiopia

Simulation of phenology, total nutrient uptake and grain yield of wheat under different irrigation and nitrogen application managements in Hisar, India using the DSSAT-CSM-CERES-Wheat model

Effect of irrigation scheduling on the growth and yield of wheat genotypes

Wheat Yield Modelling using Infocrop and DSSAT Crop Simulation Models

Growth and Yield Performance of Wheat (Triticum aestivum L.) to under Water Stress Conditions

Growth and Yield Performances of Wheat Genotypes under Restricted Irrigation in Eastern Sub-Himalayan Plains

Effect of Sowing Dates and Varieties on Yield and Quality Performance of Wheat (Triticum aestivum L.)