<div style="text-align: justify;">Understanding the effects of different sowing patterns and densities on plant growth characters and yield of peanut is essential for the design and adjustment of management practices that allow improvement and stabilization of peanut production. In the present study, Arachis hypogaea L. cv. Luhua 11 was used to determine the effects of planting density on pod development and yield of peanuts under the mode of single seeded precision sowing through field experiments. The results showed that an appropriate precision sowing density of 195,000-225,000 per hectare leads to an optimal pod number to produce pods, with dry matter accumulation resulting in significantly increased pod yield and harvest index(HI). When the same area sowing seed number of 255,000 per hectare, the kernel yield, pod yield, and HI &nbsp;per plant of the single seeded precision sowing method were higher than those of the double seeded precision sowing method.&nbsp;</div>

Effects of planting density on pod development and yield of peanuts under the pattern of precision planted peanuts &nbsp;

<div style="text-align: justify;">A field experiment was conducted at Main Agricultural Research Station, Dharwad during rainy season of 2015 and 2016 to study the effect of planting pattern and phosphorus management on production and profitability of intercropping system of mungbean and pigeonpea. The experiment was laid out in split plot design with three replications and eight treatments. Among them, four planting patterns [sole pigeonpea, mungbean + pigeonpea 1:3 (120 cm x 20 cm), mungbean + pigeonpea 1:2 (90 cm x 20 cm) and mungbean + pigeonpea 2:2 (90 cm x 20 cm)] were main plot treatments and two phosphorus levels (P2O5 @ 50 kg ha-1 and P2O5 @ 75 kg ha-1) were sub plot treatments. Based on pooled data the results revealed that, the significantly higher mungbean seed yield (424 kg ha-1) was recorded with application of 75 kg P2O5 as compared to 50 kg P2O5 ha-1. Whereas, in planting pattern, sole mungbean recorded significantly higher seed yield (757 kg ha-1) as compared to all other intercropping systems. Yield advantage indices and net returns were significantly higher in pigeonpea + mungbean (1:3) with 75 kg P2O5 ha-1 as compared to other treatments. This study indicated the need of fifty per cent higher dose of P2O5 for the pigeonpea and mungbean intercropping system (1:3) in northern transition zone of Karnataka.</div>

Planting pattern and phosphorus management in pigeonpea and mungbean intercropping system

<div style="text-align:justify">Background: Garlic (Allium sativum L.) member of the family Alliaceae, quality planting material is one of the major inputs to successful crop production. Planting spacing is the systematic evaluation of the farm area or any growing surface for crop production.&nbsp; 
 
Methods: In order to investigate the effect of planting pattern on morphology and physiology variables of two garlic cultivars an experiments was conducted as a factorial based randomized block design with three replications in research field of Gonbad-e-Kavous University during 2016-2017. The factors were included seven planting patterns (12.5&times;12.5, 15&times;15, 17.5&times;17.5, 20&times;20, 22.5&times;22.5, 25&times;25 and 27.5&times;27.5 cm) and two garlic cultivars (Tarom and Hamedan) and the measurements were phenology bulb yield, harvest index, biological yield and quality parameters (total phenol, antioxidant activity, total flavonoid and allicin). 
 
Result: The highest bulb yield (19014.4 kg ha-1) was recorded in planting pattern 12.5&times;12.5 cm that obtained from the Hamedan cultivar. The highest and lowest of total phenol content ranged from 10.43 mg/100 g (27.5 &times; 27.5 cm) to 8.50 mg/100gr (12.5 &times; 12.5 cm). The antioxidant activity varied from 85.20% (27.5 &times; 27.5 cm) to 77.59% (12.5 &times; 12.5 cm). The results also showed that Hamedan cultivar had a higher bulb yield, total phenol, Flavonoid and antioxidant activity than Tarom cultivar. The minimum days to 50% leafing (24.16 days), days to 50% bulb initiation (74.50 days) and days to 50% maturation (152.83 days) observed in planting pattern 12.5&times;12.5 cm treatment.</div>

Effect of Planting Pattern on Physico-chemical Properties of Two Garlic Cultivar

<div>Background: Pigeonpea grown as sole crop is not economically viable because of its slow initial growth rate, low productivity and longer duration. The initial slow growth rate, widely spaced, deep root system and longer duration of pigeonpea offers a good scope for intercropping with fast growing and early maturing compatible crops. Proper row arrangement of main as well as intercrops in appropriate proportion is the promising way to exploit the natural resources such as space, nutrient, sunlight, soil moisture to greater extent and boost up the system productivity. 
 
