<div><strong>Background:</strong> Long-term and stable livestock productivity could be possible only through a year-round supply of quality green fodder and it is essential for the sustainability of dairy farms. The year-round supply of quality green fodder is challenging to livestock farmers; however, it is possible by adopting perennial grass-legume intercropping systems.&nbsp;<br />
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<strong>Methods:</strong> A field experiment with eight treatments consisting of two perennial grasses (Napier- bajra hybrid grass and guinea grass) alone or in combination with three fodder legumes (Lucerne, Hedge Lucerne and Sesbania) was conducted for 3 years (2016-17, 2017-18 and 2018-19) in a sandy loam soil at the Agricultural Research Institute, Professor Jayashankar Telangana State Agricultural University, Hyderabad. The treatments were replicated thrice in a randomized block design. Perennial grasses were raised in paired row method (row to row 120cm and plant to plant 60 cm. The legume intercrops were grown with their respective spacing within 120 cm row. Sesbania inter crop was allowed to grow for 6 months and later trimmed to a height of 1 meter in the establishment year. Growth parameters were measured only for grasses at each harvesting and green fodder, dry matter and crude protein yields were recorded for both grasses and legumes at each cut and accumulated annually (total 6 cuts/year) for statistical analyses.&nbsp;<br />
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<strong>Result: </strong>The results indicated that among the grasses, Napier-bajra hybrid recorded significantly higher green fodder, dry matter and crude protein yields; in case of leguminous inter crops, Sesbania recorded highest green fodder, dry matter and crude protein yields followed by Hedge Lucerne. About total productivity of the system, Napier-bajra hybrid + Sesbania (2:1) cropping system recorded highest green fodder, dry matter and crude protein yields. Highest net returns and B:C ratio was also noted with Napier bajra hybrid +Sesbania (2:1) cropping system and proved to be the best perennial fodder system for year-round supply fodder to the livestock.</div>


<p>Evaluation of Perennial Grass-legume Cropping Systems for Year-round Supply of Fodder for Dairy Farms</p>


<div>The bioactive phytochemicals are the most important bioactive compounds against insect herbivores. These phytochemicals produced by many legumes and react herbivore attacks. Therefore, keeping in mind the said facts, this review discusses the potential use of bioactive compounds like Proteinase inhibitors, trypsin inhibitors, lectins, vicillins (7S storage proteins), phenolics, amino acids, sugars and &alpha;-amylase inhibitors in legume plants as most important weapons that confer resistance against herbivorous insects. These inhibitors inhibiting proteases present in the larval gut and has insecticidal potential against insect pests. This review demonstrates the potential of natural phytochemicals from legume plants and or artificially diet incorporate to inhibit the development of pathogens and insect pests. Thus, legumes can be used to produce phytochemicals as bio-pesticides and minimize or avoid the use of agrochemicals in crop protection. This ability making them interesting bioactive for next generation of sustainable pesticides for more sustainable agriculture.</div>


<p>Legumes: Source of Bioactive Compounds and Their Potential Use in Legume Crops Improvement: A Review</p>


