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Current IssueEditorial BoardOnline First ArticlesArchive

Research Article

volume 55 issue 8 (august 2021) : 960-966,   Doi: 10.18805/IJAR.B-4189

Sex Wise Morphometrical Studies on the Skull Bones of Indian Mithun (Bos frontalis)

O
O.P. Choudhary
P
Priyanka
P
P.C. Kalita
O
Ozan Gündemir
K
Keneisenuo
A
A. Kalita
P
P.J. Doley
1Department of Veterinary Anatomy and Histology, College of Veterinary Sciences and Animal Husbandry, Central Agricultural University (I), Selesih, Aizawl-796015, Mizoram, India.
Cite article:- Choudhary O.P., Priyanka, Kalita P.C., Gündemir Ozan, Keneisenuo, Kalita A., Doley P.J. (2021). Sex Wise Morphometrical Studies on the Skull Bones of Indian Mithun (Bos frontalis). Indian Journal of Animal Research. 55(8): 960-966. doi: 10.18805/IJAR.B-4189.

ABSTRACT

Background: There is scanty information on the morphometry of the skull of Indian mithun; therefore, the present study was designed to provide morphometric data of the skull of Indian mithun. 
Methods: The study was conducted on the skull bones of twelve (n=12) adult Indian mithun of either sex (n=6, male and n=6, female). The head region samples of naturally died mithun were collected from different parts of the Mizoram and Nagaland states of India from September, 2019 to March, 2020. In the present study, altogether, a total of forty-five parameters were taken in the skull bones of males and females of Indian mithun. 
Result: The biometrical observations on the different parameters of the skull of Indian mithun were found to be significantly (P<0.01, P<0.05) higher in the males than females. The measurements demonstrated that the skull of the mithun was elongated and dolichocephalic as per the value of the skull index. The skull index/ cephalic index was 48.76±0.03 in males and 48.71±0.02 in females of the mithun. The length, width of the skull was 44.52±0.02, 44.41±0.02 in males and 21.62±0.04, 21.57±0.05 in females of mithun, respectively. The orbital margin was circular and complete in mithun. The cranial cavity of mithun was oval in outline with a capacity of 530.00±0.27 cm3 in males and 523.00±0.31 cm3 in females. The foramen magnum was large, roughly oval with a foramen index as 96.93±0.06 in males and 97.19±0.04 in females. The present morphometrical studies on the skull of mithun can be useful to the wildlife professionals and zoo veterinarians for the determination of sex of this animal and distinguish from other domestic and wild animals for solving veterolegal cases.