Methods: The study was carried out for four consecutive years during kharif 2013-14 to 2016-17 at Tirhut College of Agriculture, Dholi, RPCAU, Pusa, Bihar. The treatment comprised 3 intercropping systems with two method of planting viz, pigeonpea (60 cm)+ urdbean (1:1), pigeonpea (60 cm) + sesame (1:1), pigeonpea (60 cm) + sorghum (1:1), pigeonpea paired (45 cm) + urdbean (2:2), pigeonpea paired (45 cm) + sesame (2:2), pigeonpea paired (45 cm) + sorghum (2:2) and 3 fertilizer levels of intercrop viz, 75% recommended dose of fertilizer (RDF), 100% RDF and 125% RDF along with sole crop of pigeonpea, urdbean, sesame and sorghum.&nbsp; 
 
Result: Intercropping of urd bean [Vignamungo (L.) Hepper], sesame (sesamumindicum (L.) and sorghum (sorghum bicolor (L.) Moench] paired row planting of pigeonpea (45 cm) in 2:2 row ratio recorded significantly higher pigeonpea &ndash; equivalent yield, LER, water-use efficiency, production efficiency and net return than their intercropping with pigeonpea in normal planting pattern (60 cm) in 1:1 row ratio and sole pigeonpea. However, only pigeonpea + urdbean and pigeonpea + sesame in paired row planting recorded significantly higher B:C ratio than sole pigeonpea. Pigeonpea + urdbean in paired row planting recorded significantly higher pigeonpea equivalent yield (3.57 t/ha), LER (1.81), water-use efficiency (4.96 kg ha/mm), production efficiency (12.01 kg/ha/day), NPK-uptake by pigeonpea, net return (148.63 x 103 &sup1; /ha) and B:C ratio (4.84) than their intercropping in normal planting pattern, pigeonpea + sesame and pigeonpea + sorghum in both planting pattern. Pigeonpea + urdbean and pigeonpea + sesame in paired row recorded significantly higher number and dry weight of nodules/plant than sole pigeonpea. Pigeonpea equivalent yield in pigeonpea + urdbean intercropping system did not increased significantly with increasing levels of fertilizer. However, it increased significantly upto RDF and 125% RDF of sesame and sorghum in pigeonpea + sesame and pigeonpea + sorghum intercropping systems respectively in both the planting pattern. Pigeonpea + urdbean in both the planting pattern reduced bulk density of the soil and increased organic carbon, available N,P,K content of the soil than other intercropping systems and initial soil value but magnitude of improvement in physico-chemical properties of soil was higher in paired row planting.</div>

<div>Production Potential and Economic Feasibility of Planting Pattern and Nutrient Management in Pigeonpea (Cajanus cajan) Based Intercropping System under Rainfed Condition</div>

Background: Weed infestation causes serious problem in the corn production and due to limiting land area different planting patterns are required to be adopted to meet the corn demand. A field trail was conducted during spring 2023 and 2024 on agricultural farm of Lovely Professional University, Punjab on &ldquo;The effect of planting patterns and weed control treatments on weed biomass, growth and yield of spring maize (Zea mays L.). 
 
Methods: The study was laid out in split plot design with 3 planting methods i.e. flat planting with single row, flat sowing with paired row and ridge planting as main plots and five weed control treatments that is atrazine + pendimethalin f. b. straw mulching (6t ha-1), pendimethalin + intercropping cowpea f. b. earthing up and straw mulching, inter. dhaincha f. b. earthing up + straw mulching, two hand weeding and unweeded (control) in sub plots with four replications. Variety PMH10 was used is recommended for the spring season under Punjab conditions. 
 
Result: The results indicated that among the planting patterns, the ridge planting produced significantly higher grain yield during both the years as compared to flat sowing with single row and paired row which was due to better growth parameters in ridge sowing. However, the weed biomass was found significantly less in the ridge planting compared to flat planting. Among subplot treatments, the higher grain yield was obtained in treatments that are pendimethalin + intercropping of cowpea f. b. earthing up + straw mulching and intercropping dhaincha f. b. earthing up + straw mulching which were statistically at par with one another during 2023 and 2024 and both treatments were found to be significantly better than all other treatments. The grain yield was significantly less in the unweeded (control) treatment as compared to other treatments. The weed density and biomass was significantly less in the treatments in which mulching was used as compared to two hand weeding and the control treatments.

