<div>Background: The Blue bull (Boselaphus tragocamelus) is one of the biggest antelopes in Asia and is widely distributed in both the forests and adjoining villages with enough green grass. 
 
Methods: The present study was carried out on the orbital cavity and foramina of skull of six specimens of adult Blue bull (Boselaphus tragocamelus) of either sex. The biometrical parameters were measured by scale, graduated tape and digital Vernier&rsquo;s caliper. 
 
Result: The average left cranio-caudal orbital diameter was found to be 5.7&plusmn;0.11 cm in female, which was significantly less (p&lt;0.05) than that of males, where it was recorded as 5.3&plusmn;0.08 cm. Similarly, the average left orbital depth was found to be 5.7&plusmn;0.08 cm in female, which was significantly less (p&lt;0.05) than that of males, where it was recorded as 5.3&plusmn;0.06 cm. The average length of left orbital process of frontal bone was found to be 5.1&plusmn;0.05 cm in female, which was significantly less (p&lt;0.05) than that of males, where it was recorded as 5.3&plusmn;0.07 cm. The average diameter of left supraorbital foramen was found to be 0.31&plusmn;0.001 cm in female, which was significantly less (p&lt;0.05) than that of males, where it was recorded as 0.7&plusmn;0.003 cm. Similarly, the average maximum distance between two cranial palatine foramina was found to be 1.8&plusmn;0.05 cm in female, which was significantly less (p&lt;0.05) than that of males, where it was recorded as 3.3&plusmn;0.12 cm.&nbsp; 
 
Conclusion: Most of the biometrical observations on different parameters of orbital cavity and different foramina of skull of Blue bull were having significantly (p&lt;0.05) more values in males than females. The present gross and biometrical studies would be useful to the wild life professionals for determination of sex of this animal and solving vetero-legal cases related with this species.</div>

Sex Wise Morphometrical Studies on Orbital Cavity and Foramina of Skull of Adult Blue Bull (Boselaphus tragocamelus)

<div style="text-align: justify;">The distrubition of lymph nodes located in the abdominal and thoracic cavities of ten wild boars, and their structure were determined anatomically, histologically and immunohistochemically, to be the first detailed investigation on the wild boar. Though general localization and distribution were similar, the number of lymph nodes showed small differences from those of domestic pig. Histological investigations did not reveal a significant hilus. Besides, T lymphocytes with anti-CD3, CD4, CD8, B lymphocytes with anti-CD79a, macrophages with anti-macrophage monoclonal antibodies, and follicular dendritic cells using anti-S100 polyclonal antibody and their distrubution in the lymph nodes were detected. Many CD3 positive T lymphocytes were observed in the germinal center of the lymph follicles, in the cortical area and in the medulla. CD8 positive T lymphocytes were few, and CD4 positive T lymphocytes were not seen. CD79 positive cells were scanty.</div>

The architecture of the lymph nodes in the abdominal and thoracic cavities of wild boar

<div>Background: The agro-climatic condition of Assam is suitable for duck rearing. Duck rearing contributes a major part to uplift the socio-economic condition of the rural poor people of Assam as well as others states located in the coastal regions of India. The Pati duck (Anasplatyrhynchos domesticus) population constitutes a major indigenous non-descript economically important duck variety in the state of Assam. The Harderian gland acts as a part of the Head Associated Lymphoid Tissue (HALT) <a href="#olah_1992">Olah et al. (1992)</a> and provides local innate immunity to the upper respiratory system, to the eye and oral cavity. Since literature on the postnatal development of Harderian gland of Pati duck is scant, hence the present study was designed to establish the basic anatomical details on Harderian gland at different stages of postnatal development of Pati duck of Assam.&nbsp; 
 
Methods: The present study was conducted on total forty five (45) numbers Pati duck of Assam at different stages of postnatal development. The experimental birds were brought to the Department of Anatomy and Histology, College of Veterinary Science, Assam Agricultural University, Khanapara, Guwahati-22 and was sacrificed according to the method of <a href="#gracy_1986">Gracy (1986)</a>. After slaughter, the birds were placed on a clean dissecting table and skin and fascia were reflected carefully without disturbing the other organs of the head region. The Harderian gland was collected by opening the orbital cavity. Thereafter, length, breadth and thickness of the Harderian gland of all age group were recorded with the help of the Vernier Callipers <a href="#mcCance_1974">(McCance, 1974)</a> and topographical location of the gland was observed. The weight of the Harderian gland of all age group was also recorded with the help of electronic balance.&nbsp; 
 
