<div style="text-align: justify;">To assess the ground water pollution with varied amounts of primary treated distillery spentwash (DSW) application, locally prepared piezometer were installed in the field at various depths (0.5, 1.0 and 1.5 m) and the collected leachate was characterized. Leachate was collected in piezometers upto 0.5 m depth with lower levels of DSW application (&lt;750 m3ha-1) and upto 1.0 m depth with &gt;750 m3ha-1 after 30 days of DSW application and indicated that increasing quantities of DSW application increased the pH, EC, COD, NO3-, HCO3-, Cl-, Ca2+, Mg2+ and Na+ contents in leachate. Leachate collected in piezometers after 60 days of DSW application showed increased leaching of NO3-, HCO3-, Cl- and Na+ with increasing depth, while leaching of Ca2+and Mg2+ decreased with depth. Chemical oxygen demand of percolating water decreased with increasing depth of soil column. However, application of DSW @ 1500 m3ha-1 increased all the parameters in leachate indicating its possible contamination over the period to underground water. Further, the effect of percolating DSW on soil was studied by opening the soil vertical profile upto 120 cm depth. The soil reaction and soluble salt content increased with soil depth upto 90 cm and with increased rate of DSW application. Organic carbon, Available primary nutrients viz., N, P2O5, K2O, Exchangeable Ca, Mg and Na &nbsp;and DTPA micronutrient content (Fe, Zn, Mn and Cu) increased in surface soil (upto 30 cm) with increased rate of DSW application and while sub surface soil (60-120 cm) content showed insignificant variation. &nbsp;organic carbon in soil surface increased with increasing quantity of DSW application. The spentwash application at the rate below 750 m3ha-1 increased soil nutrient content with lower percolating leachate indicating its beneficial use for agriculture purpose. However, the application rate of 1500 m3ha-1 may cause detrimental effect on surface soil electrochemical properties and percolating leachate may cause contamination of underground water under higher water table condition.</div>

<div style="text-align: justify;">Assessing the changes in soil properties and possible ground water pollution with application of primary treated distillery spentwash</div>

<div>Background: Acacia pods are non-conventional protein rich feed resources that could be harnessed as a feed ingredient in sheep production. Though many workers have observed the utility of raw Acacia nilotica pods as a noteworthy feed for small ruminants, the information on nutritive value of urea treated pods is lacking.&nbsp; Hence the present study was undertaken to evaluate the nutritional potential of urea treated Acacia nilotica pods at different dietary levels for supporting growth and nutrient utilisation in lambs. 
 
Methods: Acacia nilotica pods were collected, sun dried and ground in a hammer mill. The ground pods and seeds were treated in bulk with urea. Then the urea treated pods (UTP) was incorporated in three experimental concentrate mixtures @ 0, 15 or 30 per cent (R1, R2, R3) replacing deoiled rice bran. The concentrate mixtures were made isoproteinic and isocaloric. Napier Bajra hybrid grass (CNCO4) was provided as the basal roughage component in the rations. The ingredient and proximate composition of concentrate mixtures. Fifteen ram lambs of native Kilakarsal breed of about six months of age and with an average initial body weight of 9.39 kg were divided on the basis of body weight into three groups with five lambs per dietary group in a completely randomized design. Daily record of feed consumption was maintained. The lambs were weighed at fortnightly intervals. At the end of the feeding experiment, digestion trial was conducted using the same ram lambs. The samples were analysed for proximate composition and the digestibility of nutrients in the three experimental rations were determined.&nbsp; 
 
Result: Based on the data analyzed the DMI worked out to be 64.90, 65.84 and 65.43 g/kg W0.75 in lambs fed with rations containing 0, 15 and 30% UTP in the concentrate mixture respectively. The corresponding values for ADG in the present study were 48.14, 47.43 and 48.57 g. The feed efficiency in terms of DMI required to gain one kg body weight were 8.28, 8.58 and 8.35 kg which did not vary between the treatment groups. DCP of experimental rations increased significantly (P&le;0.05) as the level of UTP in the concentrate mixture increased which could be attributed to the increased crude protein digestibility. The TDN decreased significantly (P&le;0.05) at 15% and level and was unaffected thereafter. Hence, it was concluded that Acacia nilotica pods treated with 5% urea at 40% moisture and stored for 14 days could safely be included up to 30 per cent level in the concentrate mixture of growing lamb ration.</div>

