<div style="text-align: justify;">A field experiment was undertaken at PAU, Regional Station (Bathinda) to evaluate the effect of weed management practices on the performance of cluster bean [(Cyamopsis tetragonoloba (L.) Taub] under AICRP on Arid Legumes during the kharif season of 2015 and 2016. Data revealed that weed dry matter was lowest in case of weed free check (T8) as plots were kept weed free as per the treatment. Among other treatment combinations Pendimethalin @ 0.75 kg a.i./ha as PE + Imazethapyr+ Imazamox @ 40g a.i./ha at 2-3 leaf stage of weeds (T7) produced the lowest weed dry matter closely followed by Pendimethalin @ 0.75 kg a.i./ha as PE+ One Intercultivation at 20-25 DAS (T6) and Pendimethalin @ 0.75 kg a.i./ha as PE + Imazethapyr @ 40g a.i./ha at 2-3 leaf stage of weeds (T5). WCE was highest in weed free followed by Pendimethalin @ 0.75 kg a.i./ha as PE + Imazethapyr+ Imazamox @ 40g a.i./ha at 2-3 leaf stage of weeds (T7). Highest seed yield was recorded in weed free check followed by Pendimethalin @ 0.75 kg a.i./ha as PE + Imazethapyr @ 40g a.i./ha at 2-3 leaf stage of weeds (T5), Pendimethalin @ 0.75 kg a.i./ha + One Intercultivation at 20-25DAS (T6) and Pendimethalin @ 0.75 kg a.i./ha as PE + Imazethapyr+ Imazamox @ 40g a.i./ha at 2-3 leaf stage of weeds (T7).</div>

Effect of weed Management practices on the performance of clusterbean [Cyamopsis tetragonoloba(L.) Taub]

A field experiment was conducted during the post rainy (rabi) seasons of 2012-13 and 2013-14 at Agricultural Research Station, Gulbarga (Karnataka) to evaluate the time and dosage of imazethapyr in chickpea. The experiment was laid out with 12 weed-control treatments, viz. imazethapyr at 3 application rates (15, 20 and 30 g/ha) sprayed at 10 and 20 and 30 days after germination (DAG), pendimethalin 0.75 kg/ha + one hand weeding at 25-30 DAS, weed free check and weedy check. Among the treatments, weed free check recorded significantly higher seed yield (1287 kg/ha), net returns (Rs. 29080/ha) and B:C ratio (2.30) and minimum weed dry weight and higher WCE (100%) followed by pre emergence application of pendimethalin 0.75 kg/ha + one hand weeding at 25-30 DAS. Among the different doses and time of application of imazethapyr, application of imazethapyr 30 g/ha at 10 DAG resulted in 57.9% higher grain yield (1098 kg/ha), lower weed dry matter (6.88 g/0.5 m2) and higher WCE (75.33%) over unweeded control and other treatments. Imazethapyr 30 g/ha at 10 DAS also recorded the highest net returns (Rs.22780/ha) and B: C ratio (2.08), which was closely followed by imazethapyr 20 g/ha sprayed at 10 DAG, 20 DAG and imazethapyr 30 g/ha at 30 DAG.

Evaluation of time and dose of imazethapyr in controlling&nbsp;weeds of chickpea (Cicer arietinum L.)

<div>Background: Field experiments/ On Farm Trial (OFT) were conducted at Farmers field in village Hasanchak and Agwanpur under the ICAR- Krishi Vigyan Kendra, Barh, Patna during the winter season (Rabi). The basic aim of experiment was to find out the effective method of weed control in Zero- tilled wheat through the application of herbicide.&nbsp; 
 
Methods: The experiment was laid in Randomized Block design (RBD) in 2014-2015, replicated 4 times (Farmers field) with 5 treatments viz., 2,4-D, ethyl ester 2.00 kg ha-1 at 25 days after sowing (DAS) fb one hand weeding (Conventional tillage-Farmer practices) at 55 DAS, Sulfosulfuron 75% WP 25 g ha-1, Metsulfuron 20% WP @ 20 g ha-1 at 25 DAS, Sulfosuluron 75% WP + Metsulfuron 20% WP @ 40 g ha-1 at 25 DAS and control (Unweeded).&nbsp; 
 