Result: The Harderian gland of Pati duck (Anas platyrhynchos domesticus) was located &nbsp;within the orbit. The gland was flat, oval and coma shaped with irregular border. The gland had two surfaces i.e. the parietal and visceral surfaces, two borders and two blunt poles. The parietal surface was found convex and attached to fascia covered by the nasal bones and interorbital septa. The visceral surface was concave and it was attached loosely to the eye ball with fascia. The lobes of the Harderian gland became more prominent with the advancement of the age. The gland was light pink in colour. The arterial blood and the venus drainage was by provided by the ophthalmic artery and vein, respectively. The slender branch of oculomotor nerve innervated the Harderian gland. The result reflected an ascending trend from 0 week age group to 42 week age group in regard to all the gross parameters. There were slight difference between left and right glands for all the gross parameters but such variations were not statistically significant (P&gt;0.05). Each lobe of the Harderian Gland of Pati duck (Anas platyrhynchos domesticus) had a single short duct which opened into the conjunctival sac at the base of the 3rd eyelid.&nbsp;</div>

<div>Post Natal Gross Anatomical Studies on the Harderian Gland of Pati Duck (Anas platyrhynchos domesticus) of Assam</div>

<div>Background: The current study was undertaken to evaluate the clinical efficacy of&nbsp; two different surgical methods for management of third eyelid gland prolapse in dogs. 
 
Methods: The study was conducted on 14 eyes of 11 dogs presented with third eyelid gland prolapse for surgical treatment. Two groups dogs were subjected to clinical and ophthalmic examination based on the surgical technique used i.e., Group I (n=8) in which modified Morgan&rsquo;s pocket technique, Group II (n=6) in which modified orbital rim anchorage technique was used. Among the breeds brachycephalic dogs (54.54%, n=6) followed by mesocephalic dogs (45.45%, n=5). The modified Morgan&rsquo;s pocket technique was adopted in 8 eyes of 7 dogs (1 bilateral, 6 unilateral) and the modified orbital rim anchorage technique was performed in 6 eyes of 4 dogs (2 bilateral, 2 unilateral). In Group I, the mean pre-operative Schirmer tear test value was 16.87&plusmn;0.72 mm/min and in Group II, it&nbsp; was 17.33&plusmn;0.67 mm/min, both values increased&nbsp; on 30th Post-operative day. Statistical analysis revealed that there was no significant difference between the two groups (p&gt;0.05), but there were significant differences within each group (p&lt;0.05). The fluorescein dye test was repeated on 1st,7th,14th, 30th days post-operatively and found positive in the left eye of one dog with the reduced bilateral cherry eye on 7th post-operative day in group I. Third eyelid mobility was normal post-operatively in all the cases of group I. Whereas in group II, it&nbsp; is restricted in all the cases. Three cases regained normal contour by the 10th post-operative day whereas 5 cases by the 14th postoperative day in group I. In group II, 3 cases regained normal contour by 12th post-operative day and 3 cases regained by 14th post-operative day. One case in the group I tested positive for superficial corneal ulcer on the 7th post-operative day. One dog in group I had a recurrence after 45 days of repositioning. One dog in group II with reduced bilateral cherry eye had a recurrence in the left eye 30 days after surgery. 
 
Result: Present study, Modified Morgan&rsquo;s pocket technique was considered superior over the modified orbital rim anchorage technique in view of technical feasibility and unrestricted third eyelid mobility.</div>

A Clinical Study on the Surgical Management of Third Eyelid Gland Prolapse in Dogs

