The study was conducted to determine the production characteristics and to find out the phenotypic relationships between udder and milk production traits in Hair goats. &nbsp;A total of 403 Hair Goats under extensive conditions of &Ccedil;ine town of Aydin province of Turkey were constituted the animal material of the study. The live weights of all goats were recorded just before breeding season. Milk was measured in every month according to the basis of morning or evening milking in a day to estimation of milk yields. Live weights of kids were recorded monthly intervals. Measurements for udder characteristics were determined for two times at 30th and at 180th of the lactation period. Average lactation length, lactation milk yield and daily milk yield of goats were 192.4 days, 139.1 kg and 0.7 kg, respectively. The live weights at birth, 30th, 60th, 90th and 120th days of goat kids were 3.1, 8.6, 13.9, 19.1 and 24.5 kg, respectively. Mean values of withers height, body length and live weight of goats were measured as 73.2 cm, 71.3 cm and 54.5 kg, respectively. Udder and teat characteristics of goats were found positively correlated with milk production characteristics both 30th and 180th days of the lactation period. It can be concluded that Hair goats in extensive conditions had a substantial level of milk yield and their kids had sufficient levels of live weight gains. Furthermore, the udder measurements at the beginning of the lactation could be used for identifying the differences among does.

Some production traits and phenotypic relationships between&nbsp;udder and production traits of Hair goats

Background: Tupaia belangeri is increasingly recognized as an essential animal model in neuroscience, metabolic disorders and emerging infectious diseases due to its close phylogenetic relationship to primates and its small body size. Phenotypic traits are crucial for studying biological systems. Tree shrews are widely used in environmental adaptation research due to their genetic diversity and phenotypic polymorphism. The measurement of its physical indicators and skull provides a new perspective for exploring the adaptive characteristics of different tree shrew populations. Establishing population-specific morphometric reference values is therefore essential for standardizing veterinary dosing and ensuring translational reliability when tree shrews are used as models for metabolic, neurodegenerative, or emerging infectious diseases. 
 
Methods: To elucidate the phenotypic diversity of the Tree shrew (Tupaia belangeri) and its relationship with environmental factors, the present study measured the body shape and skull indicators of 134 individuals across 12 regions. 
 
Result: The results showed that there had significant phenotypic differences between different geographic populations, with inter population variation significantly greater than intra population variation, indicating that differentiation mainly occurs between populations. Especially Daxin population (T. b. tonquinia) and the Hainan population (T. b. modesta) had larger body mass and length, whereas the Kunming population (T. b. chinensis) was relatively smaller. Environmental factor analysis revealed significant correlations between latitude, altitude, annual average temperature, atmospheric pressure and precipitation with the morphological traits of tree shrews, with altitude had the most significant impact on phenotypic differences. The clustering and principal component analysis results also confirmed the geographical differentiation of the tree shrew in morphological studies. The research findings emphasized the role of environmental factors in shaping the phenotypic diversity of the tree shrew and provide important insights into the evolution and ecological adaptation of this species, which was of great significance for biodiversity conservation and ecosystem management. 
&nbsp;

Phenotypic Diversity of Tree Shrews (Tupaia belangeri) with Implications for Biomedical Animal Research

Vachellia karroo is an important pasture legume which fixes nitrogen through its symbiotic relationship with rhizobia. Thirty two indigenous rhizobia were isolated from four different morphotypes of V. karroo obtained from four agro-ecologically diverse areas of South Africa. Phenotypic characterization of isolates revealed that they have the same colony morphology. Numeric analysis of the isolates&rsquo; phenotypic characteristics produced six clusters at 83% level of relative similarity. High variation of the isolates growth in different temperatures, salt concentration, pH, antibiotic resistance and heavy metal resistance was also noted. Carbon source utilization was generally the same for all isolates. Isolates that tolerated a wide range of test conditions are recommended as potentially highly competitive V. karroo inoculants for use in various climatic and soil conditions.

Phenotypic characterisation of rhizobia nodulating different&nbsp;morphotypes of Vachellia karroo

<div>Background: This study is a part of an ample research concerning the genetic history of Hucul horse breed. The genetic analysis studies are part of animal genetic resources Management because just start of them we elaborate the strategies for inbreeding management. The itself genetic relationship of a population is the average genetic relationship of all individuals between them, existing at a time. Therefore, this parameter can be described three components: the genetic relationship between stallions, between mother mares themselves and&nbsp; the genetic relationship between stallions and mares. The last component is most important because of the average population inbreeding increases in successive generations.&nbsp; 
 
Methods:&nbsp;The research was carried out during 2012-2020. The material are represented by genealogical information from reproductive nucleus of Hucul breed from Lucina studfarm. The sample extracted from population was represented by seven sire stallions and seventy-three broodmares. The method are based on A matrix coefficients. All analysis were performed in the profile lboratories of Animal Sciences Faculties from Bucharest and Timisoara. 
 