REFERENCES

  1. Brüenner, H., Lugon-Moulin, N., Balloux, F., Fumagalli, L. and Hausser, J. (2002). A taxonomical re-evaluation of the Valais chromosome race of the common shrew Sorex araneus (Insectivora: Soricidae). Acta Theriol. 47(3): 245-275.
  2. Choudhary, O.P. and Singh, I. (2016). Morphological and radiographic studies on the skull of Indian blackbuck (Antilope cervicapra). Int. J. Morphol. 34(2): 788-796.
  3. Choudhary, O.P. and Singh, I. (2015). Morphometrical studies on the skull of Indian blackbuck (Antilope cervicapra). Int. J. Morphol. 33(3): 868-876.
  4. Choudhary, O.P., Kalita, P.C., Doley, P.J., Kalita, A. and Arya, R.S. (2018). Morphometrical studies on the orbit of goat (Carpa hircus) of Mizoram. Ruminant Sci. 7(1): 71-72.
  5. Choudhary, O.P., Kalita, P.C., Kalita, A. and Doley, P.J. (2016). Applied anatomy of the maxillofacial and mandibular regions of the dromedary camel (Camelus dromedarius). J. Camel Pract. Res. 23(1): 127-131.
  6. Choudhary, O.P., Kalita, P.C., Kalita, A. and Doley, P.J. (2017). Applied anatomy of the head region of the Indian wild pig (Sus scrofa) and its clinical value during regional anesthesia. J. Anim. Res. 7(2): 339-344.
  7. Choudhary, O.P., Kalita, P.C., Konwar, B., Doley, P.J., Kalita, G. and Kalita, A. (2019). Morphological and applied anatomical studies on the head region of local mizo pig (Zovawk) of Mizoram. Int. J. Morphol. 37(1): 196-204.
  8. Choudhary, O.P., Mathur, R., Joshi, S., Beniwal, G. and Dangi, A. (2013a). Gross and biometrical studies on carpals of chital (Axis axis). Vet. Pract. 14(1): 36-39.
  9. Choudhary, O.P., Mathur, R., Joshi, S., Beniwal, G. and Dangi, A. (2013b). Gross and biometrical studies on scapula of chital (Axis axis). Vet. Pract. 14(2): 224-227.
  10. Choudhary, O.P., Priyanka, Kalita, P.C., Arya, R.S., Kalita, A., Doley, P.J. and Keneisenuo. (2020). A morphometrical study on the skull of goat (Capra hircus) in Mizoram. Int. J. Morphol. 38(5): 1-7.
  11. Choudhary, O.P., Singh, I., Bharti, S.K., Khan, I.M., Sathapathy, S. and Mrigesh, M. (2015). Gross and morphometrical studies on mandible of blackbuck (Antelope cervicapra). Int. J. Morphol. 33(2): 428-32.
  12. Din, S., Masood, S., Zaneb, H., Rehman, H., Ashraf, S., Khan, I., Shah, M. and Hadi, S.A. (2020). Gross and clinical anatomy of the skull of adult chinkara (Gazella bennettii). Pak. J. Zool. Doi: 10.17582/journal.pjz/20190207070209.
  13. Evans, K.E. and McGreevy, P.D. (2006). Conformation of the equine skull: A morphometric study. Anat. Histol. Embryol. 35(4): 221-227.
  14. Getty, R. (1975). Sisson and Grossman’s: The anatomy of the domestic animals, 2nd (edn.), Vol. I, W.B. Saunders Co. Philadelphia, USA.
  15. Goodarzi, N. and Hoseini, T.S. (2014). Morphologic and osteometric analysis of the skull of Markhoz goat (Iranian Angora). Vet. Med. Int. Doi: 10.1155/2014/972682.
  16. Joshi, H. (2004). Gross anatomical studies of the skull of Indian tiger (Panthera tigris). M.V.Sc. thesis submitted to the Rajasthan Agricultural University, Bikaner, Rajasthan, India.
  17. Kalita, P.C., Singh, T.S., Choudhary, O.P., Debroy, S., Kalita, A. and Doley, P.J. (2019). Morphological and applied anatomical studies on the head region of Malayan sun bear (Helarctos malayanus). J. Anim. Res. 9(5): 753-758.
  18. Karimi, I., Onar, V., Pazvant, G., Hadipour, M. and Mazaher, Y. (2011). The cranial morphometric and morphologic characteristics of Mehraban sheep in western Iran. Global Vet. 6(2): 111-117.
  19. Keneisenuo, Choudhary, O.P., Priyanka, Kalita, P.C., Kalita, A., Doley, P.J. and Chaudhary, J.K. (2020). Applied anatomy and clinical significance of the maxillofacial and mandibular regions of the barking deer (Muntiacus muntjak) and sambar deer (Rusa unicolor). Folia Morphol. Doi: 10.5603/FM. a2020.0061.
  20. Kumawat, R., Mathur, R., Joshi, S. and Choudhary, O.P. (2014). Gross studies on cranial bones of chital (Axis axis). Ind. J. Vet. Anat. 26(1): 54-55.