<div>The previously reported information on the morphology of crested serpent eagle and brown wood owl skeleton is meager as compared to the fowl, thus, the present study was designed to provide the morphological features of the skull of both species. The specimens were procured from four crested serpent eagle and brown wood owls, brought from the Zoological Park, Aizawl for the post mortem examination conducted at the Department of Veterinary Pathology, College of Veterinary Sciences and Animal Husbandry, Aizawl, Mizoram. After the post-mortem examination, the collected specimens were macerated by the standard maceration technique and radiographs were taken at the Mizoram Health Centre, Aizawl. The skull of both the species consisted of neurocranium and viscerocranium which were separated by two large orbital cavities. The neurocranium was composed of single (occipital, sphenoid, ethmoidal) and paired (temporal, parietal and frontal) bones in both the species. The viscerocranium consisted of single bones (mandible, vomer and hyoid) and paired (quadrate, lacrimal, nasal, premaxilla, maxilla, zygomatic, palatine and pterygoid) bones. The skull of both the species was dolichocephalic as per the cephalic index, which was 52.63&plusmn;0.04 and 68.56&plusmn;0.03 in crested serpent eagle and brown wood owl, respectively. The results showed that there were variations in shape and components of crested serpent eagle and brown wood owl skull bones in comparison with other birds.</div>

<div>Morphometric and Radiographic Characteristics of the Skull in Crested Serpent Eagle (Spilornis cheela) and Brown Wood Owl (Strix leptogrammica)</div>

<div style="text-align: justify;">In the present investigation, 6 numbers of each apparently healthy adult Pati duck and local fowl of Assam were utilized for detailed gross, histomorphological, histochemical and ultrastructural studies. The Harderian gland in the Patiducks &nbsp;and Fowl were located in the medioventral region of the orbital cavity attached along with the eye ball. The gland was not having any grossly demercablelobulation but still there was dorsally slightly narrow part whereas the ventral part was somewhat more wider. In duck, from the capsule, thin connective tissue septa penetrated into the gland and divided parenchyma it into lobes and lobules which were unequal and polygonal in shape. Each lobule contained a central lumen. From the capsule and septa thin streaks of interstitial connective tissue penetrated between the acini and tubules. The columnar epithelial cells lining the acini showed considerable variation in height depending on their functional state. The nerve fibers were also extending from the capsule inside the parenchyma along with the other connective tissue fibers. Harderian gland of Fowl was also covered with a thin connective tissue capsule and consisted of coarse collagen, fine reticular and elastic fibers, blood vessels, &nbsp;and nerve fibers, which were penetrating the parenchyma very frequently by forming septa and trabeculae. The glands were to be of multilobulartubulo-alveolar type and emptied into a wide lumen which was lined by columnar epithelial cells. The histochemical sections were found positive for PAS Alcian blue. The reaction for acid phosphates and alkaline phosphatase were also moderate to intense in the harderian gland. The scanning electron microphotograph of harderian gland showed the acini, secretory granules and connective tissue fibers in the duck and fowl. The secretions of the gland were accommodated inside the acini and looks like a woollen ball.&nbsp;</div>

Macro and Micro anatomical study of Harderian Gland of Duck and Fowl

<div style="text-align: justify;">Background: There is scanty information on the morphometry of the skull of Indian mithun; therefore, the present study was designed to provide morphometric data of the skull of Indian mithun.&nbsp; Methods: The study was conducted on the skull bones of twelve (n=12) adult Indian mithun of either sex (n=6, male and n=6, female). The head region samples of naturally died mithun were collected from different parts of the Mizoram and Nagaland states of India from September, 2019 to March, 2020. In the present study, altogether, a total of forty-five parameters were taken in the skull bones of males and females of Indian mithun.&nbsp; Result: The biometrical observations on the different parameters of the skull of Indian mithun were found to be significantly (P&lt;0.01, P&lt;0.05) higher in the males than females. The measurements demonstrated that the skull of the mithun was elongated and dolichocephalic as per the value of the skull index. The skull index/ cephalic index was 48.76&plusmn;0.03 in males and 48.71&plusmn;0.02 in females of the mithun. The length, width of the skull was 44.52&plusmn;0.02, 44.41&plusmn;0.02 in males and 21.62&plusmn;0.04, 21.57&plusmn;0.05 in females of mithun, respectively. The orbital margin was circular and complete in mithun. The cranial cavity of mithun was oval in outline with a capacity of 530.00&plusmn;0.27 cm3 in males and 523.00&plusmn;0.31 cm3 in females. The foramen magnum was large, roughly oval with a foramen index as 96.93&plusmn;0.06 in males and 97.19&plusmn;0.04 in females. The present morphometrical studies on the skull of mithun can be useful to the wildlife professionals and zoo veterinarians for the determination of sex of this animal and distinguish from other domestic and wild animals for solving veterolegal cases.</div>

