<div><strong>Background:</strong> Ceftiofur is a third-generation cephalosporin antibiotic developed exclusively for veterinary applications. Although not approved in China, ceftiofur is being used extensively in an extra-label manner to treat poultry infections. Black-bone silky fowl is a unique chicken breed which is different from the common chicken breeds in both morphology and other physiology. These differences may result in varied pharmacokinetic profiles. Therefore, the present study aimed to investigate the pharmacokinetics of ceftiofur (measured by ceftiofur and its active metabolites concentrations) in black-bone silky fowl following a single intravenous or intramuscular injection of ceftiofur sodium.<br />
<br />
<strong>Methods: </strong>Ceftiofur sodium was intravenously and intramuscularly given to six healthy black-bone silky fowl at the dose of 10 mg/kg body weight. A derivatization method was used to quantify the concentrations of ceftiofur and its active metabolites (expressed as desfuroylceftiofur acetamide) in plasma samples. A non-compartmental method was used to calculate the pharmacokinetics parameters. &nbsp;<br />
<br />
<strong>Results: </strong>The terminal half-life (t1/2lz) was calculated as 3.19&plusmn;0.28 and 3.36&plusmn;0.17 h following intravenous and intramuscular injections, respectively. After intravenous treatment, the total body clearance (Cl) and volume of distribution at steady state (VSS) were determined as 73.79&plusmn;5.83 ml/h/kg and 318.65&plusmn;30.06 ml/kg, respectively. After intramuscular injection, the peak concentration (Cmax; 22.55&plusmn;0.89 &igrave;g/ml) was observed at 1.67&plusmn;0.26 h and the absorption half-life (t1/2ka) and absolute bioavailability (F) were calculated as 0.40&plusmn;0.13 h and 93.03%&plusmn;7.07%, respectively. The current results demonstrated the rapid and complete absorption, however, poor distribution and rapid elimination of ceftiofur and its active metabolites in black-bone silky fowl.</div>


<div>Pharmacokinetics of Ceftiofur Sodium in Black-bone Silky Fowl after One Single Intravenous and Intramuscular Injection</div>


<p><strong>Background: </strong>Zoletil is a proprietary combination of equal parts of tiletamine and zolazepam with relatively short duration of action which necessitates administration of several maintenance doses. Zoletil combined with dexmedetomidine and fentanyl citrate in goats has not been reported in Indian literature. Therefore, the objective of present study was to compare the sedative, analgesic, anaesthetic efficacy and suitability of peanaesthetics in combination with intravenous zoletil anaesthesia in goats.<br />
<br />
<strong>Methods: </strong>Eighteen healthy non-descript goats of either sex, weighing between 20-25 kg were randomly divided into three groups (Group Z, DexZ and FentZ) with six animals in each. Atropine sulphate @ 0.04 mg/kg b.wt. intramuscularly was administered 10 min. prior to anaesthetic trail in all the animals of different groups. The animals of group Z received Zoletil alone @ 5.5 mg/kg by slow intravenous injection and kept as control. Ten minutes later, in groups DexZ and FentZ, dexmedetomidine @ 5 mcg/kg b.wt. and fentanyl citate @ 10 mcg/kgb.wt. were administered slow intravenously respectively. Anaesthesia was induced 10 minutes later by slow bolus dose of Zoletil @ 5.5 mg/kg b. wt. intravenously in animals of all the groups till the pedal reflex abolished.&nbsp;<br />
<br />
<strong>Result: </strong>The onset of sedation and induction of anaesthesia was quicker in group DexZ followed by FentZ and Z. Duration of anaesthesia and complete recovery time were significantly (P&lt;0.05) longer in group DexZ as compared to group FentZ and Z. Analgesia was excellent in all the groups but of longer duration in animals of group DexZ. To conclude dexmedetomidine-zoletil combination produced prolonged duration of anaesthesia with excellent muscle relaxation suitable for long surgical procedure.&nbsp;</p>


<p>Comparative Evaluation of Dexmedetomidine and Fentanyl Citrate as Preanaesthetic to Intravenous Zoletil Anaesthesia in Goats (<em>Capra hircus</em>)</p>