<div><strong>Background: </strong>Green gram (<em>Vigna radiata</em>), the third most important pulse crop, is grown in tank-fed, command areas after the harvest of paddy. In such areas, legume trees like <em>Delonix regia </em>and <em>Peltophorum pterocarpum</em> are commonly found and tree parts often fell in watercourses and were flown to crop fields along with irrigation water. Hence, it is necessary to study whether any allelopathic effect is present in these parts of trees which may affect the growth and development of green gram grown in farmland crops.&nbsp;<br />
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<strong>Methods: </strong>Collected different tree parts <em>viz.</em>, bark, leaf and fresh flower, a matured pod of<em> Delonix regia </em>and<em> Peltophorum pterocarpum</em>, cleaned and soaked distilled water at weight/volume ratio of 1:10 for 24 hrs. Aqueous extracts were filtered and tested for&nbsp;inhibition&nbsp;of green gram. Pot culture experiments were conducted with 10 treatments and four replications. Germination (%), shoot length (cm), root length (cm), fresh weight (mg), dry weight (mg), seedling vigour index-I and vigour index-II in green gram were recorded and the magnitude of inhibition versus simulation in bioassay was compared through response index.<br />
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<strong>Result:</strong> Among the plant parts, <em>Delonix regia</em> flower and <em>Peltophorum pterocarpum</em> matured pods suppressed germination (45.00 and 60.00%), shoot length (13.87 and 13.39 cm), root length (4.27 and 10.49 cm), seedling vigour index-I (624.15 and 803.40) and seedling vigour index-II (960.75 and 948.00) respectively in green gram. This might due to presence of inhibitory chemicals in flowers of <em>Delonix regia</em> and matured pods of <em>Peltophorum pterocarpum</em> compared to other plant parts of trees.</div>


<div>Inhibitory Effect of Aqueous Extracts of Tree-legumes on Germination and Seedling Growth of Food Legume, Green Gram (<em>Vigna radiata</em> L.)</div>


<div><strong>Background:</strong> Legume production and consumption are essential concepts for sustainability of functional food production, food safety and agricultural sustainability. Production of legumes fluctuates owing to various reasons. The present research aimed to identify current situations and find solutions to sustainability principles. Additionally, the current situation about legume farming in Turkey, the sector situation, future expectations, facilities, strengths and weaknesses, targets, suggestions, plans, as well as the effect on input costs for legumes, profitability, economic and productivity factors, etc. production components on key sustainability issues were evaluated.<br />
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<strong>Methods: </strong>In this research during 2021, survey was realized by 200 legume growers in Uşak province with face to face method. In addition to the results obtained, evaluations were made to ensure sustainability by conducting extensive research.<br />
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<strong>Result:</strong> Investigation of this research showed that, legume cultivation is mostly done in small areas, crop rotation is applied with cereals, certified seeds are less preferred due to their expensiveness, pneumatic seeder is used while top fertilizer is not applied. The vast majority of farmers stated that they were not satisfied with legume cultivation. Additionally, there is need for development of better adapted and qualified varieties, standardization of products and easy market opportunity, better cost of input and regulation of product price, well planned schedule for import and political supports.</div>


<p>​Evaluation of Legume Farming in Turkey and Agricultural Sustainability</p>


<div><strong>Background:</strong> Vegetative, reproductive and grain-filling phases are critical developmental stages determined legume&rsquo;s yield and grain quality. Drought is the key factor affecting legumes ontogeny and production. The main goal of the present study is to compare growth, yield and seed quality of different legume species grown under drought conditions.&nbsp;<br />
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<strong>Methods:</strong> Completely randomized design were used in this experiment with five local legume species including faba bean, chickpea, lentil, common vetch and bitter vetch, with five replicates using a net plot size of 20 m<sup>2</sup> area (4m*5m) / replicate.&nbsp;Plants were grown at the eastern slopes of Bethlehem governorate (Latitude 31&rdquo;67, Longitude, 35&rdquo;24, Altitude of 629 m, with hilly-moderate to steep slope topography) under drought conditions (average rainfall is 260 mm). Growth performance (germination, flowering, fruit set, maturation, harvesting, stem length and branching), yield components (weight of 100-seeds, fresh weight, seed and hay production) and seed quality traits (percentages of dry weight, protein and ash) were evaluated.&nbsp;<br />
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<strong>Result: </strong>Significant morphological, yield and grain quality parameters among the evaluated legume genotypes were registered. Positive correlation between branching and total yield was obtained. For economical and sustainable legume grain production, bitter vetch and common vetch could be successfully recommended under drought conditions, whereas faba bean and chickpea cultivation should be excluded from severe drought regions. Significant higher protein content in common vetch, faba bean and lentil was obtained, meanwhile the proximate analysis (dry matter, protein and ash) of the five examined crops found to be slightly high but within the documented international percentage range. Drought seems to be the main factor affecting legumes ontogeny and production, but not the quality parameters.</div>