Result: Sulfosuluron 75% WP + Metsulfuron 20% WP @ 40 g ha-1 at 25 days after sowing provided effective control of grassy and broadleaf weeds and recorded less dry weight and highest (91%) weed control efficiency (WCE). Herbicide Sulfosulfuron 75% WP 25 g ha-1 and Metsulfuron 20% WP @ 20 g ha-1 controlled only grassy and broadleaf weeds, respectively. 2,4-D, ethyl ester 2.00 kg ha-1 fb one hand weeding (Conventional tillage-Farmer practices) recorded higher weed dry weight and less weed control efficiency (WCE). Significantly higher grain yield (4280 kg ha-1) was recorded under Sulfosuluron 75% WP + Metsulfuron 20% WP @ 40 g ha-1 at 25 days after sowing followed by Metsulfuron 20% WP 20 g ha-1, Sulfosulfuron 75% WP 25 g ha-1, 2,4-D, 2.00 kg ha-1 fb one hand weeding (Farmer practices). Significantly higher net return (Rs. 48145 ha-1) and B:C ratio (2.93) were recorded under Sulfosuluron 75% WP + Metsulfuron 20% WP @ 40 g ha-1 at 25 days after sowing.</div>

Efficacy of Herbicides on Weed Control in Zero-tilled Wheat (Triticum aestivum L.) in the Eastern Indo-gangetic Plains

Background: Field experiment was conducted at Anbil Dharmalingam Agricultural College and Research Institute, Thiruchirappalli, Tamil Nadu during the rabi season of 2022-23 to evaluate the effect of spacing and weed management practices of yield parameters and yield of direct seeded rice under sodic soil using three levels of spacing and seven weed management strategies.

Methods: The main plots were spacing of 20 x 15 cm, 20 x 20 cm, and 25 x 25 cm. Sub plot consisted of weed management practices in direct seeded rice viz., PE pyrazosulfuron ethyl 10% WP at&nbsp; 20 g a.i ha-1 on 3 DAS + PoE bispyribac sodium 10% SC at 25 g a.i ha-1 on 20 DAS, PE pyrazosulfuron ethyl 10% WP at 20 g&nbsp; a.i ha-1 on&nbsp; 3 DAS + cono weeding on 20 DAS + hand weeding&nbsp; (HW) on 40 DAS, PE pyrazosulfuron Ethyl 10% WP at 20 g&nbsp; a.i ha-1 on&nbsp; 3 DAS + cono weeding on 20 DAS and 40 DAS, PE pyrazosulfuron ethyl 10% WP at&nbsp; 20 g&nbsp; a.i ha-1 on 3 DAS +&nbsp; PoE bispyribac sodium 10% SC&nbsp; at&nbsp; 25 g&nbsp; a.i ha-1 on 20 DAS +&nbsp; cono weeding on 40 DAS, PE pyrazosulfuron Ethyl 10% WP at 20 g&nbsp; a.i ha-1 on 3 DAS + PoEbispyribac sodium 10% SC at 25 g&nbsp; a.i ha-1 on 20 DAS +&nbsp; HW on 40 DAS, Hand weeding at 20 and 40 DAS, and unweeded control. The field experiment was laid out in split plot design with three replications.

Results: The results indicated that lower total weed density (40.39 no. m-2), dry weight of weeds (85.52 g m-2) and higher WCE (77.5%) were registered under 20 &times; 15 cm which was on par with spacing of 20 &times; 20 cm. The higher number of productive tillers m-2 (389), number of grains panicle-1 (192), number filled grains panicle-1 (187), grain yield (4546 kg ha-1) and straw yield (6714 kg ha-1) were observed under spacing of 20 &times; 20 cm. Application of pyrazosulfuron ethyl&nbsp; 20 g&nbsp; ha-1 at 3 DAS +&nbsp; bispyribac sodium&nbsp; 25 g&nbsp; ha-1 at 20 DAS + cono weeding at 40 DAS possessed the lowest total weed density (7.67 no. m-2), dry weight of weeds (12.63 g m-2), higher WCE (97.0) at 45 DAS and significantly improved the yield parameters and yields compared to unweeded control. The highest grain and straw yields were recorded from interaction between 20 &times; 20 cm and pyrazosulfuron ethyl 20 g ha-1 at 3 DAS + bispyribac sodium 25 g ha-1 at 20 DAS + cono weeding at 40 DAS.

Effect of spacing and weed management practices on yield parameters and yield of direct-seeded rice

<div style="text-align:justify">Field experiments were carried out during summer seasons of 2017 and 2018 to study the effect of preceding (Rice-Okra) crops herbicide residue on weed, growth, yield and economics of succeeding blackgram. Residual effect of butachlor at 1.25 kg/ha on 3 days after transplanting (DAT) fb hand weeding (HW) on 40 DAT imposed in the first season rice crop and followed by hand weeding (HW) twice at 20 and 40 days after sowing (DAS) (T6) in okra and blackgram significantly influenced the reduction of weed dry weight accumulation by 8.75 and 7.44 times in mainland and island ecosystem, respectively at 20 DAS. The same treatment recorded the highest weed control efficiency (WCE) of 88.6, 86.5 and 86.2, 80.7 % observed at 20 and 40 DAS under mainland and island ecosystem, respectively. Among, the weed control treatments, residual effect of butachlor at 1.25 kg/ha on 3 DAT fb HW on 40 DAT to rice and HW twice at 20 and 40 DAS (T6) to okra and blackgram has recorded 64.8 and 65.0% higher seed yield of blackgram under main and island ecosystem, respectively.</div>

