Background: To work out the residual effect of rice residue, FYM and fertilizers on summer moong (Vigna radiate L.) in Rice-potato-summer moong cropping system. 
&nbsp; 
Methods: The present study was carried out at research farm, department of Agronomy, Punjab Agricultural University, Ludhiana, Punjab. The experiment was laid out in factorial randomized block design with two factors. Factor A contains&nbsp; five nutrient management treatments in potato (Rice residue+ 125 % NPK + 25 t ha-1&nbsp;FYM, Rice residue+ 100%&nbsp; NPK + 25 tha-1&nbsp;FYM, Rice residue+ 75 % NPK + 25 tha-1&nbsp;FYM, Rice residue + 125% NPK + 0 tha-1&nbsp;FYM and Without rice residue + 100% NPK+ 50 tha-1&nbsp;FYM) and factor B contains three&nbsp; nitrogen levels in&nbsp; summer moong&nbsp; (0 kg ha-1&nbsp;N, 6.25 kg ha-1&nbsp;N and 12.5 kg ha-1&nbsp;N ). 
&nbsp; 
Result: The plant height, branches, dry matter accumulation, LAI and chlorophyll content index were significantly affected with the treatments applied to preceding potato crop. The application of rice residue+ 125% NPK + 25 tha-1&nbsp;FYM to potato crop resulted significantly higher plant height, branches, dry matter accumulation, LAI and chlorophyll content index of moong crop as compared to rice residue+ 75% NPK + 25 t ha-1&nbsp;FYM and rice residue+ 125% NPK + 0 tha-1&nbsp;FYM while at par to rice residue+ 100% NPK + 25 tha-1&nbsp;FYM and without rice residue + 100 % NPK+ 50 tha-1&nbsp;FYM. The significantly higher biometric parameters were observed with 12.5 kg ha-1&nbsp;N which was significantly higher than the 0 and 6.25 5 kg ha-1 N. The application of rice residue+ 125% NPK + 25 t ha-1&nbsp;FYM to potato crop resulted significantly higher yield and yield attributing characters as compared to rice residue+ 75% NPK + 25 t ha-1&nbsp;FYM and rice residue+ 125% NPK + 0 tha-1&nbsp;FYM while at par to rice residue+ 100% NPK + 25 tha-1&nbsp;FYM and without rice residue + 100% NPK 50 tha-1&nbsp;FYM. The application of higher dose of nitrogen @ 12 kg ha-1&nbsp;also significantly increased the yield and yield attributing characters as compared to lower doses of summer moong. The nutrients uptake ( N,P and K) was also maximum with rice residue+ 125% NPK + 25 t ha-1&nbsp;FYM which was at par to rice residue+ 100% NPK + 25 tha-1&nbsp;FYM and without rice residue + 100% NPK+ 50 tha-1&nbsp;FYM while significantly higher than other treatment. The application of higher dose of nitrogen @ 12 kgha-1&nbsp;in summer moong also significantly increased the nutrient uptake and protein content as compared to lower doses.

Residual Effect of Rice Residue, Fym and Fertilizers on Growth, Yield and Quality of Summer Moong (Vigna radiata L.) in Rice-Potato-Summer Moong Cropping System

<div>Background:&nbsp;Moong bean (Vigna radiate L.) plays an important role in antioxidant, antimicrobial, antidiabetic, anti inflammatory, antihypertensive and antitumor effects. Mostly beans and legumes cause gas and abdominal bloating in some people but the moong beans are the easy to digest. Soaking the beans in water before cooking and also sprouting them reduces this issue. The high levels of amino acids, oligosaccharides and polyphenols provide high antioxidant levels not only fight tumors and cancer but also protect against DNA damage and cell mutation. The seed of moong bean acts as a nutraceutical because it provides beneficial effects on human health and also helps in the prevention of cardiovascular disease, diabetes, digestive tract diseases, overweight, obesity and cancer etc. The flavonoids vitexin and isovitexin have high free radical scavenging activities which help lower oxidative stress, the cancer causative factor. It is not only lower blood glucose levels, but also reduce total cholesterol levels, triglycerides, plasma C peptides and glucagon levels. Samples of moong bean were collected from Legume Section of the University.&nbsp; 
 
