<div>Food allergy caused by red kidney bean (Phaseolus vulgaris L.) is of serious health concern and is mainly due to its phytohemagglutinins (PHA) content. PHA can enter the circulation after oral uptake and cause IgE mediated allergy. However, studies describing enhancement of nutritional quality of red kidney beans by targeting PHA are not reported. This study was carried out to identify, PHA-inhibitory molecules present in saliva secretions. Results describe that PHA can be effectively inhibited by salivary glycoproteins. Fractionation of salivary proteins by ammonium sulphate precipitation revealed that, PHA-inhibitory proteins can be specifically precipitated at 30-60% of ammonium sulphate saturation. Gel filtration chromatography and lectin-blot analysis of 30-60% ammonium sulphate fraction suggest that only high molecular weight glycoproteins can act as potent inhibitors of PHA. In conclusion, human saliva secretions contain inhibitory glycoproteins which can be used to inhibit PHA effectively. If these glycoproteins are purified to homogeneity, can be used as potent food supplements in order to neutralize allergic potential of PHA, thus increasing the nutritional value of red kidney beans.</div>


<div>Inhibitory activity of salivary glycoproteins on phytohemagglutins (PHA): Possible molecules to enhance nutritional quality of red kidney beans</div>


<div>Rice is a plant that has been intensively breed, especially in Asia, most of the population&rsquo;s staple food is rice. There were Many types of rice varieties have been developed for high yeald production. Different rice diseases arise that many treat to reduce production. Such as curvularia spotting disease caused by the fungus Curvularia sp. Infection of Curvularia species causing leaf spots, leaf blights, kernel root, grain deformation and other diseases are well known globally. It was discovered that the small brown oval spots on the Ciherang rice variety cultivated in Bali, Indonesia was caused by Curvularia verruculosa. This disease could reduce the rice yield up to almost 50%. The application of commercial fungicide by the local farmers has not been satisfactorily successful in term of controlling the disease but instead bring damages to the environment and the soil as well. Farmer&rsquo;s safety is also another serious issue. The current studi develop a natural and green fungicide to check the efficacy of Piper caninum extract against the fungi. Research in the laboratory uses a completely randomized design and research in the field uses a randomized group design.The method of making leaf extracts uses maceration method. Diffusion well technique showed a strong inhibition of the abstract against the C. verruculosa with 22mm inhibition. Zone with a total inhibition of 4% extract concentration. The minimum inhibitory concentration (MIC) was low of 0.5%. Scanning electron images of the treated fungi showed hollow and wrinkled mycelia morphology indicating lysis of the cell has occurred. P. caninum leaf extract at a concentration of 3% provides the highest obstacle to the intensity of C. verruculosa disease, whereas in the treatment of leaf extract concentration p. caninum 4% intensity of C. verrucuosa disease has decreased because rice plants are toxic at a concentration of 4%. Further research is needed regarding the treatment of P. caninum leaf extract against C. verruculosa in rice fields.</div>


<div>Inhibitory Activity of Piper Caninum Leaf Extract against Curvularia Spotting Disease on Rice Plants</div>


<div style="text-align: justify;">The phenolic compounds and radical scavenging activity of ethanolic extracts of five adzuki beans were evaluate according to cultivar. The predominant phenolic acids in five cultivars of adzuki bean were (+)-catechin and gallic acid. Antioxidant capacities were determined using 2,2-diphenyl-1-picrylhydrazyl and 2,2-azinobis (3-ethylbenothiazoline-6-sulphonic acid) diammonium salt, and reducing power was positively enhanced according to the total polyphenolic content. In a cell-based assay, adzuki beans showed cytoprotective effects against oxidative stress induced by tert-butyl hydroperoxide and inhibitory effects on the production of reactive oxygen species, except for the cultivar Vigna angularis var. nipponensis cv. Whinnarae. In conclusion, (+)-catechin was the predominant phenolic compound found in adzuki beans, but there were differences according to the cultivar. Overall, the adzuki bean cultivars showed different antioxidant activities and cytoprotective effects according to the concentration and composition of phenolic compounds.</div>