<div style="text-align:justify">Preceding (Rice-Okra) Crops Herbicide Residual Effects on Weed, Growth, Yield and Economics of Succeeding Blackgram Under Different Ecosystem</div>

<div style="text-align: justify;">A field experiment was undertaken to evaluate the performance of different weed control treatments in cluster bean during kharif, 2015 in RBD with three replications. Treatment of weed free check was found best by recording highest values of yield attributes, seed (20.97 q/ha), stover (65.68q/ha) with maximum weed control efficiency at successive stages. Among different herbicides treatments, Imazethapyr + Imazamox @ 40 g/ha (PoE) at 20 DAS showed highest values of yield attributes, seed yield (19.59 q/ ha), stover yield (63.83 q/ ha), WCE (91.84, at 60 DAS) and minimum WI (6.0). In monetary terms significantly highest net return (Rs.86883 /ha) were obtained from weed free check, followed by imazethapyr + imazamox @ 40 g/ha (PoE) at 20 DAS (Rs.85398 / ha) and imazethapyr @ 75 g/ha (PoE), at 20 DAS (84394 Rs./ha). The maximum B:C ratio of 6.57 was recorded with treatment imazethapyr @ 75 g/ha (PoE), followed by imazethapyr+ imazamox @ 40 g/ha (PoE) 6.37.</div>

Effect of post-emergence herbicides on weed control, growth and yield of cluster bean [Cyamopsis tetragonoloba (L.) Taub.] in M.P.

<div style="text-align: justify;">An experiment was conducted during at Varanasi to find out the effect of residue management with Trichoderma application and weed management practices (W1- - Control, W2 &nbsp;-Hand weeding at 30 &amp; 45 DAS, W3 - Isoproturon + 2,4-D (1.0 + 0.5 kg ha-1) at 30 DAS, W4 &nbsp;- Fenoxaprop 120 g ha-1 fb Metsulfuron 4 g ha-1 ) on growth, yield attributes and yield of wheat(Triticum aestvium L.) with weed density, WCE and net returns. The residue retention with Trichoderma application produced significantly higher crop growth, yield attributes, grain and straw yield as compared to residue retention alone and residue removal. Among the weedicide option fenoxaprop fb metsulfuron treatment was found most effective in controlling weed population and produced significantly higher grain (3355.06 and &nbsp;3722.27 kg-1 ha) and straw yields (5050.23 and 5332.77 kg-1 ha) and higher weed control efficiency (74.19 &amp; 75.07 %). Out of herbicides, Isoproturon + 2, 4-D gave the highest net return as compared to fenoxaprop fb metsulfuron followed by hand weeding twice.</div>

Performance of zero-till wheat (Triticum aestvium L.) with residue and weed management techniques under rice-wheat cropping system

<div>Background: Weeds are the major biotic constraint to reduce the rice productivity in direct wet seeded rice. Weed infestation and competition are severe in direct wet seeded rice as compared to transplanted rice, because of the simultaneous growth of both crops and weeds. The yield loss due to weeds varies from 40 to 100 per cent in direct seeded rice. Use of herbicides either singly or in combination with manual or mechanical weeding in puddled direct seeded rice has been highlighted by several workers. Use of alternative herbicides with wide spectrum control of the weeds in direct seeded puddled rice is the need of the present time. The present study aimed to evaluate different weed management practices in direct wet seeded rice under sodic soil. 
 
Methods: A field experiment was conducted during Samba season (Rabi) 2016-17. to evaluate the weed management practices in direct wet seeded rice under sodic soil. The treatments comprised of different combination of weed management practices viz., pre emergence, early post emergence herbicides, mechanical weeding and hand weeding twice were tested. Total weed density and weed dry weight, weed control efficiency, yield parameters and yield of rice were recorded.&nbsp; 
 
Result: Among the different weed management practices, the lowest total weed density, total weed dry weight and higher WCE, yield attributes, grain and straw yields were registered under application of PE pyrazosulfuron ethyl 25 g/ha fb EPOE bispyribac sodium 25 g/ha. This was followed by application of PE pretilachlor 0.75 kg/ha fb EPOE bispyribac sodium 25 g/ha.&nbsp;</div>