<div style="text-align: justify;">This study was carried out to determine the effects of in ovo pollen extract injection on growth parameters, ileal histomorphology, and caecal microflora of fasted broiler chicks. In this experiment, 2&times;2 factorial experimental design was used. One d old, 120 healthy broiler chicks were allocated to 4 treatment groups and 6 replicates (5 mixed sex chicks allocated each replicates). Treatment groups were: A) Pollen extract injection and 24 h fasting (P24); B) Pollen extract injection and 48 h fasting (P48), C) Control, no injection 24 h fasting (C24) and D) Control, no injection 48 h fasting (C48). The experiment lasted 21 days. Live weight, feed consumption, feed conversion ratio were recorded weekly. Ileal histomorphology, caecal microbiota, organ weight were recorded at 21th days of experiment. In ovo pollen extract injection did not affect hatchability rate. At the end of 21 days, in ovo pollen extract injection did not affect feed intake, live weight gain, feed conversion ratio, inner organ development and ileal villi width irrespective to fasting 24 h and 48 h. In ovo pollen extract injection increased ileal villi length, caecal lactic acid bacteria and Saccharomyces Cerevisiae count, decreased caecal Enterobactericaea count. In conclusion, in ovo pollen extract injection can be applied for broiler eggs to improve weight gain, better digestion and gut health.</div>

The effects of in ovo pollen extract injection on growth parameters, ileal histomorphology and caecal microflora in fasted broiler chicks

<div style="text-align: justify;">A biological trial was carried out to investigate the effect of in ovo injection of glucose and egg white protein on the production performance and gut histomorphometry of broilers. 500 hatching eggs with uniform weight (68&plusmn;1g) were randomly allotted to five treatment groups each with five replicates of 20 eggs each and incubated. The eggs were injected with one of the following nutrient solutions on 18th day of incubation viz. 0.5 ml of 25 % glucose (T3), 0.5 ml of 12% egg white protein (T4), 0.5 ml of 25 % glucose + egg white protein 12% (T5) into the amnion along this100 eggs served as non injected control (T1) and 100 eggs injected with normal saline (T2) which also served as sham control. The hole was sealed and the period of incubation was continued till 21st day. After hatching, 400 chicks were randomized in to five treatments of five replicates each with 16 chicks. Data on hatchability, hatch weight, bi-weekly body weight, weight gain, feed consumption, FCR and villi height, width, crypt depth of duodenum, jejunum and ileum were recorded and analysed statistically for significant difference. Results revealed that in ovo injection of glucose, egg white protein and their combination significantly (P&lt;0.05) increased hatchability, chick weight, body weight and livability. However, the feed consumption was significantly (P&lt;0.01) higher in glucose, egg white protein and glucose + egg white protein injected birds compared to non injected control and sham groups. The FCR was significantly (P&lt;0.05) improved in all in ovo injected groups compared to control and sham. In ovo feeding significantly (P&lt;0.05) increased the duodenal, jejuna and ileal villi height, width and crypt depth (P&lt;0.01) compared to control birds. In ovo injection of glucose and EWP either alone or in combination improved the productive performance, gut histomorphology and net profit of the broilers.</div>

Effect of <em>in-ovo</em> injection of glucose and egg white protein on the production performance and gut histomorphometry of broiler chicken

<div>The bovine having surgical ailments of claw, were divided in to two groups having six animals/limbs in each group. Tourniquet for standard and modified intravenous regional anesthesia (IVRA), was placed circumferentially at the middle of the metacarpus and just below dewclaw in group I and II, respectively. Lignocaine was injected @ 4 mg/kg and 2 mg/kg b.wt. in group I and group II animals, respectively. &nbsp;In group I, pulse rate increased significantly (P &lt; 0.05) at 20 and 30 minutes. Heart rate increased significantly (P &lt; 0.05) at 20 minute and 30 minute interval in group I and II animals, respectively. In animal of both groups, oxygen saturation significantly (P &lt; 0.05) decreased during study time period. Systolic pressure significantly increased at 15, 20 and 20 minutes in group I animals. It was concluded that modified IVRA technique was safer as compared to standard IVRA.</div>