<div>Comparative Study of Five Legume Species under Drought Conditions</div>


<div><strong>Background:</strong> Legume is well known for its high nutrition and health care values. Considering that starch is the main carbohydrate in legume, its properties directly affect the development and utilization of legume resources.&nbsp;<br />
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<strong>Methods:</strong> Starches were extracted from the seeds and root tubers of five legumes. The morphological, structural and functional properties of the starches were investigated and compared using scanning electron microscopy, X-ray diffraction and attenuated total reflectance-Fourier transform infrared spectroscopy.<br />
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<strong>Result:</strong> The granules of kudzu, broad bean and pigeon pea starches were kidney-shaped with a large size, while groundnut and white pea starches were small granules with a mixture of irregularly polyhedral and spherical shape. The five legume starches had different apparent amylose contents and exhibited remarkably different crystalline properties. Among the samples, the relative crystallinity of kudzu starch was the highest, while pigeon pea starch had the highest short-range ordered degree. The swelling power and water solubility of the five legume starches were also varied. Furthermore, white pea starch is more susceptible to acid and enzymatic hydrolysis than the four other starches. The results are important for the processing and utilization of legume starches and can provide reference for the development of legume-based functional food.</div>


<div>Morphological, Structural and Functional Properties of Starches from Different Legume Resources</div>


<div style="text-align: justify;">This study &nbsp;Simulate the cultivation of legumes instead of wheat and barley and examining &nbsp;the impacts it on aggregate water use, output , land rent , land under culture , total rent and shadow price of water in downstream lands of Yengejeh Dam in Neyshabur. This is an exploratory study in nature which was conducted through a questionnaire survey in 2015-2016. The population of this research is all farmers who use the water of Yengejeh dam to irrigate their lands . By Using Cochran formula, 139 wheat and barley farmers selected as the sample of this research randomly. A scenario of legumes crops such as peas, beans and lentils that have different price in the competitive and monopolist water market was developed by assimilation algorithm. According to the market situation of water in the region which is almost similar to monopoly water market, the results showed that cultivation of legume &nbsp;instead of wheat &nbsp;increase amount water used , production , total rent and &nbsp;shadow price &nbsp;of water. But it &nbsp;decreases land under culture in the study area. Scenario results of cultivation of legume &nbsp;instead of barley showed that &nbsp;with cultivation of legume &nbsp;instead of barley &nbsp;the amount of product produced , land rent under , total rate and shadow price &nbsp;of water reduces. But &nbsp;it increased the land under culture in the study area. Therefore, the cultivation of legumes instead of wheat has better economic effects because it provided optimal resource allocation.&nbsp;</div>

Simulations the cultivation of legumes instead of wheat and barley and examining its economic effects

<div style="text-align: justify;">Legumes consumption is a usual and beneficial part of the human diet and contributing to health. Moreover, it is presently taking place a re-evaluation for its useful effects of consumption in the diet, which is the basis for various health claims. They are essential source of protein, carbohydrates, dietary fibre, micronutrients and various phytochemicals. Legumes have appreciable quantity of all the essential amino acids excluding sulphur containing amino acids, which can be balanced to combine with cereals in daily intake. Starch is the major stored carbohydrate followed by dietary fibre, simple sugars and oligosaccharides. Calcium, magnesium, potassium, phosphorus and iron are also present in legume seeds. Bioavailability of nutrients can be increased by soaking, sprouting and fermentation. Consumption of legumes reduces the risk of cardiovascular disease, some cancers (colon, breast and prostate) and also helps to manage body weight due to its satiety value. FAO has chosen 2016 as the International Year of Pulses which will emphasize the health and environmental benefits of pulses. Nutritional composition, anti-nutritional factors and health benefits of legumes are summarised in the current review.&nbsp;</div>