Methods: Through NIRS-2500 evaluated samples of moong bean. It is an instrument through which Near Infrared (NIR) analysis a spectroscopic technique that makes use of the naturally occurring electromagnetic spectrum. This works in the region of the spectrum defined by wavelengths between 700 nm and 2500 nm. All the cultivars were found to cluster in major four groups on the basis of principal component analysis. The result showed the diversity between nutritional and antinutritional factors in the cultivars that could be further used by plant breeders to develop superior genotypes. The moong bean has lots of advantages which cure the several diseases such as cardiovascular disease, type 2 diabetes, digestive diseases and some cancers.&nbsp;&nbsp; 
 
Result: Histidine amino acid was varied from 6.40% to 8.81%, arginine amino acid from 2.21% to 3.87%, valine amino acid from 2.92% to 4.44%, phenylalanine from 9.73% to 13.86%, isoleucine from 9.28% to 10.02%, methionine from 0.09% to 1.26%, leucine from 6.02% to 7.65%, tryptophan from 0.30% to 0.68%, lysine from 2.03% to 2.22% and threonine from 4.32% to 5.56%. The grain color have the direct related to carotenoids and polyphenols. The hardness of the grain is due to fiber amount of the grain. The moisture is related to the properties such as sphericity, porosity, bulk density. Mostly anti-nutrients factors such as phytic acid, tannins, hemagglutinins and polyphenols associated with the grain. The effects of storage and processing on nutrients and food processing properties are needed to enable optimization of processing steps, for better mung bean food quality and process efficiency.</div>

Biochemical Evaluation of Moong Bean (Vigna radiata L.) Characterstics for Nutraceutical Applications

<div style="text-align: justify;">Pulses productivity in Jammu &nbsp;Kashmir, India, in North-Western (NW) Himalayas is far less than the national averages because of poor crop management &nbsp;cultivation of low yielding varieties. Frontline demonstration (FLD) program is an effective technology transfer tool for better technology adoption that bridges the yield gaps. The technological &nbsp;extension yield gaps in pulses crops were studied for 3 years during 2009-10 to 2013&ndash;2014 under an FLD programme in the Poonch District of Jammu &nbsp;Kashmir, India, revealing that there was a wide yield gap between potential &nbsp;demonstration yields due to technology &nbsp;extension yield gaps. In case of chickpea on the basis of three year mean data demonstrations gave 40.60 % higher yield than local check or farmers practices. Technological yield gaps affecting yield in pulses were highest in chickpea var. BG-1103(13.00 q ha-1) during rabi 2010-11 followed by moong var. SML 668 (12.40 q ha-1) during 2010-11 while lowest gap was observed in rajmash var. local (0.36 q ha-1) during 2011. In general, the technological gaps were highest in chickpea cultivar (BG-1103) &nbsp;lowest in rajmash cultivars in the present study. Extension yield gap varied to the extent of 0.78 to 6.00 q ha-1 in chickpea. In case of lentil, demonstrations gave 12.77 % higher yield over the local check. Extension yield gap varied from 0.25-12.52 q ha-1 in lentil. In case of moong, FLDs gave 71% higher yield than the local check &nbsp;extension yield gap varied from 1.27 to 1.46 qha-1. In case of mash, demonstration gave 35.5% higher yield than farmers average plot yield whereas in case of rajmash on the basis of five year mean data, demonstration gave 28.73% higher yield. Overall, it is inferred that improved farm technology has great potential in enhancing the pulse productivity and profitability through frontline demonstration programme in Poonch district of Jammu &nbsp;Kashmir &nbsp;collateral farming situations in NW -Himalayas as well.</div>

<div style="text-align:justify">Impact of front line demonstrations on the production and productivity of moong (Vigna radiata L), mash (Vigna mungo L), &nbsp;rajmash (Phaseolus vulgaris L), lentil (Lens culinaris L) &nbsp;and chickpea (Cicer aeritinum L) under rainfed ecology in mid hills of J &amp; K, India &nbsp;</div>

Background: Pulses are a vital component of India&rsquo;s agricultural landscape, serving as a primary protein source in diets and contributing to soil fertility through nitrogen fixation. However, persistent production deficits, driven by low yields and limited adoption of modern technologies, have hindered self-sufficiency, necessitating imports to meet growing demand. 
 
Methods: This study investigates the transformative impact of cluster frontline demonstrations (CFLDs) on summer moong (Vigna radiata) cultivation in Sonipat, Haryana, over the period from 2017 to 2022. Conducted across 350 demonstrations covering 140 hectares in 35 villages, the CFLDs showcased advanced agricultural practices-including high-yielding varieties, optimized nutrient management and integrated pest control-compared against traditional farmer methods. 
 