  21. Kunzel, W., Breit, S. and Oppel, M. (2003). Morphometric investigations of breed specific features in feline skulls and considerations on their functional implications. Anat. Histol. Embryol. 32: 218-223.
  22. McGreevy, P.D., Grassi, T.D. and Harman, A.M.A. (2004). Strong correlation exists between the distribution of retinal ganglion cells and nose length in the dog. Brain Behav. Evol. 63: 13-22.
  23. Miller, M.S., Christensen, G.C. and Evans, H.E. (1964). The skeletal system, skull. In: Anatomy of dog. W.B. Saunders Co., Philadelphia, USA.
  24. Mondal, M., Baruah, K.K. and Rajkhowa, C. (2014). Mithun: An animal of Indian pride. Livest. Res. Rural Dev. 26(1): mond26006.
  25. Mondal, M., Dhali, A., Rajkhowa, C. and Prakash, B.S. (2004). Secretion patterns of growth hormone in growing captive mithuns (Bos frontalis). Zool. Sci. 21(11): 1125-1129.
  26. Mondol, M., Rajkhowa, C. and Prakash, B.S. (2007). Plasma growth hormone concentration in female mithun (Bos frontalis) of different ages, relation with age and body weight. J. Anim. Physiol. Anim. Nutr. 91(1-2): 68-73.
  27. Monfared, A.L. (2013a). Applied anatomy of the head regions of the one-humped camel (Camelus dromedarius) and its clinical implications during regional anesthesia. Global Vet. 10(3): 322-326. 
  28. Monfared, A.L. (2013b). Gross anatomical measurements of the head region of the Iranian native cattle (Bos taurus) and their clinical value for regional anesthesia. Global Vet. 10(2): 219-222.
  29. Mukherjee, S., Cai, Z., Mukherjee, A., Longkumer, I., Mech, M., Vupru, K., Khate, K., Rajkhowa, C., Mitra, A., Guldbrandtsen, B., Lund M.S. and Sahana, G. (2019). Whole genome sequence and de novo assembly revealed genomic architecture of Indian mithun (Bos frontalis). BMC Genomics. 20: 617.
  30. Olopade, J.O. and Onwuka, S.K. (2004). Morphometric studies of the craniofacial region of the west African dwarf goat in Nigeria. Int. J. Morphol. 22(2): 145-148.
  31. Olopade, J.O. and Onwuka, S.K. (2007). Osteometric studies of the red sokoto (Maradi) goats (Capra hircus): Implication for regional anaesthesia of the head. Int. J. Morphol. 25 (2): 407-410.
  32. Olopade, J.O. and Onwuka, S.K. (2009a). Morphometric analysis of the skull of the Sahel goat breed: basic and clinical anatomy. Ital. J. Anat. Embryol. 114: 167-178.
  33. Olopade, J.O. and Onwuka, S.K. (2009b). A review of the craniofacial and neurometric anatomy of the goat. Trop. Vet. 27(4): 1-19.
  34. Pare’s, I.C., Kamal, S. and Jordana, J. (2010). On biometrical aspects of the cephalic anatomy of Xisqueta Sheep (Catalunya; Spain). Int. J. Morphol. 28(2): 347-351.
  35. Raghavan, D. (1964). Anatomy of ox. Indian Council of Agricultural Research, New Delhi, India.
  36. Saber, A.S.M. and Gummow, B. (2015). Skull morphometry of the lion (Panthera leo), dog (Canis lupus familiaris) and cat (Felis catus). J. Vet. Anat. 8(1): 13-30.
  37. Sarma, K. (2006). Morphological and craniometrical studies on the skull of Kagani goat (Capra hircus) of Jammu region. Int. J. Morphol. 24(3): 449-455.
  38. Shisode, M.G., Khanvilkar A.V., Kulkarni M.D., Samant S.R., Yadav G.B. and Bawaska M.S. (2009). Mithun: The pride animal of north-eastern hilly region of India. Vet. World. 2(12): 480-481.
  39. Snedecor, G.W. and Cochran, W.G. (1994). Statistical methods. 8th edn. Iowa State University Press, Ames, Iowa, USA.
  40. Yahaya, A., Olopade, J.O. and Kwari H.D. (2013). Morphological analysis and osteometry of the foramen magnum of the one-humped camel (Camelus dromedarius). Anat. Histol. Embryol., 42(2): 155-159.
  41. Zhu, L., Shi, X., Wang, J. and Chen, J. (2014). A morphometric study on the skull of donkey (Equus asinus). Int. J. Morphol. 32(4): 1306-1310.
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    Research Article