<div style="text-align: justify;">Sex Wise Morphometrical Studies on the Skull Bones of Indian Mithun (Bos frontalis)</div>

<div>Background: Forages of high quality are the most valuable commodity of any livestock activity and they serve as the basis for most of the rations in a forage-based diet. The lack of good quality seedlings/seeds, notably improved varieties, is the primary reason for the slow adoption of improved forage production technologies. Traditional establishment of bajra napier forage incurs more labour costs, harvesting sett material, transporting, preparing two budded setts and carrying to the planting area. Nearly three to four tons of green leaves stem materials are wasted for planting one hectare of area. In this situation, an alternate method is required to produce high-quality seedlings in a short period. This research objective compared single node bud chip seedling in different protray cell cavities and pot mixtures. 
 
Methods: The green shade net field study was carried out between 2019 and 2020, the effect of different pro-tray sizes (50, 60 and 98 cell cavities) and potting mixture (red earth, cocopeat, farmyard manure, vermicompost and root growth promoters like phosphobacteria bio-fertilizer and indole acetic acid (IAA) was taken in different combination for the establishment of Bajra Napier hybrid variety Co (BN)-5 seedling by using single node bud chip technology. The observation was taken up to 30 days in related to seedling growth and development. The observed parameter was statistically analysed in SPSS software. 
 
Result: Among the three different protray cavities and five different pot mixtures, 60 cavity protray with red earth + cocopeat + vermicompost (2:1:1) results revealed significant differences (p&gt;0.05) in seedling growth parameters among the different protray and growing media. The maximum seedling growth parameters like germination, numbers of the leaf, plant height, leaf length, width and root length (94.4 per cent, 8.17, 39.12 cm, 38.14 cm, 2.5 cm and 30.8 cm) were observed at 30 days aged seedlings followed by red earth + cocopeat + farmyard manure (2:1:1 ratio) and treated with IAA substance in 60 cavity protray.</div>

Bud Chip Method: A Potential In vitro Technology for Bajra-napier Hybrid (Pennisetum glaucum L. X P. purpureum Schum.) for Sett Multiplication

Morphological studies were conducted on the skull of a hippopotamus brought to the Veterinary college for postmortem examination. &nbsp;Skull of the hippopotamus was huge and notable for its little brain case and high supra-orbital ridges. The skull had a larger splanchnocranium than the neurocranium. &nbsp;From the dorsal view, the skull had a watch glass appearance because of its narrow middle portion (at the region of maxillae) and wide caudal and rostral portions. &nbsp;Maxilla showed a large Eminenta canina and two infraorbital foramina leading to two separate infraorbital canals. The premaxilla lodged two huge incisors and just above the central incisor, there was a large rough eminence for the elevated nostrils. Three to four large rounded lacrimal bullae were seen on the floor of the bony orbit. &nbsp;Frontal bone presented a strongly convex smooth supra-orbital ridge that formed upper margin of the orbit which projected from the surface of the skull. &nbsp;The median sagittal crest was very high that diverged to accommodate the concave forehead in front. Temporal fossa was very extensive. &nbsp;Caudal surface of the skull showed a concave nuchal surface and the external occipital protuberance was in the form of a crest. The paramastoid process and external auditory process were very short. Bulla tympanica was conical with a pyramidal muscular process. &nbsp;Anatomical peculiarities of the skull and their functional significance are discussed.

Gross anatomy of the skull of hippopotamus (Hippopotamus amphibius)

<div>Two olfactory placodes were formed in early embryonic stages. The olfactory epithelia contain receptor, supporting and basal cells. Receptor cells are represented by elongated ciliated cells or microvillated cells, most of the supporting cells are ciliated and some of them are secretory cells. The olfactory placode &nbsp;developed into a principal cavity that &nbsp;differentiated into three chambers as ciliated supporting cells, secretory supporting cells and abundance of ciliated receptor cells and microvillated cells. We observed a tiny projections of small &nbsp;secretory supporting cells of the principle cavity, arranged in row, known as &nbsp;Bowman&rsquo;s glands &nbsp;to detect odorants in the air, together with the surrounding &nbsp;supporting cells are presumply responsible for &nbsp;mucus-coating the epithelium of the principle cavity.</div>