<div>Distal Intravenous Regional Anaesthesia for Claw Diseases in Bovines</div>


<div><strong>Background: </strong>The non-availability of the sophisticated anaesthetic machine and the necessary equipment to administer inhalant anaesthetic in the field hospitals make their use practically unfeasible for the field veterinarians. Therefore, the present study was undertaken to evaluate the effect of propofol, ketamine and their combination &lsquo;Ketofol&rsquo; as a TIVA on certain haematological, serum biochemical and hormonal profiles in atropine and xylazine premedicated dogs.&nbsp;<br />
<br />
<strong>Methods:</strong> The study was conducted in eighteen clinical cases of dogs of either sex. The animals were randomly divided into three groups with six animals in each group. All the three groups were premedicated with Atropine sulphate @ 0.04mg/kg body weight and xylazine HCl @ 0.5mg/kg body weight intramuscularly. In group-I, propofol @ 5mg/kg body weight, in group-II, ketamine @ 5mg/kg body weight and in group-III, ketofol @ 4mg/kg body weight was administered intravenously for induction after 15 minutes of pre-anesthetic administration. Surgical anaesthesia was maintained for 90 minutes in all three groups <em>viz</em>. group-I, group-II and group-III with propofol @ 2.5mg/kg. b.w., ketamine @ 2.5mg/kg b.wt. and ketofol @ 2mg/kg b.wt. respectively by intermittent bolus injection (IBI) technique. Haematological, serum biochemical and hormonal profile were evaluated before administration of the anaesthetic agent (0 minutes) then at 15, 30, 60 and 90 minutes during and after administration of anaesthetic agents.&nbsp;<br />
<br />
<strong>Result:</strong> The study revealed that Hb, PCV and TEC were significantly decreased in all the groups at 60 mints and 30 mints respectively. The biochemical evaluation revealed that blood glucose level was significantly increased in all the groups until the end of the experiment. &nbsp;BUN and creatinine value was a significant increase in group-I and group-II than group-III at different time intervals up to the end of the experiment. In all the groups&rsquo; alanine aminotransferase (ALT) values significantly increased up to 60<sup>th</sup> minutes during TIVA whereas AST value was significantly increased in group-II at 30<sup>th</sup> and 60<sup>th</sup> minute of the experiment in compare to group-I and group-III. A higher level of cortisol values was recorded in group-I animals for the entire period of observation. There were no changes observed in the case of T<sub>3</sub>. Transient variables of haemato-biochemical have been reported following propofol, ketamine and their combination (ketofol) as total intravenous anaesthesia (TIVA). Thus, it has been concluded that diligent monitorization and electrolyte support are essential during the period of anaesthesia.&nbsp;</div>


<div>Effects of Propofol, Ketamine and their Combination (ketofol) as Total Intravenous Anesthesia (TIVA) on Haematological, Serum Biochemical and Hormonal Profile in the Surgical Management of Canine Patients</div>


<div><strong>Background:</strong> Corticosterone is a major glucocorticoid hormone in the plasma of birds. It is produced in the adrenal gland and transferred to the eggs after 1-2 days of circulation in females by distributing within the yolk. So, this study aimed to evaluate Iraqi native chicken hatching eggs with different levels of corticosterone hormone on embryonic development.<br />
<br />
<strong>Methods:</strong> Three hundred Iraqi native hatching eggs from 30 weeks old breeds were utilized in this research. Eggs were divided into five treatments and three replicates (20 eggs for each). Eggs were injected with different levels of corticosterone hormone as follows: Control group without injection, Sesame oil group: Injected with 5 &micro;l of sterile sesame oil only, Group 1: Injected with 0.25, Group 2: Injected with 0.5 and Group 3: Injected with one ng of corticosterone hormone dissolved with sterile sesame oil. The embryonic test was checked after 72 hours, 7 days, 14 days and 18 days of egg incubation. After hatching, hatchability from fertile eggs, early, intermediate and late embryonic mortality, life and dead pipped eggs as a percentage of fertile eggs were measured.<br />
<br />
<strong>Result:</strong> Results showed a significant increase (P&le;0.05) in embryo length for Group 1 and a significant decrease (P&le;0.05) in amniotic fluid and amniotic weight percentage for Group 2, a significant decrease (P&le;0.05) in amniotic fluid, amniotic sac membrane percentage, hatchability early embryonic mortality percentage for Group 3 compared with a control group. In conclusion, a high concentration of corticosterone hormone in Iraqi native chicken hatching eggs causes an increase in embryo length, amniotic fluid and amniotic weight percentage. Also, it causes a decrease in amniotic fluid, amniotic sac membrane percentage, hatchability and early embryonic mortality percentage.</div>