    volume 55 issue 8 (august 2021) : 960-966,   Doi: 10.18805/IJAR.B-4189

    Sex Wise Morphometrical Studies on the Skull Bones of Indian Mithun (Bos frontalis)

    O
    O.P. Choudhary
    P
    Priyanka
    P
    P.C. Kalita
    O
    Ozan Gündemir
    K
    Keneisenuo
    A
    A. Kalita
    P
    P.J. Doley
    1Department of Veterinary Anatomy and Histology, College of Veterinary Sciences and Animal Husbandry, Central Agricultural University (I), Selesih, Aizawl-796015, Mizoram, India.
    Cite article:- Choudhary O.P., Priyanka, Kalita P.C., Gündemir Ozan, Keneisenuo, Kalita A., Doley P.J. (2021). Sex Wise Morphometrical Studies on the Skull Bones of Indian Mithun (Bos frontalis). Indian Journal of Animal Research. 55(8): 960-966. doi: 10.18805/IJAR.B-4189.

    ABSTRACT

    Background: There is scanty information on the morphometry of the skull of Indian mithun; therefore, the present study was designed to provide morphometric data of the skull of Indian mithun. 
    Methods: The study was conducted on the skull bones of twelve (n=12) adult Indian mithun of either sex (n=6, male and n=6, female). The head region samples of naturally died mithun were collected from different parts of the Mizoram and Nagaland states of India from September, 2019 to March, 2020. In the present study, altogether, a total of forty-five parameters were taken in the skull bones of males and females of Indian mithun. 
    Result: The biometrical observations on the different parameters of the skull of Indian mithun were found to be significantly (P<0.01, P<0.05) higher in the males than females. The measurements demonstrated that the skull of the mithun was elongated and dolichocephalic as per the value of the skull index. The skull index/ cephalic index was 48.76±0.03 in males and 48.71±0.02 in females of the mithun. The length, width of the skull was 44.52±0.02, 44.41±0.02 in males and 21.62±0.04, 21.57±0.05 in females of mithun, respectively. The orbital margin was circular and complete in mithun. The cranial cavity of mithun was oval in outline with a capacity of 530.00±0.27 cm3 in males and 523.00±0.31 cm3 in females. The foramen magnum was large, roughly oval with a foramen index as 96.93±0.06 in males and 97.19±0.04 in females. The present morphometrical studies on the skull of mithun can be useful to the wildlife professionals and zoo veterinarians for the determination of sex of this animal and distinguish from other domestic and wild animals for solving veterolegal cases.