Result: The results were striking: Demonstration plots achieved an average yield of 7.33 quintals per hectare (q/ha), surpassing the control plots&rsquo; 5.77 q/ha by 27.26%. Economically, the benefits were even more pronounced, with net returns increasing by 43.4% (Rs. 18,529/ha vs. Rs. 12,924/ha) and the benefit-cost (B: C) ratio improving from 1.83 to 2.14. These gains were consistent across years, with demonstration plots exhibiting lower yield variability (coefficient of variation: 8.5% vs. 10.2%), highlighting the stability and resilience of the interventions even under variable climatic conditions. Farmer feedback was overwhelmingly positive, with 82% of participants expressing intent to adopt the demonstrated technologies, though challenges such as seed availability, input costs and market price fluctuations were noted as barriers. Beyond immediate productivity and profitability gains, the CFLDs fostered greater farmer confidence in modern practices, paving the way for broader technology dissemination. This study underscores the potential of CFLDs as a scalable extension model to address India&rsquo;s pulse deficit, enhance rural livelihoods and promote sustainable agriculture. 
&nbsp;

Impact Assessment of Cluster Frontline Demonstrations on Summer Moong (Vigna radiata) Production in Sonipat, Haryana

<div>Background: Green gram (Vigna radiata) also known as moong bean is an annually cultivated in East Asia, Southeast Asia and Indian subcontinent. V. radiata is very important source for the protein as in our regular diet and it proved essential amino acid such as phenylalanine, leucine, isoleucine, valine, lysine, arginine, methionine, threonine and tryptophan. 
 
Methods: Here, we studied the influence of seed endophytes on germination and development under salinity stress condition. Seeds were treated with sodium hypochlorite for 30 min under shaking condition at 100 rpm for surface sterilization and treated with 70% ethanol for 2 min and followed five times rinse with autoclaved water. Surface sterilised seeds were homogenised in autoclaved water with the help of mortal-pestle. Homogenised seed solution made serial dilution and spreaded over nutrient agar for endophytic bacterial growth. Seeds were treated with bacteriocide and fungicide to make endophytes free, followed by sown for germination at 0mM, 50mM, 100mM and 150mM NaCl concentration.&nbsp; 
 
Result: Endophyte free seedlings were more susceptible against salt stress over normal seedlings. Therefore endophyte free seedling shoot and root biomass was 23.5% and 65.7% lower than control seedling biomass at 0mM salt respectively, while root length was 70% lower than control seedling root at 0mM salt concentration. Proline content in shoot and root observed an increase with increase of salt concentration. At 0mM salt, proline content was 0.00782&plusmn;0.00043 and 0.00648&plusmn;0.00017 (&micro;mol/mg) in root of normal and endophyte free seedling respectively, while in shoot, it was non-significant difference. Glycine betaine content found to be increasing upto 100mM, followed by decreasing at 150mM in both root and shoot tissue. Glycine betaine content in endophyte free and control seedling shoot was 74.2&plusmn;2.5 and 96.0&plusmn;2.73 (&micro;g/200mg) respectively at 100mM salt concentration. This result suggests, not only heritable genomic DNA but also endophytes associated with seed are very much important for the seedling growth and development which is also finally helps to combat abiotic stress situation.&nbsp;</div>

​Influence of Native Endophytes on&nbsp;Early Stages Growth of Vigna&nbsp;radiata&nbsp;(Moong)&nbsp;under Salt Stress Condition

Background: The present investigation was carried out on &ldquo;to quantify the storage span of bio primed seed using biocontrol agents and liquid biofertilizers in moong bean (Vigna radiata L.) was conducted at Seed testing laboratory, department of seed science and technology ANDUAT Kumarganj, Ayodhya, U.P. during 2023 and 2024. 
 
