<div>Background: Nowadays, the infertility and abortion due to different etiological factors are very fatal cause of economic loss in animal husbandry practices. Infections outreach when natural immune defense barrier breaks down resulting in abortion, miscarriage. The gravid and non-gravid genitalias have self-defense power in the form of natural immunity and lymphocytes and their subsets are major responsible immune components. The current study was aimed to evaluate the changes of uterine structure and population of immune cells in pregnancy. 
 
Methods: During the period of 2017-2018, apparently healthy 6 gravid and 6 non-gravid uterus of Garole ewes were procured from Govt. registered slaughter unit, West Bengal. The samples were processed for routine histological sectioning and different staining techniques were followed for assessment of structural modification. For immune cells identification, immunohistochemistry was performed. 
 
Result: The endometrial thickness and the lining epithelial height of the gravid uterus were maximum. The number as well as size of the caruncles were maximum in gravid uterus. The uterine glands of the gravid uterus were hyperplastic and the epithelium showed stronger PAS-AB reaction. The myometrial thickness was more in the gravid uterus. The lymphocytes were especially abundant in the basal zone of endometrium and their population was more at the middle part of the uterus. The occurrence of CD8+ cells was found within the luminal and glandular epithelium of the caruncular and inter caruncular areas. In the gravid uterus, comparatively the population of CD8+ cells was more. As the CD8, cytotoxic T cells inhibit anti-foetal response, increase natural immune defensive barrier and destroy intracellular pathogens, we may conclude that increased population of CD8+ cells maintain the successful pregnancy.</div>

​Structural Modification and CD8+ Cells Distribution of Uterus in Pregnancy of Ewes

Background: The health of the female endometrium is determined by a delicate network of hormones and signaling genes. Our study analyzed the effects of continuous excess of major sex-related hormones on insulin-like growth factor/protein kinase B (IGF/Akt) signaling on the functional and morphological changes of the endometrium. 
 
Methods: After estrus synchronization of six mice, human chorionic gonadotropin (hCG), pregnant mare serum gonadotrophin (PMSG), progesterone (P4) andtestosterone (TES) were overstimulated andthe differences in IGF/Akt signal expression were analyzed using an immunoassay method. 
 
Result: The results of this study showed that the morphological changes of the uterus in the hCG and P4 treatment groups had very similar patterns andthe expression of genes belonging to the IGF/Akt signaling pathway affected maturation of the endometrium uterine gland and induced expression of pregnancy-associated plasma protein to increase the maturation rate of the uterus. However, the TES treatment group showed increased uterine apoptotic factors and inhibited endometrial development. Therefore, based on the results of this study, hormonal stimulation can have different effects on the functional maturation and morphological development of the uterus andrepeated hormonal excess processes can be predicted through IGF/Akt signaling.

Persistent Stimulation of Sex-related Hormones in the Uterus is Associated with Differences in the Igf/Akt Signaling Pathway and Uterine Damage

Quinalphos is a toxic organophosphate pesticide having a wide applicability to control pests in a number of vegetable crops like ladyfinger, brinjal, cauliflower etc. due to its good penetrative properties and long residual action in animals. The present investigation was carried out to determine its toxic effects on reproduction in &nbsp;the female albino rats. Technical quinalphos (2 mg/kg body weight) was administered orally to female albino rats for 15 and 30 days respectively. The weight of ovary decreased significantly in 30 day treated group. In the same group the corpus luteum also decreased significantly. The histologic observations of the ovary revealed the presence of less number of healthy follicles and more number of atretic follicles. There was a non significant decrease in the surface follicles and corpus luteum of treated rats. Gross morphology of uterus had shown significant increase in epithelial cell height and changes in lumen length even. There was a decline in the number of uterine glands with decreased thickness of myometrium. Hence quinalphos at dose concentration of 2mg/kg body weight is toxic for female reproduction.