    REFERENCES

    1. Brüenner, H., Lugon-Moulin, N., Balloux, F., Fumagalli, L. and Hausser, J. (2002). A taxonomical re-evaluation of the Valais chromosome race of the common shrew Sorex araneus (Insectivora: Soricidae). Acta Theriol. 47(3): 245-275.
    2. Choudhary, O.P. and Singh, I. (2016). Morphological and radiographic studies on the skull of Indian blackbuck (Antilope cervicapra). Int. J. Morphol. 34(2): 788-796.
    3. Choudhary, O.P. and Singh, I. (2015). Morphometrical studies on the skull of Indian blackbuck (Antilope cervicapra). Int. J. Morphol. 33(3): 868-876.
    4. Choudhary, O.P., Kalita, P.C., Doley, P.J., Kalita, A. and Arya, R.S. (2018). Morphometrical studies on the orbit of goat (Carpa hircus) of Mizoram. Ruminant Sci. 7(1): 71-72.
    5. Choudhary, O.P., Kalita, P.C., Kalita, A. and Doley, P.J. (2016). Applied anatomy of the maxillofacial and mandibular regions of the dromedary camel (Camelus dromedarius). J. Camel Pract. Res. 23(1): 127-131.
    6. Choudhary, O.P., Kalita, P.C., Kalita, A. and Doley, P.J. (2017). Applied anatomy of the head region of the Indian wild pig (Sus scrofa) and its clinical value during regional anesthesia. J. Anim. Res. 7(2): 339-344.
    7. Choudhary, O.P., Kalita, P.C., Konwar, B., Doley, P.J., Kalita, G. and Kalita, A. (2019). Morphological and applied anatomical studies on the head region of local mizo pig (Zovawk) of Mizoram. Int. J. Morphol. 37(1): 196-204.
    8. Choudhary, O.P., Mathur, R., Joshi, S., Beniwal, G. and Dangi, A. (2013a). Gross and biometrical studies on carpals of chital (Axis axis). Vet. Pract. 14(1): 36-39.
    9. Choudhary, O.P., Mathur, R., Joshi, S., Beniwal, G. and Dangi, A. (2013b). Gross and biometrical studies on scapula of chital (Axis axis). Vet. Pract. 14(2): 224-227.
    10. Choudhary, O.P., Priyanka, Kalita, P.C., Arya, R.S., Kalita, A., Doley, P.J. and Keneisenuo. (2020). A morphometrical study on the skull of goat (Capra hircus) in Mizoram. Int. J. Morphol. 38(5): 1-7.
    11. Choudhary, O.P., Singh, I., Bharti, S.K., Khan, I.M., Sathapathy, S. and Mrigesh, M. (2015). Gross and morphometrical studies on mandible of blackbuck (Antelope cervicapra). Int. J. Morphol. 33(2): 428-32.
    12. Din, S., Masood, S., Zaneb, H., Rehman, H., Ashraf, S., Khan, I., Shah, M. and Hadi, S.A. (2020). Gross and clinical anatomy of the skull of adult chinkara (Gazella bennettii). Pak. J. Zool. Doi: 10.17582/journal.pjz/20190207070209.
    13. Evans, K.E. and McGreevy, P.D. (2006). Conformation of the equine skull: A morphometric study. Anat. Histol. Embryol. 35(4): 221-227.
    14. Getty, R. (1975). Sisson and Grossman’s: The anatomy of the domestic animals, 2nd (edn.), Vol. I, W.B. Saunders Co. Philadelphia, USA.
    15. Goodarzi, N. and Hoseini, T.S. (2014). Morphologic and osteometric analysis of the skull of Markhoz goat (Iranian Angora). Vet. Med. Int. Doi: 10.1155/2014/972682.
    16. Joshi, H. (2004). Gross anatomical studies of the skull of Indian tiger (Panthera tigris). M.V.Sc. thesis submitted to the Rajasthan Agricultural University, Bikaner, Rajasthan, India.
    17. Kalita, P.C., Singh, T.S., Choudhary, O.P., Debroy, S., Kalita, A. and Doley, P.J. (2019). Morphological and applied anatomical studies on the head region of Malayan sun bear (Helarctos malayanus). J. Anim. Res. 9(5): 753-758.
    18. Karimi, I., Onar, V., Pazvant, G., Hadipour, M. and Mazaher, Y. (2011). The cranial morphometric and morphologic characteristics of Mehraban sheep in western Iran. Global Vet. 6(2): 111-117.
    19. Keneisenuo, Choudhary, O.P., Priyanka, Kalita, P.C., Kalita, A., Doley, P.J. and Chaudhary, J.K. (2020). Applied anatomy and clinical significance of the maxillofacial and mandibular regions of the barking deer (Muntiacus muntjak) and sambar deer (Rusa unicolor). Folia Morphol. Doi: 10.5603/FM. a2020.0061.