Result: Between individual average genetic relationship values of stallions with mares, is found significant differences, highlighted by the global test of homogeneity test (F = 4.891). These differences allow us to assert that, through stallions selection, is made a reproductive discrimination much more intense than in mares case. The average genetic relationship of the population was calculated at 0.1941&plusmn;0.0053.</div>

Preliminary Results Regarding the Genetic History of a Native Horse Breed- Genetic Relationship between Sire Stallions and Broodmares

<div>Background:&nbsp;In Pakistan, the naked neck chickens are characterized on the base of plumage colors such as black, white black, light brown and dark brown. There is scanty of information on hatching traits in different phenotypes of naked neck chicken. The current study aimed to investigate and compare the hatching traits in four phenotypes of naked neck chicken (black, white black, light brown and dark brown). 
 
Methods:&nbsp;In total, 300 females (20 weeks old) comprising four plumage colors (black, white black, light brown and dark brown), 75 from each, were randomly assigned to 20 replicates (15/replicate) under a completely randomized design (CRD). Number of settable eggs, fertility, hatch of fertile, hatchability, embryonic mortality and chick quality parameters were evaluated. 
 
Result:&nbsp;The results showed higher settable eggs, fertility and hatchability in black, dark brown and light brown phenotypes than that of the white black whereas better hatch of fertile and reduced embryonic mortality were recorded in black and dark brown phenotypes as compared to white black. Better chick quality was observed in dark brown phenotype followed by light brown, black and then white black. Phenotypes other than white black had better hatching performance, hence could be used to revive backyard poultry farming.</div>

​​Comparative Evaluation of Hatching Traits in Four Phenotypes of Naked Neck Chicken

<div>Background:&nbsp;Nowadays, many individuals are moving toward business relationships, becoming closer and developing business ties with their business partners in the supply chain. Relationship marketing could underpin strategic marketing in minimizing economic problems and enhancing business performance. However, there is little emphasis on how relationship marketing constructs influence paddy farmer&rsquo;s business, specifically theory-based empirical research. Therefore, the objective of this study is to examine the relationship between relationship marketing components (trust, communication and satisfaction) and paddy farmer&rsquo;s farm performance in Bangladesh.&nbsp; 
 
Methods: A validated survey instrument was used for data collection and 356 paddy farmers were interviewed applying systematic random sampling from the district of Mymensingh in Bangladesh. Partial Least Square Structural Equation Modeling (PLS-SEM) was used in data analysis.&nbsp; 
 
Result: The findings revealed that trust, communication and satisfaction had direct relationships with farmers&rsquo; farm performance. It was also revealed that satisfaction was a mediator in the indirect relationship between trust and performance. In enhancing farmer&rsquo;s farm performance, this study suggested that it would be beneficial to practice a long-term relationship marketing strategy instead of a traditional marketing approach in the agriculture context.</div>

Farmers&rsquo; Farm Performance is Correlated with the Dimensions of Relationship Marketing: A Study in Bangladesh

<div>Background: Kachchhi-Sindhi horses are famous for their &lsquo;Rewal chal&rsquo; (a unique style of running). These horses dominantly exist in the western-northern border of India adjoining Pakistan. The breeding tract of these horses is Surat, Navsari, Kachchh district of Gujarat and Jaisalmer-Barmer districts of Rajasthan in India. Most familiar colors in the Kachchhi-Sindhi horses are bay and chestnut. Roman nose, ears curved at tips but not touching each other, short back, short pastern length, broader hoof for better grip and docile temperament are major characteristics of these horses. 
 
Methods: The present study is an effort to phenotypically characterize Kachchhi-Sindhi horse breed based on their different biometric indices for selection and conservation of stallions and mares for breeding purposes by private breeders. Fourteen biometric indices were recorded for phenotypic characterization of each breed viz., height at wither (HW), body length (BL), heart girth (HG), neck length (NL), face length (FL), face width (FW), pole, ear length (EL), ear width (EW), foreleg length (FLL), canon, pastern, hoof length (HoL) and hoof width (HoW). On average, these horses stand 148 cm height, have a body length of ~140 cm, a heart girth of ~165 cm, an ear length of ~15 cm and a face length of ~61 cm. 
 