Evaluation of Urea Treated Acacia nilotica Pods as a Feed for Grower Lambs

<div>Background:&nbsp;This study was conducted to evaluate the production of two fodder crops; common vetch (Vicia sativa L.) and Alfalfa (Medicago sativa L.) irrigated with treated wastewater. The study was implemented during summer 2015.&nbsp; 
 
Methods: Four water regimes were used in the experiment including: Irrigation with fresh water (control), fresh water supplied by 10 ppm N-P-K fertilizer, treated wastewater and treated wastewater supplied with 10 ppm N-P-K fertilizer. The crops were planted in 5 liters plastic pots in 4:1 v/v sandy to clay soil. The soil was analyzed before and after planting. The following plant parameters were recorded: Plant height, fresh weight, dry weight, leaves number/plant, fruit number/plant and fruit weight/plant.&nbsp; 
 
Result: using treated wastewater significantly increased production parameters, the highest production was obtained with treated wastewater supplied with 10 ppm N-P-K fertilizer (81.5 cm/plant higher in vetch and 112.5 cm/plant in alfalfa for plant height). When treated wastewater was used alone compared to fresh water higher fresh weights (62.8 g/plant) (82.33 g/plant (132 and 87.17 g/plant) for vetch and alfalfa were obtained respectively. Regarding the dry weight, irrigation with TWW produced 33.83 g/plant and 44.67 g/plant compared to 22 g/plant and 24.5 g/plant for plants irrigated with fresh water for vetch and alfalfa respectively. The results of soil analysis show an increase in soil content of nitrogen, phosphorus and potassium, as well as an increase in soil salinity and SAR values.</div>

Effect of Short-term Irrigation of Treated Wastewater on Vetch (Vicia sativa L.) and Alfalfa (Medicago sativa L.) Growth

<div>Background: Left over feed is still an unnoticed problem at organized dairy farms which often leads to considerable economic losses. This study was done to assess the feasibility of treated left over feed and performance of crossbred dairy cattle for a period of 150 days during winter and spring seasons.&nbsp; 
 
Methods: 24 healthy crossbred (Vrindavani) animals (8-12 months of age) were randomly selected to four different groups viz. Group-1 (Gr-1): 100% treated leftover feed; Group-2(Gr-2): 75% treated feed; Group-3 (Gr-3): 50% treated feed and Group-4(Gr-4) or Control: 100% green fodder. The leftover feed F-1, F-2, F-3, F-4, F-5 and F-6 were treated with combination of 1% urea+5% molasses+0.5% salt, 1% urea+5% molasses+1% salt, 1% urea+10% molasses+0.5% salt, 1% urea+10% molasses+1% salt, 5% molasses+0.5% salt and 10% molasses+0.5% salt, respectively. Each feed was offered for a period of one month to each group and animals were rearranged after every trial. Adjustment period of one week was given after every treatment. 
 
Result: The palatability score was found significantly (P&lt;0.05) higher in Gr-1 than other treatment groups. The Gr-3 animals had equivalent palatability and weight gain in compared with control group. The average feeding cost per animal at farm was 80Rs. under normal circumstances. Analyzed data revealed that feeding cost was reduced significantly in Gr-1, Gr-2 and Gr-3 respectively. It can be concluded that the leftover feed can efficiently and economically be utilized for feeding to various classes of dairy animals under farm conditions and provide a better option during the scarcity period.</div>

<div style="text-align:justify">&nbsp;</div>

Performance Evaluation of Crossbred Cattle Fed Treated Leftover Feed

Current study was conducted to evaluate the effect of inclusion of lime treated olive cake in the complete feed of goats. Olive cake was treated with 6% slaked lime to increase availability of cellulose and to alleviate digestibility depression caused by higher fat content. Twelve local adult male goats were randomly allotted to control and treatment groups. Control group was fed ad libitum conventional complete feed and the treatment group was fed &nbsp;complete feed containing 30% lime treated olive cake for a duration of 30 days. The treatment feed was significantly (P&lt;0.05) lower in organic matter, crude fiber and acid detergent fiber, however it was significantly (P&lt;0.01) higher in calcium and acid insoluble ash. Mean body weight and daily feed dry matter and organic matter intake was comparable among groups and periods. The nutrient digestibility for crude fiber and acid detergent fiber was significantly (P&lt;0.05) in treatment feed. Daily nitrogen intake and digestible crude protein intake (g/kg W0.75), was comparable between both groups. Calcium and phosphorus balance was comparable between two groups. No significant difference was observed between groups and periods for blood biochemical and serum enzymes. The results of the present study indicated that lime treated olive cake can be included in complete feed at 30% level for feeding of adult male goats without adverse impact on &nbsp;nutrient intake, utilization and general performance of the animal.