<p>Corticosterone <em>in ovo </em>Injection Effects on the Development of Iraqi Native Chicken Embryos</p>


<div><strong>Background:</strong> Endotracheal intubation for inhalation anaesthesia in pigs is not considered a good anaesthetic method as it is technically difficult because of oral anatomy and the presence of excess tissues in the oropharyngeal region. Moreover, the major limitation of inhalation anaesthesia is that it requires the use of a cumbersome and costly anaesthetic machine, including a suitable breathing system and vaporizer and is the exposure of operating-room personnel to the pollution in the ambient air. Therefore, the present study was undertaken to evaluate the effect of propofol, ketamine and their combination &lsquo;Ketofol&rsquo; as a TIVA in pigs.<br />
<br />
<strong>Methods:</strong> The study was conducted in eighteen piglets of either sex. The piglets were randomly divided into three groups with six animals in each group. All the three groups were premedicated with Atropine sulphate @ 0.04mg/kg body weight and Xylazine Hydrochloride @ 1mg/kg body weight I.M. and Medazolam @ 0.5mg/kg body weight I.M. with minimum forcible restraint as pre-anaesthetic. In group-I, propofol @ 5mg/kg body weight, in group-II, ketamine @ 5mg/kg body weight and in group-III, ketofol @ 4mg/kg body weight was administered intravenously for induction after 15 minutes of pre-anaesthetic administration. Surgical anaesthesia was maintained for 90 minutes in all three groups <em>viz</em>. group-I, group-II and group-III with propofol @ 2.5mg/kg, ketamine @ 2.5mg/kg and ketofol @ 2mg/kg body weight respectively by intermittent bolus injection (IBI) technique. Clinical and cardiopulmonary profiles were evaluated before administration of the anaesthetic agent (0 minutes) then at 15, 30, 60 and 90 minutes during and after administration of anaesthetic agents to evaluate their anaesthetic effect.<br />
<br />
<strong>Result:</strong> The study revealed that induction time (IT), duration of analgesia (DOA), duration of recumbency (DOR) and recovery time (RT) interval showed better result in the combination of ketamine and propofol group as compared to propofol and ketamine-induced individual group. The temperature and respiration rate was significantly decreased in all the groups at 30 minutes during TIVA whereas heart rate was significantly increased in all the groups at 15 minutes. The combination of ketamine and propofol group showed a consistent diastolic pressure and systolic pressure during the entire period of anaesthesia. The SPO<sub>2</sub> in the ketamine-induced group showed a significant decrease (P&lt;0.01) as compared to the propofol and ketofol group. It was concluded that the anaesthetic drug combinations resulted in smooth and uneventful induction with mild cardiopulmonary depressions and rapid recovery.</div>


<p>Anaesthetic Effects of Propofol, Ketamine and their Combination (Ketofol) as Total Intravenous Anaesthesia (TIVA) in Pigs</p>