Result: Horse keepers sustain horses in intensive as well as an extensive system of rearing. It has also been ascertained from various sources that horse number is declining rapidly, however, breed population statistics are not available. There is, therefore, an urgent need to conserve this breed. Proper managemental practices and conservation efforts will pave the way for the multiplication of this valuable equine genetic resource of India.</div>

<div>Phenotypic Characterization of Kachchhi-Sindhi Horses of India</div>

<div>Background: Guava (Psidium guajava L.) is an important cultivated fruit crop in Vietnam due to its commercial value for fresh consumption and especially for fruit processing industry. A large number of diverse guava accessions, both indigenous and exotic, are available in Vietnam but their characterization, which is needed to identify targeted guava accessions for breeding programs, is still limited. 
 
Methods: The phenotypic variation and relationship among 40 guava accessions collected across Vietnam were assessed employing leaf and fruit morphological and physiological characterizations. 
 
Result: Range of variation for different leaf and fruit parameters were recorded. Significant correlations between leaf and fruit traits relating to yield and fruit quality were also observed implying a possibility of their simultaneous or interchangeable use in selection. Furthermore, the dendrogram generated from agglomeration hierarchical clustering grouped the 40 guava accessions into four major clusters which are highly associated with their origins. The result indicated that existing guava accessions are an important source of genetic diversity and can be used in the guava improvement program in Vietnam.</div>

<div>Phenotypic Diversity Assessment of Guava (Psidium guajava L.) Collection in Vietnam</div>

<div>Background: Notable advancements in the selection indices have led to the development of exceptional breeding strategies, which have eventually led to the selection of elite dairy animals. The comparison of trends is facilitated by their estimation which permit the assessment of progress in a particular trait. The purpose of this study was to investigate genetic trends in economic traits of Murrah buffaloes, which is predominantly present as a high milk producer using the regression method. The study was designed to estimate the phenotypic, genetic and environmental trends, which represent the changes accrued over time and hence, determines the efficiency of breeding programme. 
 
Methods: The present study was conducted on 659 Murrah buffaloes, sired by 188 bulls, over a period of 27 years (1991-2017). The economic traits studied were first lactation milk yield (FLMY), first lactation length (FLL), age at first calving (AFC), first calving interval (FCI), first service period (FSP) and first dry period (FDP). The phenotypic trends were obtained as regression of population performance on year and the genetic trends were obtained by Smith method I and II. 
 
Result: The results revealed that the phenotypic trends obtained were significant and desirable for all the traits except for first lactation length, which was non-significant. The standard errors obtained by Smith method-I were higher than those obtained from method-II. As the Smith method-II avoids year to year fluctuations in the environment and those of contemporaries, it gives more realistic estimate as compared to the first method with lower standard error.</div>

<div>Estimation of Phenotypic and Genetic Trends in Economic Traits of Murrah Buffaloes</div>

The missing link between nature and nurture i.e. epigenetics is the process of turning genes on and off or can be explained as a phenomenon that includes all the process that affects phenotypic expressions without causing any alteration in the genetic sequence. Epigenetic regulation can be done by post-translational modification of histones but is also linked to the regulation of gene expression by non-coding RNAs, genome instabilities or any other force that could modify a phenotype. Epigenomic patterns in various tissues reveal the regulatory functions of epigenetic mechanisms in livestock growth and health. DNA methylation modifications can explain poor offspring performance due to maternal stressors like metabolic disorder, heat stress and negative energy balance. It is an attractive field for livestock breeding, as it can help identify missing causality and heritability of traits and diseases. Certain methylation patterns are more likely to increase in specific environments, explaining phenotypic diversity between individuals. Accurate recording of the environment and epigenomes can provide more accurate and precise calculations of phenotypic variance. Methods to estimate the contribution of epigenetics to covariance between relatives have been developed which can be beneficial for obtaining favorable methylation patterns that impact disease resistance and economic traits.

Some production traits and phenotypic relationships between udder and production traits of Hair goats

Phenotypic Diversity of Tree Shrews (Tupaia belangeri) with Implications for Biomedical Animal Research

Phenotypic characterisation of rhizobia nodulating different morphotypes of Vachellia karroo

Preliminary Results Regarding the Genetic History of a Native Horse Breed- Genetic Relationship between Sire Stallions and Broodmares

Comparative Evaluation of Hatching Traits in Four Phenotypes of Naked Neck Chicken

Farmers’ Farm Performance is Correlated with the Dimensions of Relationship Marketing: A Study in Bangladesh

Phenotypic Characterization of Kachchhi-Sindhi Horses of India

Phenotypic Diversity Assessment of Guava (Psidium guajava L.) Collection in Vietnam

Estimation of Phenotypic and Genetic Trends in Economic Traits of Murrah Buffaloes

Epigenetics: Unraveling Hidden Phenotypic Diversity in Livestock