Effect of lime treated olive cake on nutrient utilization and performance&nbsp;of male goats

<div>Background: Fungal laccases have widespread application in a number of biotechnological processes including the biodegradation of lignin. Their low yield in the native state limits their practical use in the deconstruction of lignocellulosic biomass for feeding ruminants. Enzymes in bulk quantities are required to treat biomass which has got greater product consistency and less lot to lot variations. The present study was an attempt to evaluate the effect of feeding finger millet straw treated with exogenous laccases in heifers. 
 
Methods: The effect of feeding exogenous laccases obtained from immobilized Schizophyllum commune (MTCC 11893) on body weight gain, dry matter intake and nutrient digestibility in heifers was evaluated in three groups of heifers (4-each) with body weights ranging between 275 &plusmn; 47.12 to 276.75 &plusmn; 64.48kg. The control group received ad lib. finger millet straw treated with only production media (GI). Test group 1 (GII) received ad lib. straw treated with laccase rich media in a 3:5 (w/v) ratio, while test group 2 (GIII) received ad lib. straw treated in a 4:5 (w/v) ratio.&nbsp; 
 
Result: After 14- days of feeding, gain in body weights for GI, GII and GIII were 277.9 &plusmn; 68.47; 277.50 &plusmn; 46.43 and 278.85 &plusmn; 37.22 respectively with an overall increase of 1.15, 4.25 and 3.60 kgs. No significant variation (P&gt;0.05) was observed with regard to DMD (%) between the groups which was 46 &plusmn; 5.8 for the control animals and 41&plusmn;13.0 and 41&plusmn; 3.4 in G2 and G3 groups. Though significant variations were observed digestibility studies proved inconclusive. Though preliminary results indicate that applying lignin degrading enzymes as feed supplements could enhance digestibility of crop residues in ruminants.</div>

<div>Evaluation of Exogenous Laccase Enzyme Treated Finger Millet Straw on Body Weight Gain, DM Intake and Nutrient Digestibility in Heifers</div>

Background: Water pollution is prime cause of unavailability of the suitable water for irrigation purpose. Since many industries discharge their effluent on to open lands because of high cost of dilution and inadequate treatment facilities effective and profitable utilization of the effluent of the industries needs greater attention. Hence an attempt has been made to study the effects of tannery effluent (both treated and untreated) on black gram crop. 
 
Methods: Field experiments were conducted using different concentrations of microbially treatedeffluent applied to blackgram plants. The following parameters such as plant growth and&nbsp; yield. Biochemical constituents, enzyme activities, heavy metal content, macronutrient content were analysed. Additionally, plant N,P and K content and microbial population dynamics was also studied. The experiment was conducted under similar conditions in the next year and completed. 
 
Result: Results revealed that microbially treated effluentup to a 40% concentration imparted significant change in the observed parameters. Beyond this concentration, a reduction was observed in growth, yield, biochemical and enzymatic parameters. 
&nbsp;