Effect of Planting Patterns and Weed Control Treatments on Growth and Yield of Spring Maize

<div style="text-align: justify;">A field experiment was carried out during the kharif season of 2015 and 2016 to find out the best pigeonpea based intercropping system and planting pattern along with optimum dose of nutrients to intercrops. Present study revealed that yield attributes and yield of pigeonpea were not adversely affected by different planting patterns and nutrient levels applied to intercrop during both the years. Pigeonpea planted at 50 &times; 25 cm with maize fodder as intercrop recorded highest pigeonpea equivalent yield of 1840 and 1895 kg/ha during 2015 and 2016, respectively. Application of 100% recommended dose of nutrient to intercrop also significantly increased the pigeonpea equivalent yield (1629 and 1732 kg/ha) over 50% of recommended dose and control during both years. Pigeonpea (50 &times; 25 cm) + maize fodder fetched significantly higher net returns (Rs. 61191 and 68764/ha), B: C (1.7 and 2.0) and per day income (Rs. 453 and 509/ha/day) than other intercropping systems during both the years. Higher net returns (Rs. 50694 and 59568/ha) were recorded with 100% &nbsp;recommended dose of nutrient applied to intercrops as compared to net return &nbsp;with 50% of recommended dose (Rs. 43752 and 53344/ha) and control (Rs. 39163 and 46535/ha) &nbsp;during both the years. B: C and per day income were also recorded maximum with 100% of nutrients applied to intercrops during both the years.</div>

<div style="text-align:justify">Production potential and economic returns of pigeonpea (Cajanus cajan L.) based intercropping system as influenced by planting pattern and nutrients levels</div>

<div style="text-align: justify;">Background: Tepary bean is recognized as a deal crop for cultivation in arid and semi-arid regions. The spatial distribution of plants is an important farming practice. A study was conducted in tepary bean (Phaseolus acutifolius A. Gray) to investigate the effect of planting pattern and plant density on plant yield and amino acid profile. Methods: The experiment was carried out in a split-split plot design with three replications during 2017 and 2018. The main plot comprised planting pattern at two levels, including one-row plantation (PP1) and two-row plantation (PP2) and sub plot comprised plant density at three levels, including high plant density (HPD:50 plant/m2), moderate plant density (MPD:40 plant/m2) and low plant density (LPD: 30 plant/m2). In both years, plants were harvested at the end of pod filling stage at October. Amino acid profiles were determined using a HPLC system.&nbsp; Result: The results showed that in the first year and under PP2, MPD increased the biological yield by 19% and 16% compared to HPD and LPD, respectively. Increased pod yield was observed at MPD compared to HPD and LPD. In the second year under PP1, MPD improved grain yield by 75% and 65% in comparison to HPD and LPD, respectively. Increased protein and amino acid content were observed at MPD and PP2. The greatest amino acid content was Leu followed by Lys, Arg, Phe, Val, Ile, Thr, Tyr, His, Met, Trp and Cys.</div>

<div style="text-align:justify">Effect of Plant Pattern and Density on Yield and Amino Acid Profile of Tepary Bean (Phaseolus acutifolius) in a Semiarid Area</div>

Background: India&rsquo;s agriculture scenario currently faces several interconnected issues that affect long-term sustainability, agricultural productivity and resource efficiency. Many of these problems can be solved practically by focusing on planting strategies (e.g., bed planting vs. flat sowing) in conjunction with nitrogen level management. An experiment was performed at the agricultural research farm of Lovely Professional University, Phagwara, Punjab, India to investigate the influence of planting pattern and nitrogen requirement on growth and yield of wheat during the rabi season of 2023-2024.&nbsp; 
 
Methods: The investigation was laid out in a split-split plot design with three replications with the objective to study the role of methods of planting patterns and nitrogen levels on growth and yield of wheat. The main treatments comprised of three planting patterns, viz. M1-Flat sowing (22.5 row to row planting), M2- Bed sowing with two rows per bed of 67.5 cm each (37.5cm bed top + 30 cm furrow), M3- Bed sowing with three rows per bed of 90 cm (60 cm flat top + 30 cm furrow), sub-plot treatments comprised of three nitrogen levels viz. N1- 0 kg N/ha, N2 -50 % of RDN and N3 -100% of recommended dose of fertilizers i.e. 125:60:40 kg/ha and sub-sub plot treatments included foliar application of nitrogen viz. F1- 2% foliar nitrogen application at crown root initiation stage, F2- 2% foliar nitrogen application at tillering stage, F3- 2% foliar nitrogen application at boot stage.&nbsp; 
 