Proximate composition, nutritional profile and health benefits of legumes &ndash; A review

<div><strong>Background: </strong>Legumes are relatively cheap, non-animal good source of valuable proteins, micro-nutrients and vitamins in human and animal nutrition for many years. Recognizing the potential of legumes in achieving the sustainable solution to the global food security, protein access, eradicate hunger and malnutrition, FAO of the United Nations (The Food and Agriculture Organization), facilitated 2016 as the International Year of Pulses (grain legumes) under the banner &lsquo;nutritious seeds for a sustainable future&rsquo;. The nutrient, nitrogen and biological nitrogen fixation is very crucial for legume&rsquo;s growth, besides sulphur deficiency is very sensitive to the nodulation and nitrogen fixation. Despite the amazing beneficial properties, legumes are neglected by most of us due to having tough competition with low price and high yielding cereal varieties.&nbsp;<br />
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<strong>Methods:</strong> Therefore keeping in mind the above points, this review discusses the importance and application of legumes in different perspectives, legume cultivation patterns, importance of sulphur nutrition to legumes, role of sulphur oxidizing bacteria in sulphur nutrition, improving soil and environment, challenges and future of legumes.<br />
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<strong>Conclusion:</strong> Legumes have variety of applications including food, health, environment and many other sectors but we are not able to produce enough amount according to their genetic potential due to inefficient breeding programs. Sulphur is an important nutrient along with N effecting its growth and yield. Sulphur oxidizing bacteria (SOB) have been proved as an important tool for improving yield and symbiotic nitrogen fixation in legumes. Therefor application of biofertilizers along with SOB and improved genetic breeding programmes may prove leading steps to enhance their production.</div>


<div>Importance of Legumes and Role of Sulphur Oxidizing Bacteria for Their Production: A Review</div>


<div><strong>Background: </strong>Legumes are notable for wide distribution and indispensable food function. Majority of legume species are known to form mycorrhizal symbioses. The visualized and quantitative analysis legume mycorrhiza research has been reported although much attention has been paid in this field.&nbsp;<br />
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<strong>Methods:</strong> This study reviewed and analyzed systematically the research characteristics and trends in legume mycorrhiza by bibliometric method based on the citation data collected from the Web of Science Core Collection by CiteSpace software.&nbsp;<br />
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<strong>Result:</strong> The publication concerning legume mycorrhiza research increases rapidly and is still a hotspot. The most active collaboration countries are USA, France, Germany, China and Australia, whereas the two&nbsp;institutions of University of Western Australia and Chinese Academy of Sciences collaborate most with others. The intellectual structure analysis showed that the main intellectual base is nitrogen-fixing of cereal. The top ranked of keyword by bursts was rhizobia with strength value of 5.2899, which began from 2016 and ended in 2018. The distinction of 24 bursting keywords is relatively small, which showed that the research hotpot and trend should be interaction between legume plants and mycorrhizal fungi for improving nutrition absorption, N-fixation, resistance to stress and their mechanisms in future.</div>


Evaluation of Perennial Grass-legume Cropping Systems for Year-round Supply of Fodder for Dairy Farms

Legumes: Source of Bioactive Compounds and Their Potential Use in Legume Crops Improvement: A Review

Inhibitory Effect of Aqueous Extracts of Tree-legumes on Germination and Seedling Growth of Food Legume, Green Gram (Vigna radiata L.)

Evaluation of Legume Farming in Turkey and Agricultural Sustainability

Comparative Study of Five Legume Species under Drought Conditions

Morphological, Structural and Functional Properties of Starches from Different Legume Resources

Simulations the cultivation of legumes instead of wheat and barley and examining its economic effects

Proximate composition, nutritional profile and health benefits of legumes – A review

Importance of Legumes and Role of Sulphur Oxidizing Bacteria for Their Production: A Review

Bibliometric Analysis of the Research Characteristics and Trends in Legume Mycorrhiza Field