Effect of Microbial Treated Effluent on Growth and Productivity of Black Gram

Background: Warm, humid weather can hasten the deterioration of seeds in the context of sustainable agriculture due to changing climatic circumstances. For rice, therefore, ideal growing conditions are incompatible with storage conditions. Thrissur&rsquo;s tropical environment makes seed storage in warehouses after harvest particularly difficult. In order to determine the impact of various seed priming treatments on the longevity of seeds under accelerated ageing, the current study was undertaken. 
&nbsp; 
Methods: Rice seeds of variety Jyoty were treated with Pseudomonas florescens (10 g/kg), Trichoderma viride (4 g/kg) and coconut water 75% in different combinations. Treated seeds were packed in butter paper bags with pin holes to absorb moisture for ageing and placed in the wire gauge/mesh above the water well such that seeds are not in touch with water inside BOD incubator from 0 to 7 days and received a temperature of 40&plusmn;1oC and a relative humidity of 98%. Accelerated aged samples were taken at daily intervals and subjected to further tests to determine its quality and longevity. 
&nbsp; 
Result: At the end of the ageing period, coconut water (75%) and P. fluorescens (10 g/kg) + T. viride (4 g/kg) + coconut water (75%) recorded the longest root length (14.12 cm and 14.09 cm, respectively) and was on par with T. viride @4 g/kg (13.78 cm), coconut water treatments (T7&nbsp;14.94 and T3&nbsp;14.32) have shown early emergence. Furthermore, dry dressing with bio agents has been found superior in performance compared to wet treatments under accelerated ageing. 
&nbsp;

An Assessment of Cosplay of Microbes Treated Seeds on Storability of Rice Seeds

<div>Background: Carica papaya L. (family Caricaceae) is one of the popular fruits in world. As with many tropical and subtropical crops, papaya is host to various pests and pathogens. More than 700 papaya plants were infected by unknown virus. The incidence of plants infected with leaf curl disease was 50-75%, but the infection was very severe. A typical curling and thickening were observed. The infection spread by air and rainwater to nearby papaya farms.&nbsp; 
 
Methods: This study reports the effect of BamO formulation on the biotic stress of the Papaya plant. BamO was sprayed on the plants and its effect was observed. After six days of Bam O treatment, new healthy leaves were observed on the plants.&nbsp; 
 
Result: The yellow and old leaves were dropped from the plants. After 2 months of the treatment BamO, the fruits were elongated and having similar shapes without uneven bumps. The green fruits without any dark or light spots were observed in BamO treated plants. Priming effect was observed by GCMS analysis, the 3 methylsalicylic acid increased quantity was observed in 7th day and 30th day samples of BamO treated plants. The BamO treatment not only increased the immunity of the plant but found effective in increasing yield of the papaya plants. In BamO treated papaya plants, the total yield obtained was 92.10 tonnes per 444 plants.</div>

Increase in Yield and Immunity in Bam OTM Treated Papaya Plants in India

<div>Ovarian senescence is a special type of organ senescence and the ovaries are the earliest aging organs. The ovaries have approximately 1 million to 2 million follicles at birth, but only approximately 1000 primordial follicles are left in menopause. Ovarian function also decreases with age. Women&rsquo;s fertility also declines. The ovaries are the core female reproductive organs and are of great significance for maintaining reproductive system function and endocrine stability. Ovarian aging is also considered an indicator of female body aging, which drives the aging of many organs of the body. Therefore, how to prevent and treat ovarian aging has become a research question that has been widely studied by biomedical scientists and geriatric researchers in recent years. Recently, studies have shown that bone marrow mesenchymal stem cells (BMSCs) can prevent and treat ovarian aging. This article reviews the characteristics of ovarian aging, the advantages and disadvantages of various clinical treatment measures and the advantages of bone marrow mesenchymal stem cell therapy, aiming to provide references for the prevention and treatment of ovarian aging. My article was written at the Basic Medical Laboratory of the 920th Hospital of the Joint Logistics Support Force of PLA and written from 2021 to 2022.</div>

Assessing the changes in soil properties and possible ground water pollution with application of primary treated distillery spentwash

Evaluation of Urea Treated Acacia nilotica Pods as a Feed for Grower Lambs

Effect of Short-term Irrigation of Treated Wastewater on Vetch (Vicia sativa L.) and Alfalfa (Medicago sativa L.) Growth

Performance Evaluation of Crossbred Cattle Fed Treated Leftover Feed

Effect of lime treated olive cake on nutrient utilization and performance of male goats

Evaluation of Exogenous Laccase Enzyme Treated Finger Millet Straw on Body Weight Gain, DM Intake and Nutrient Digestibility in Heifers

Effect of Microbial Treated Effluent on Growth and Productivity of Black Gram

An Assessment of Cosplay of Microbes Treated Seeds on Storability of Rice Seeds

Increase in Yield and Immunity in Bam O^TM Treated Papaya Plants in India

Research Progress on New Methods to Prevent and Treat Ovarian Senescence: A Review