Result: The results of the investigation revealed that among the main plot treatments, bed sowing with three rows per bed of 90 cm (60 cm flat top + 30 cm furrow) recorded higher grain yield (5.09 t/ha) than other treatments whereas as Bed sowing with two rows per bed of 67.5 cm each (37.5 cm bed top + 30 cm furrow) yielded equivalent results from a statistical standpoint (5 t/ha). Among sub-plots, the application of N3 -100% of Recommended dose of nitrogen has obtained significantly higher grain yield (6.4 t/ha) when compared to other treatments. Among sub-sub plots 2% foliar nitrogen application at boot stage showed higher grain yield (5.2 t/ha) when compared to other treatments whereas 2% foliar nitrogen application at tillering stage where statistically on par (5.1 t/ha) with 2% foliar nitrogen application at boot stage.

Influence of Planting Pattern and Nitrogen Requirement on Growth and Yield of Wheat (Triticum aestivum L.)

A field experiment was conducted during two consecutive seasons of rabi 2011-13 at Dr. Norman E. Borlaug Crop Research Centre of G.B. Pant University of Agriculture and Technology, Pantnagar to find out the effect of planting pattern and weed management practices on growth, development and yield of field pea and baby corn in field pea (Pant P-13) + baby corn (Surya) intercropping system. The experiment was laid out in split plot design keeping four planting patterns as main plot and four weed management practices as sub plot with three replications. Most of the growth parameters viz. number of branches per plant, dry matter accumulation (g/plant), crop growth rate and relative growth rate of field pea were comparatively higher under sole planting of field pea as compared to intercropping systems. Sole planting of field pea recorded significantly higher grain (2264 and 1434 kg ha-1) and straw yields (3263 and 2540 kg ha-1) during 2011-12 and 2012-2013 than yield obtained as a component crop in paired planting of maize (30/60 cm) + field pea (2:2) and planting &nbsp;of maize + field pea (1:1). Baby corn yield was similar in sole, paired (2:2) and 1:1 planting but significantly higher stover yield of baby corn (3576 kg ha-1 and 3533 kg ha-1, during 2011-12 and 2012-2013 respectively) was obtained from sole crop than other planting methods during both the years. Hand weeding at 30 days after sowing, pre emergence application of pendimethalin 1 kg ha-1 and post emergence application of imazethapyr 50 g ha-1 30 days after sowing improved all the growth and yield parameters of field pea and baby corn than weedy check .&nbsp;

Growth, development and yield as affected by planting pattern and weed management in field pea and baby corn intercropping system

Background: Pigeonpea (Cajanus cajan L.) is a significant pulse crop identified for its capacity to fix atmospheric nitrogen and its adaptability to semi-arid environments. However, productivity can be affected by inadequate agronomic practices, specifically inappropriate planting patterns and imbalanced nutrient management. Integrated nutrient management (INM) provides a sustainable strategy which combines organic and inorganic nutrient sources to improve soil fertility, crop yield and quality. 
 
Methods: A field experiment was conducted during the kharif seasons of 2023 and 2024 at Lovely Professional University ,Phagwara, Punjab, in a split-plot design with four planting patterns (P1: 50&times;25 cm, P2: 30&times;25 cm, P3: Raised bed, P4: 60&times;20 cm) as main plots and four nutrient sources (N1: Control, N2: RDF, N3: FYM, N4: Integrated nutrient management) as sub-plots, replicated thrice. 
 
Result: Raised bed planting (P3) with INM (N4) significantly enhanced yield attributes, seed yield (1188.23 and 1051.04 kg ha-1) and total nutrient uptake (N, P, K) compared to other treatments. The same combination also recorded the highest protein content (20.17% and 20.43%) and protein yield (268.42 and 273.75 kg ha-1). Microbial populations were also significantly higher under INM with raised bed planting, indicating improved soil biological health. The study highlights that integrating raised bed planting with INM is a practical strategy for improving Pigeonpea productivity, nutrient use efficiency and soil health under Punjab&rsquo;s agro-climatic conditions.