Methods: Seed biopriming generally refers to use of salutary microorganisms to influence germination potential. An experiment was carried out on two varieties of green gram i.e., NDM-1 (Collect from ANDUAT, Kumarganj, Ayodhya, U.P) and Sikha (collect from IIPR, Kanpur, U.P) and seed biopriming with two different biocontrol agents (Pseudomonas fluorescens and Trichoderma viridae) used in&nbsp; different concentration&nbsp; and two different liquid biofertilizers (Azospirillum and Phosphobacteria @20% respectively) following complete randomised design with four replication during two season (2023 and 2024) at different storage period i.e., 3, 6 and 9 months. The experiment comprised of seven biopriming along with hydropriming and control. Seed had been treated with control (T0), seeds soaked in distil water/hydropriming (T1); PF @ 25% (T2); PF @ 50% (T3); PF @ 75% (T4); TV @ 25% (T5); TV @ 50% (T6); TV @75% (T7); liquid ASP @ 20% (T8); liquid PB @ 20% (T9). Treated seed were grown with the help of between paper method at seed testing laboratory andUAT Kumarganj Ayodhya U.P. 
 
Result: A study on long term storage of bio primed seed revealed that seeds bio primed with T. viridae 50% for 6 hrs able to store better in cloth bag which registered 88.5% and 87% germination show V1&nbsp;and V2&nbsp;respectively, 91%&nbsp; and 90% seed viability recorded in V1&nbsp;and V2&nbsp;respectively at 9 months of storage. 
&nbsp;

Quantify the Storage Span of Bio Primed Seed using Biocontrol Agents and Liquid Biofertilizers in Moong Bean (Vigna radiata L.)

<div>Background: A two-year field study was carried out during the Kharif seasons of 2023 and 2024 at the Institutional farm of ANDUAT Kumarganj in Ayodhya, Uttar Pradesh. The research aimed to assess the effects of seed biopriming and foliar application using biocontrol agents and liquid biofertilizers on the growth and yield of Moong bean. 
&nbsp; 
Methods: Seed biopriming typically involves the application of beneficial microorganisms to enhance germination potential. The present investigation was carried out on two varieties of green gram i.e., NDM-1 (Collect from ANDUAT, Kumarganj, Ayodhya, U.P) and Sikha (collect from IIPR, Kanpur, U.P) and seed biopriming with two different biocontrol agents (Pseudomonas fluorescens and Trichoderma viridae) used in different concentration and two different liquid biofertilizers (Azospirillum and Phosphobacteria @20% respectively.) following Randomised block design with three replication. The experiment comprised of sixteen biopriming along with hydropriming and control. Seed had been treated with control (T0), seeds soaked in distil water/hydropriming (T1); PF @ 25% (T2); PF @ 50% (T3); PF @ 75% (T4); TV @ 25% (T5); TV @ 50% (T6); TV @75% (T7); liquid ASP @ 20%(T8); liquid PB @ 20% (T9); T2&nbsp;+ foliar spray of PF @ 2 g/l (T10); T3&nbsp;+&nbsp; foliar spray of PF @ 2 g/l&nbsp; of water (T11); T4 + foliar spray of PF @ 2 g/l of water (T12);&nbsp; T5&nbsp;+ foliar spray of TV @ 2 g/l of water (T13);&nbsp; T6&nbsp;+ foliar spray of TV @ 2 g/l of water (T14); T7&nbsp;+ foliar spray of TV @ 2 g/l of water (T15); T8&nbsp;+ foliar spray of ASP @ 2 g/l of water (T16); T9&nbsp;+ foliar spray of PB @ 2 g/l of water (T17). 
&nbsp; 
Result: Seed bio primed with pseudomonas fluorescens @ 75% (T4) was found very effective in both Kharif&nbsp; season (2023 and 2024), which enhance the Plant height, No. of branches/plant, No. of pods/plant, seed yield and its attributes .The seed yield/plant for this treatment was 4.46 gm and 4.03 gm respectively&nbsp; followed by seed biopriming with pseudomonas fluorescens @50% + foliar application of pseudomonas fluorescens @ 2 g/l&nbsp; of water (T10) on 30 and 45 DAS&nbsp; in both kharif season as compared to non-primed seed 1.73 gm and 1.99 gm respectively.</div>

Effects of Seed Treatment and Foliar Application by using Biological Control Agents and Liquid Organic Fertilizers on Development and Yield on Moong Bean (Vigna radiata L.)