Reproductive toxicity of quinalphos on female albino rats:&nbsp;Effects on ovary and uterus

<div>Background: MicroRNAs (miRNAs) play key roles in posttranscriptional regulation during the window of implantation. However, which miRNA may play regulatory role during the window of implantation remains to be studied in depth. This paper aimed to explore the miRNAs that played regulatory roles during the process of implantation. 
 
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<div>Methods: RNA sequencing was performed to analyze mice uterus tissue in gestation day 1 (D1), gestation day 4 (D4) and gestation day5 (D5). The tissues in D5 were divided into embryo implantation sites (D5IMS) and inter-implantation sites (D5IIS). The differentially expressed miRNAs were screened and bioinformatics analyzed. Transfecting miR-183-5p mimics into HEC-1-A cells, genes regulated by miR-183-5p were analyzed by transcriptome sequencing. 
 
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<div>Result: Eleven differentially expressed miRNAs were identified during the window of implantation. KEGG enrichment analysis showed that the most differentially expressed miRNAs mainly related to binding and signaling transduction related pathways. Especially miR-183-5p, miR-182-5p, miR-199b-5p and miR-218-5p play a crucial role in regulating many important pathways. Transcriptome sequencing results showed that there were 19 up-regulated and 31 down-regulated genes in the miR-183-5p mimics group compared with the negative control (NC) group. This work laid a foundation for the study of miRNA in early pregnancy.</div>

<div>Differentially Expressed miRNAs in Mouse Uterus during Embryo Implantation</div>

<div style="text-align: justify;">Imidacloprid is a neonicotinoid insecticide and has been extensively used as a crop pest and in pet flea control programme. In the present study, the effects of imidacloprid on ovary and uteri tissue was analyzed in adult female Wistar rats at two dose levels (19 and 38 mg/kg/day) administered orally for 10, 20 and 30 days. Effects were compared with respective control animals administered daily with 2% gum acacia. Parameters undertaken were organ weight, levels of cytoplasmic and membrane proteins, oxidative stress parameters viz. activities of SOD, GPx and levels of GSH and MDA and histopathological changes. IMI (38 mg/kg, 30 days) reduced cytoplamic proteins in both ovaries and uteri whereas this dose reduced membrane protein in ovaries only. IMI (38 mg/kg, 20 and 30 days) decreased SOD enzyme in both ovaries and uteri and GSH-Px levels in ovaries only. The GSH-Px levels were also seen with decreased levels in uteri with IMI (38 mg/kg) for 30 days. IMI (38 mg/kg, 20 and 30 days) induces degenerative changes in ovaries of rats. Hence, it is concluded from the present studies that administration of higher doses (38 mg/kg/day) of IMI for 20 and 30 days generated oxidative stress in ovaries and uteri of female rats.&nbsp;</div>

Effect of imidacloprid on antioxidant status and histopathological changes in ovary and uterus of adult female wistar rats &nbsp;

<div>Endometritis is an inflammation of the endometrial lining of uterus without systemic signs, which is associated with chronic postpartum infection of the uterus with pathogenic bacteria. Prevalence rate of endometritis in India ranges from 3 to 25% in cows. The rate of endometritis in buffaloes which were covered under Amul and Dudhsagar dairy ranged from 10 to 48 per cent in Gujarat. The classification of endometritis is based on vaginal mucus viz., mild, mucopurulent, purulent and endometritis with mucopurulant or purulent fluid in uterus and severity of infection viz., acute, sub clinical and chronic endometritis. Clinical endometritis is manifested by presence of a purulent uterine discharge detectable in the vagina after 21 days or more post partum, or mucopurulent discharge detectable in the vagina after 26 days post partum. The metabolic disorders like milk fever and ketosis are related to an increase risk of developing endometritis. The endometritis is the complex of diseases that includes retained placenta, puerperal metritis, endometritis, pyometra and other non-specific infections of the uterus. The FSH concentrations from the pituitary are unaffected by uterine disease and so waves of ovarian follicles emerge in the first weeks after parturition. Classical diagnosis of endometritis on the basis of clinical manifestation and rectal examination is common. New diagnostic device Metricheck, Cytobrush and ultrasonography is adequate to diagnose endometritis. Endometritis is often self-limiting with recovery occurring after subsequent estrous cycles. The effective treatment is one which increases the uterine defense and excludes bacterial infections, but should not inhibit the normal uterine defense mechanism. PGF2&alpha; in combination with intrauterine antibacterial drugs, immunomudulators and herbals agents like Garlic extract, Neem oil are the treatment of choice for Endometritis in bovine with variable success rate.</div>