    20. Kumawat, R., Mathur, R., Joshi, S. and Choudhary, O.P. (2014). Gross studies on cranial bones of chital (Axis axis). Ind. J. Vet. Anat. 26(1): 54-55.
    21. Kunzel, W., Breit, S. and Oppel, M. (2003). Morphometric investigations of breed specific features in feline skulls and considerations on their functional implications. Anat. Histol. Embryol. 32: 218-223.
    22. McGreevy, P.D., Grassi, T.D. and Harman, A.M.A. (2004). Strong correlation exists between the distribution of retinal ganglion cells and nose length in the dog. Brain Behav. Evol. 63: 13-22.
    23. Miller, M.S., Christensen, G.C. and Evans, H.E. (1964). The skeletal system, skull. In: Anatomy of dog. W.B. Saunders Co., Philadelphia, USA.
    24. Mondal, M., Baruah, K.K. and Rajkhowa, C. (2014). Mithun: An animal of Indian pride. Livest. Res. Rural Dev. 26(1): mond26006.
    25. Mondal, M., Dhali, A., Rajkhowa, C. and Prakash, B.S. (2004). Secretion patterns of growth hormone in growing captive mithuns (Bos frontalis). Zool. Sci. 21(11): 1125-1129.
    26. Mondol, M., Rajkhowa, C. and Prakash, B.S. (2007). Plasma growth hormone concentration in female mithun (Bos frontalis) of different ages, relation with age and body weight. J. Anim. Physiol. Anim. Nutr. 91(1-2): 68-73.
    27. Monfared, A.L. (2013a). Applied anatomy of the head regions of the one-humped camel (Camelus dromedarius) and its clinical implications during regional anesthesia. Global Vet. 10(3): 322-326. 
    28. Monfared, A.L. (2013b). Gross anatomical measurements of the head region of the Iranian native cattle (Bos taurus) and their clinical value for regional anesthesia. Global Vet. 10(2): 219-222.
    29. Mukherjee, S., Cai, Z., Mukherjee, A., Longkumer, I., Mech, M., Vupru, K., Khate, K., Rajkhowa, C., Mitra, A., Guldbrandtsen, B., Lund M.S. and Sahana, G. (2019). Whole genome sequence and de novo assembly revealed genomic architecture of Indian mithun (Bos frontalis). BMC Genomics. 20: 617.
    30. Olopade, J.O. and Onwuka, S.K. (2004). Morphometric studies of the craniofacial region of the west African dwarf goat in Nigeria. Int. J. Morphol. 22(2): 145-148.
    31. Olopade, J.O. and Onwuka, S.K. (2007). Osteometric studies of the red sokoto (Maradi) goats (Capra hircus): Implication for regional anaesthesia of the head. Int. J. Morphol. 25 (2): 407-410.
    32. Olopade, J.O. and Onwuka, S.K. (2009a). Morphometric analysis of the skull of the Sahel goat breed: basic and clinical anatomy. Ital. J. Anat. Embryol. 114: 167-178.
    33. Olopade, J.O. and Onwuka, S.K. (2009b). A review of the craniofacial and neurometric anatomy of the goat. Trop. Vet. 27(4): 1-19.
    34. Pare’s, I.C., Kamal, S. and Jordana, J. (2010). On biometrical aspects of the cephalic anatomy of Xisqueta Sheep (Catalunya; Spain). Int. J. Morphol. 28(2): 347-351.
    35. Raghavan, D. (1964). Anatomy of ox. Indian Council of Agricultural Research, New Delhi, India.
    36. Saber, A.S.M. and Gummow, B. (2015). Skull morphometry of the lion (Panthera leo), dog (Canis lupus familiaris) and cat (Felis catus). J. Vet. Anat. 8(1): 13-30.
    37. Sarma, K. (2006). Morphological and craniometrical studies on the skull of Kagani goat (Capra hircus) of Jammu region. Int. J. Morphol. 24(3): 449-455.
    38. Shisode, M.G., Khanvilkar A.V., Kulkarni M.D., Samant S.R., Yadav G.B. and Bawaska M.S. (2009). Mithun: The pride animal of north-eastern hilly region of India. Vet. World. 2(12): 480-481.
    39. Snedecor, G.W. and Cochran, W.G. (1994). Statistical methods. 8th edn. Iowa State University Press, Ames, Iowa, USA.
    40. Yahaya, A., Olopade, J.O. and Kwari H.D. (2013). Morphological analysis and osteometry of the foramen magnum of the one-humped camel (Camelus dromedarius). Anat. Histol. Embryol., 42(2): 155-159.
    41. Zhu, L., Shi, X., Wang, J. and Chen, J. (2014). A morphometric study on the skull of donkey (Equus asinus). Int. J. Morphol. 32(4): 1306-1310.
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