<div style="text-align: justify;">Alang, ship breaking yard situated on north-west edge of Gulf of Khambhat. It is famous for ship breaking yard and contains very harmful heavy metals. Lead contamination is highest in Alang. To decrease the concentration of heavy metals many different physical, chemical and biological methods are available but they are harmful to nature and waste more quantity of chemicals. So, bioremediation is the best method to remove pollutants. A low concentration of heavy metals is required to plant for their growth and metabolic process but at higher concentration, plants do not survive. With the use of microbes, we can survive plants at certain levels. During this work, heavy metal tolerating microorganism was isolated from sea water of Alang and purified. Various tests were performed for identification and primary screening. in vitro examination in the different plants like moong, wheat, peanut, kidney beans and mat beans under 500ppm Pb concentration.</div>

<div style="text-align: justify;">Bioremediation of pb using bacterial strains isolated from alang ship yard and study their plant stress relieving effect on wheat, moong, and kidney beans under 500 ppm of lead contamination</div>

Background: Excessive utilization of inorganic fertilizers and pesticides, leading to environmental, soil and water contamination and pest outbreaks, has emerged as a significant concern in recent year. In today&rsquo;s agricultural landscape, there is a growing trend towards organic farming, emphasizing a sift from high-volume to high-value production system. 
&nbsp; 
Methods: A field experiment was conducted in Institute of Agriculture Sciences, Bundelkhand University Jhansi, Uttar Pradesh during kharif season of 2021. The experiment was laid out in randomized block design and replicated thrice with nine treatments combination, three different sources of organic viz., farm yard manure, vermicompost and poultry manure along with Rhizobium and Phosphate solubilizing bacteria (PSB). 
&nbsp; 
Result: Experimental results indicated that 1/3 through farm yard manure (16.66 q ha-1) + 1/3 through poultry manure (2.77 q ha-1) + through vermicompost (8.33 q ha-1) + rhizobium + PSB, significantly enhancing growth parameters leaf area, leaf area index, dry matter accumulation per meter square, yield attributes like Pod weight, grain yield and quality attributes, higher net return.

Effect Different Level of Organic Sources on Growth, Yield, Quality and Economic Response of Moong Bean (Vigna radiata L.) in Central Part of India

<div style="text-align: justify;">The study aims to examine the temporal changes in economics of chickpea (gram), moong bean (green gram) and urd bean (black gram) production in western State of India i.e. Rajasthan. Study was entirely based on secondary data collected from publication of Ministry of Agriculture, Govt. of India, New Delhi. The structural changes in cost of cultivation were analyzed by working out the difference in cost at two points of time (i.e. 2001-02 and 2013-14), along with relative share to total cost. Study revealed that the average cost of cultivation of chickpea, moong bean and urd bean increased from Rs.9,941.66/ha, Rs.5,954.74/ha and Rs.7,849.31/ha in 2001-02 to Rs. 24,093.71/ha, Rs.17,793.53/ha and Rs. 21,346.36/ha in 2013-14.The net income over total cost was highest for chickpea which is a major pulse crop of Rajasthan. During 2001-02, both moong bean and urd bean remained unprofitable over total cost. During 2013-14, chickpea and moong bean became profitable over total cost. The level of profit was highest for chickpea followed by moong bean. Urd bean still remained unprofitable over total cost.</div>

Residual Effect of Rice Residue, Fym and Fertilizers on Growth, Yield and Quality of Summer Moong (Vigna radiata L.) in Rice-Potato-Summer Moong Cropping System

Biochemical Evaluation of Moong Bean (Vigna radiata L.) Characterstics for Nutraceutical Applications

Impact of front line demonstrations on the production and productivity of moong (Vigna radiata L), mash (Vigna mungo L), rajmash (Phaseolus vulgaris L), lentil (Lens culinaris L) and chickpea (Cicer aeritinum L) under rainfed ecology in mid hills of J & K, India

Impact Assessment of Cluster Frontline Demonstrations on Summer Moong (Vigna radiata) Production in Sonipat, Haryana

Influence of Native Endophytes on Early Stages Growth of Vigna radiata (Moong) under Salt Stress Condition

Quantify the Storage Span of Bio Primed Seed using Biocontrol Agents and Liquid Biofertilizers in Moong Bean (Vigna radiata L.)

Effects of Seed Treatment and Foliar Application by using Biological Control Agents and Liquid Organic Fertilizers on Development and Yield on Moong Bean (Vigna radiata L.)

Bioremediation of pb using bacterial strains isolated from alang ship yard and study their plant stress relieving effect on wheat, moong, and kidney beans under 500 ppm of lead contamination

Effect Different Level of Organic Sources on Growth, Yield, Quality and Economic Response of Moong Bean (Vigna radiata L.) in Central Part of India

Temporal changes in economics of pulses and their comparative advantage in Rajasthan