<p><strong>Background:</strong> Intravenous urography is a contrast radiographic visualization of the renal parenchyma, pelvis, ureter as well as urinary bladder which overcomes the inherent limitations of plain survey radiography. In veterinary science, the positive contrast research often emphasizes on the usage of iodine concentration of the contrast agent but little attention is paid to its side effects. Therefore, the present study was conducted to assess and compare the systemic effects of non-ionic and ionic contrast agents following intravenous urography in healthy dogs.<br />
<br />
<strong>Methods: </strong>Twelve clinically healthy canines were randomly divided into groups I and II consisting of six animals of either sex in each. Both the contrast agents were administered at the same dose rate <em>i.e.</em> 1100 mg I/kg body weight and diluted with an equal amount of 5% dextrose saline solution intravenously over a period of 10-15 minutes under general anaesthesia. The physiological, haemato-biochemical parameters and urine analysis were investigated at (0 hr) and at 1 hr, 6 hr and 24 hrs interval.<br />
<br />
<strong>Result: </strong>Physiological parameters and haematological parameters revealed a non-significant decrease at 1 h following administration of non-ionic and ionic agent. Among biochemical parameters, serum glucose, ALT, AST and ALP showed non-significant variation except serum urea nitrogen and serum creatinine which increased significantly (p&lt;0.05) at 1 h following administration of contrast agent in both groups. Urine pH and specific gravity altered marginally. Absence of sediment and glucose in urine were recorded in all the animals of both the group I and II during observation period. There were transient changes in physiological, haemato-biochemical and urine parameters and compensated within 6 h as well as all parameters remained within physiological limits. These parameters provided data assess to evaluate the functional status of urinary system and adverse reaction/systemic effects of the contrast agents. Therefore, it can be concluded that intravenous urography using non-ionic and ionic contrast agents does not produce any adverse reaction or deleterious effect on vital organs and changes remained within physiological limits, thus both can be safely used @ 1100 mg I/kg in canine.</p>


<p>Assessment of Systemic Effects of&nbsp; Non-ionic and Ionic Contrast Agents Following Intravenous Urography in Healthy Dogs</p>


<div style="text-align: justify;">Hypothyroidism is a common disorder of small ruminants and is expected to alter the pharmacokinetics of drugs. Hypothyroidism was induced by feeding thiourea at the dose rate 50 mg.kg-1 daily for 28 days to goats. Disposition of lincomycin, after intravenous administration at dose rate 10 mg/kg, was investigated in hypothyroid goats to determine the potential dosage regimen against susceptible microorganisms. Blood samples were collected from 1 min to 24 h of drug administration. The drug was detected in plasma up to 8 h and lincomycin was rapidly distributed from blood to the tissue, as evidenced by the high value of the distribution coefficient (mean &plusmn; SEM) 12.3&plusmn;1.09 h-1. The large Vd (1.78&plusmn;0.18 L/kg) indicated vast tissue distribution of lincomycin in goats. The elimination half life, AUC and total body clearance were 3.99&plusmn; 0.25 h, 33.2&plusmn;1.71 &igrave;g.h/mL and 0.31&plusmn;0.02 L/h/kg, respectively. Based on results, lincomycin in hypothyroid goats is suggested to be repeated at 12 h interval for organisms sensitive to lincomycin having MIC up to 0.1 &micro;g.ml-1.</div>

Pharmacokinetics of Ceftiofur Sodium in Black-bone Silky Fowl after One Single Intravenous and Intramuscular Injection

Comparative Evaluation of Dexmedetomidine and Fentanyl Citrate as Preanaesthetic to Intravenous Zoletil Anaesthesia in Goats (Capra hircus)

The effects of in ovo pollen extract injection on growth parameters, ileal histomorphology and caecal microflora in fasted broiler chicks

Effect of in-ovo injection of glucose and egg white protein on the production performance and gut histomorphometry of broiler chicken

Distal Intravenous Regional Anaesthesia for Claw Diseases in Bovines

Effects of Propofol, Ketamine and their Combination (ketofol) as Total Intravenous Anesthesia (TIVA) on Haematological, Serum Biochemical and Hormonal Profile in the Surgical Management of Canine Patients

Corticosterone in ovo Injection Effects on the Development of Iraqi Native Chicken Embryos

Anaesthetic Effects of Propofol, Ketamine and their Combination (Ketofol) as Total Intravenous Anaesthesia (TIVA) in Pigs

Assessment of Systemic Effects of Non-ionic and Ionic Contrast Agents Following Intravenous Urography in Healthy Dogs

Disposition Kinetics of lincomycin following intravenous administration in hypothyroid goats