<div style="text-align: justify;">Decades of documented successful pieces of evidence in agritech have shown us a clear picture of the importance of biotechnology in crop improvement. The production in agriculture should have steady growth and to achieve these objective conventional methods should go on parallel with biotechnological approaches. Genetic engineering which has revolutionized the path of crop improvement involves the identification and transfer of novel genes into the existing elite cultivars. Different methods of transferring the gene into plant cells have been developed and continuous efforts have been made to increase its efficiency. Both direct and indirect method of gene transfer has its own merits and demerits. Efforts have been made continuously to eliminate drawbacks and to develop an easy, elite and eco-friendly method to transfer genes. The transformation method which is a base of genetic engineering is vital and Agrobacterium-mediated gene transfer and gene gun have shown to be doing well in recent years. As a whole the methodology involved, merits and demerits of different methods have been briefly discussed.</div>

<div style="text-align: justify;">Genetic Transformation Methods for Crop Improvement- A Brief Review</div>

<p style="text-align: justify;">For a number of decades, attempts have been made to successfully produce transgenic animals which have numerous applications in the biotechnology industry with the foremost emphasis on production of monoclonal antibodies and recombinant proteins of human welfare. Different techniques are adopted in order to produce transgenic farm animals which could be further used as bioreactors. The most common traditional transgenesis technique employed is Somatic Cell Nuclear Transfer (SCNT) using genetically modified somatic cells or stem cells as nuclear donors. This review article summarizes the merits and demerits of the techniques currently used to produce transgenic livestock with major emphasis on somatic cell nuclear transfer. In the end, a brief discussion is done about the novel methods adopted to produce transgenic animals like Zinc Finger Nucleases (ZFN), Transcription Activator-like Effector Nuclease (TALEN) and Clustered regularly interspaced short palindromic repeats (CRISPR). It is expected that the new techniques developed would overcome the problems faced with existing traditional transgenesis methods.&nbsp;</p>


Genetic Transformation Methods for Crop Improvement- A Brief Review

Transgenesis in farm animals-A review