<div>Weed Dynamics and Productivity of Direct Wet Seeded Rice under Different Weed Management Practices</div>

<div>Background: Blackgram (Phaseolus mungo L.), a major pulse crop of Andhra Pradesh grown in an area of 3.52 lakh ha with a production of 2.93 lakh tons during rabi season (Anonymous, 2019). One of the major characteristics for selection of blackgram varieties for rabi season under conditions of receding soil moisture in black soils is their early vigour and good weed smothering capability. Early varieties due to their early growth habit can cover the land and thus can smother weeds better than late maturing varieties. Further some variations are observed to be more tolerant to post emergence herbicide application. Hence, there is need to evaluate the promising blackgram varieties for their weed competitiveness and tolerance to pre and post emergence herbicidal application. 
 
Methods: A field experiment was carried out at Regional Agricultural Research Station, Lam, Guntur, Andhra Pradesh, with an objective to find out the competitive ability of blackgram varieties to smother weeds during rabi season of 2015-16 and 2016-17 under upland conditions. The experiment was laid out in split plot design with three replications. The treatments consisted of five methods of weed control as main plots, viz., pendimethalin 1.0 kg ha-1 PE, imazethapyr 50 g ha-1 PoE, pendimethalin 1.0 kg ha-1&nbsp;PE fb imazethapyr 50 g ha-1, PoE, manual weeding at 20 and 40 days after sowing (DAS) along with inter cultivation at 30 DAS and unweeded; four blackgram varieties, viz., GBG 1, PU 31, LBG 787, LBG 752, as sub treatments which were replicated thrice. 
 
Result: Weed dry matter recorded at 45 days was lower and weed control efficiency (WCE) was higher with pendimethalin 1.0 kg ha-1 PE fb imazethapyr 50 g ha-1 PoE and was on par with manual weeding with inter cultivation. All the varieties were comparable and equally effective in controlling weed dry matter. Yield of variety GBG 1 was higher due to higher yield attributes viz., no. of pods per plant and 100 seed weight. Among the weed control methods manual weeding treatment with inter cultivation recorded significantly higher yield followed by a combination of pendimethalin 1.0 kg ha-1 PE fb imazethapyr 50 g ha-1 PoE. Further, varieties GBG 1 and PU 31 performed better in manual weeding treatment with intercultivation and without any herbicide use.</div>

<div>Response of Blackgram (Phaseolus mungo L.) Varieties to Weed Competition and to Pre and Post Emergence Herbicide Application during Rabi</div>

<div>Background: Weeds are one of the major constraints in achieving yield potential of black gram. Due to slow initial growth of black gram, weeds compete effectively and caused reduction in growth as well as yield of black gram. Hand weeding is neither practicable nor economical due to unpredictability of weather and high labour cost, respectively. Therefore, application of herbicides is considered as the best approach for efficient weed control in black gram. &nbsp; 
 
Methods: A field experiment was conducted at Research Farm of Department of Agronomy, CCSHAU, Hisar during summer and kharif 2017 to evaluate the effect of different weed control treatments in black gram and their residual effect on succeeding pearl millet and sorghum crops. Total of fourteen weed control treatments were replicated thrice in randomized complete block design (RCBD).</div>

<div> 
Result: Dactyloctenium aegyptium (37%), Trianthema portulacastrum (34%), Cyperus rotundus (21%) and Digera arvensis (8%) were the major weed flora associated with black gram at 30 DAS. Both at 30 and 60 DAS, PE application of imazethapyr + pendimethalin (RM) at 1000 g ha-1 provided 100% control of D. aegyptium and T. portulacastrum. PE application of imazethapyr + pendimethalin (RM) at 1000 g ha-1 was the most significant herbicide treatment (90% control of weeds) at 30 DAS however, 3-4 leaf stage application of imazethapyr + imazamox at 70 g/ha recorded with highest control of weeds (89%) at 60 DAS. Maximum seed yield (912 kg ha-1) and yield attributes of black gram were obtained in weed free treatment which was statistically at par with two hoeing performed at 20 and 40 DAS (895 kg ha-1) and PE application of imazethapyr + pendimethalin (RM) at 1000 g ha-1 (878 kg ha-1). Imazethapyr and its RM combination with imazamox applied at 3-4 leaf stage had phytotoxic effects on black gram at 30 DAS which suppressed the growth and caused yield penalty. Residual effect or phytotoxicity was not observed on succeeding pearl millet and sorghum crops.</div>

<div>Bioefficacy of Imazethapyr Applied Alone and in Combination with other Herbicides in Black Gram and their Residual Effect on Succeeding Pearl-millet and Sorghum Crops</div>