<div>Endometritis in Bovine: A Review</div>

<div>Background: Pyometra is an infectious condition characterized by a pus-filled uterus, which basically developed due to hormonal, anatomical and physiological changes and the inside environment of the queen uterus help to grow the opportunistic pathogen. The aim of the present study was made to assess the haemato-biochemical changes of pyometra in infected queens.&nbsp; 
 
Methods: The study was carried out in 12 clinical cases of cat with a history of lethargy, depression, inappetence, polydipsia, occasional vomition and vaginal discharge, presented for treatment at Teaching Veterinary Clinical Complex, College of Veterinary Sciences and A.H., Central Agricultural University, Aizawl, Mizoram. The presumptive clinical diagnosis of pyometra was made based on history, clinical signs and imaging techniques. The involvement of the pathogen was further confirmed by microbial examination of the pus-filled uterus after the ovariohysterectomy.&nbsp; 
 
Result: The study revealed alterations in the total erythrocyte count, haemoglobin and packed cell volume in pyometra cases. The leucogram revealed leucocytosis, neutrophilia and lymphopenia. Biochemical analysis revealed hyperprotenemia, increased liver enzymes and BUN and creatinine. The major pathogens involved in pyometra infected queens are Escherichia coli, Staphylococcus, Streptococcus, Pseudomonas, Proteus and Pasteurella. The analysis of various parameters indicated that haemato-biochemical analysis may be good prognostic markers for feline pyometra.</div>

Clinico-pathological Alterations of Pyometra in Cat&nbsp;

Background: Canine pyometra, is a pathological condition that results in the accumulation of purulent exudate in the uterus due to hormonal imbalance in female dogs. This is the most prevalent hormonally mediated reproductive disorder and life threatening disease of intact female dogs. The objective of the present study was to assess the physiological, haematological and biochemical changes and isolate the pathogenic microorganism present in the uterus of pyometra bitches. 
 
Methods: This study was carried out in ten bitches with a history of lethargy, depression, in appetence, polydipsia, occasional vomiting and vaginal discharge presented for treatment at the Veterinary Poly Clinic, Coimbatore, Tamil Nadu. The disease was diagnosed by history, clinical signs, physical examination, imaging techniques haematology and biochemical study. The involvement of the pathogenic organism was confirmed by microbial examination of the pus-filled uterus after the ovariohysterectomy. 
 
Result: The result showed that physiological parameters rectal temperature, heart rate and respiration rate were increased in pyometra affected dog than healthy one. The haematological parameters of red blood cell count, haemoglobin and packed cell volume were decreased in pyometra affected dogs than healthy dogs. Leukocytosis, neutrophilia, lymphocytosis, monocytosis and eosinophilia condition also observed in pyometra affected dogs. Biochemically, increased Blood urea nitrogen (BUN) creatinine and hyperprotenimia were observed in pyometra dogs. Increased activity of hepatic enzyme Alanine transaminase (ALT), Aspartate aminotransferase (AST) and Alkaline phosphatase (ALP) were also observed in pyometra dogs. The major pathogenic microorganisms involved in pyometra are Escherichia coli (40.25%), Staphylococcus (20.46%), Streptococcus (20.32%), Pseudomonas (6.41%), Proteus (6.32%) and Pasteurella (6.24%). Thus the dogs with pyometra show significant changes in physiological, haematological, biochemical parameters and growth of pathogenic microorganism in uterine fluid were the important indications of pyometra affected dogs.

Microbiological and Haemato-biochemical Studies in Canine Pyometra

<div>Background: Pyometra is a pathological state of the compromised uterus of grown-up to old, diestrum bitches. Pyometra is easy to identify but can be more challenging when there is no vaginal discharge. In the present study, an attempt was made to find out the pathogen involvement and clinico-haemato-biochemical alteration in bitches affected with Pyometra. \ 
 
Methods: Twelve bitches with a history of inappetence, polydipsia, dirty vaginal discharge, occasional vomition irrespective of breeds and age groups were clinically examined and diagnosed as pyometra. The presumptive clinical diagnosis was based on case history, clinical signs, vaginal cytology, abdominal ultrasonography or radiography, gross examination of a pus-filled uterus after the ovariohysterectomy. 
 
Result: Vaginal examination revealed brown chocolate malodorous vaginal discharge with discolouration of the perivulval tissue. Abdominal ultrasound showed hyperplasia with echogenic material in the uterine wall along with distended uterine horns containing a large volume of cellular contents. Radiographic imaging revealed cranio-dorsal displacement of the small intestine and a twisted uniform tubular opacity with a distended uterus. The vaginal cytology revealed a large number of degenerated neutrophils, intermediate and parabasal cells. Escherichia coli were the major pathogen isolated from the pyometra uteri of bitches. The surface of the endometrium was columnar ciliated epithelium, with hyperplasia of subepithelial tissue and thick muscularis. The haemato-biochemical evaluation in pyometra infected bitches revealed decreased haemoglobin (Hb), packed cell volume (PCV), total erythrocytic count (TEC) and lymphocyte count indicating the microcytic hypochromic type of anaemia. Leucocytosis with a predominant absolute neutrophilia and lymphocytosis were consistently found in canine pyometra. There was a significantly elevated profile of blood urea nitrogen, creatinine, transaminases and alkaline phosphatase as well as total proteins observed in pyometric female dogs as compared to healthy ones which may have diagnostic and prognostic importance, which also indicated damage of vital organ caused by bacterial endotoxins. The haemato-biochemical indices correlating with imaging techniques, vaginal cytology and histopathological examination can serve as good prognostic markers in bitches with pyometra.</div>

Clinico-haemato-biochemical and Pathological Alteration of Pyometra in Canines

<div style="text-align: justify;">Cesarean section in buffaloes is an emergency operative procedure being performed principally for uncorrectable uterine torsions and for delivery of fetal monsters. Ten cases of uncorrectable uterine torsion and fetal abnormalities were reported at TVCC, IIVER, Rohtak. It was decided to perform cesarean section in all the cases. Buffaloes were restrained in left lateral recumbency with both forelimbs and hindlimbs tied separately. Cesarean sections were performed under local infiltration analgesia using 2% lignocaine HCl and sedation with triflupromazine. Uterus were sutured using absorbable suture material with chromic catgut no. 2 in all the cases. &nbsp;Before suturing, available antibiotic pessaries were placed in the uterus. Post-operatively fluid therapy (5 days), broad spectrum antibiotics (5 days), NSAIDS (3 days) along with multivitamin (3 days) were administered. All animals except one recovered uneventfully.</div>

Structural Modification and CD8+ Cells Distribution of Uterus in Pregnancy of Ewes

Persistent Stimulation of Sex-related Hormones in the Uterus is Associated with Differences in the Igf/Akt Signaling Pathway and Uterine Damage

Reproductive toxicity of quinalphos on female albino rats: Effects on ovary and uterus

Differentially Expressed miRNAs in Mouse Uterus during Embryo Implantation

Effect of imidacloprid on antioxidant status and histopathological changes in ovary and uterus of adult female wistar rats

Endometritis in Bovine: A Review

Clinico-pathological Alterations of Pyometra in Cat

Microbiological and Haemato-biochemical Studies in Canine Pyometra

Clinico-haemato-biochemical and Pathological Alteration of Pyometra in Canines

Cesarean section in Murrah buffaloes