Phenolic compounds and antioxidant activity of adzuki bean cultivars

<div style="text-align:justify">Sodium caseinate fermented of Lactobacilli were studied for their antimicrobial activity. Out of the total 34 standard NCDC, 12 Lactobacillus cultures were selected on the basis of maximum proteolytic activity. Proteolytic property was used to study their antimicrobial activity against pathogenic and contaminating organism. This Lactobacillus was assessed for probiotic attributes. Proteolytic and probiotic strains are selected for studying antimicrobial activity using caseinate fermented. Cell free supernatant of Lactobacillus was tested for antimicrobial activity. Sodium caseinate (2.5 %) was prepared for fermentation; concentrated 10 fold at 60&deg;C was tested for antimicrobial activity against gram positive and gram negative bacteria, yeast and mold cultures. Lb. fermentum 141 had maximum antimicrobial activity as compared to other Lactobacillus and selected for further studies. Minimum inhibitory concentration of Lb 141 fermentate (MIC) against bacterial cultures was 100 &micro;g / ml whereas 120 and 150 &micro;g / ml for mold and yeast respectively. Sodium caseinate fermentate of Lb 141 showed bactericidal and fungicidal activity against a broad spectrum of microorganisms. Antimicrobial fermentate of Lb 141 may act as a natural preservative in milk food products against undesirable bacteria as well as yeast and molds.</div>

<div style="text-align: justify;">Antimicrobial activity of casein fermentate of probiotic <em>Lactobacillus</em> spp.</div>

<p><strong>Background:</strong> Four Aranda hybrids, including <em>Aranda Bangkhuntian Gold</em>, <em>A. Calypso</em>, <em>A. Royal Sapphire</em> and <em>A. Sayan Duangporn</em> were analyzed for their bioactive substances and antioxidative activities as commercial cut flowers with suggested medicinal properties.<br />
<br />
<strong>Methods:</strong> A completely randomized design was conducted for this study. Total flavonoids, total phenolics and 2,2&cent;-azinobis (3-ethylbenzothiazoline-6-sulfonic acid (ABTS), 2,2-diphenyl-1-picrylhydrazyl (DPPH) and ferrous ion (Fe (II)) radical scavenging activities were analyzed from the ethanoic extracts of four parts, including flower bud, blooming flowers, leaves and roots of the four Aranda cultivars. Furthermore, the dried powder samples were kept at room temperature (25-28&deg;C) or cool (5-7&deg;C) for six months to compare the bioactive substances and antioxidative activities after storage.&nbsp; &nbsp; &nbsp;&nbsp;<br />
<br />
<strong>Result:</strong> In most Aranda hybrids, the leaf ethanolic extracts had the highest total flavonoids and total phenolic contents range from 26.63-40.05 mg rutin equivalent (RUE)/g extract and 152.00-254.13 mg gallic acid equivalent (GAE)/g extract, respectively, which is remarkably different from the floral parts (bud or blooming flowers) that had only 8.00-20.80 mg RUE/g extract and 97.44-143.44 mg GAE/g extract, respectively. The highest ABTS and Fe (II) antioxidant activities were detected in the leaf part with 53.13-78.85% and 11.19-15.07%, respectively, while the inhibitory effect on DPPH of most Aranda hybrids was the highest in the root part (67.37-80.90%), which 1.13-2.78 folds higher than the floral parts. Compared among the four Aranda hybrids, the A. Bangkhuntian Gold had the highest leaf total phenolic content (291.67 mg GAE/g extract) and inhibitory activities on ABTS and DPPH in the root part, about 80.90-82.23%. At six months of dried sample storage at room temperature or in a refrigerator, the total phenolic contents, ABTS, DPPH and Fe (II) activities in all organs of most Aranda hybrids could maintain similar levels in both storage temperatures. In contrast, the total flavonoid contents of leaves and roots were more sensitive to room temperature since the level was markedly reduced.&nbsp;</p>


<p>Influence of Storage Temperature and Duration on Phytochemical Contents and Antioxidant Activities of the Inflorescence of Aranda Hybrids</p>


<p><strong>Background:</strong> As part of the valorization of Algerian medicinal flora, <em>Juniperus phoenicea</em> has attracted attention due to its diverse pharmacological properties. The current investigation aims to evaluate the phytochemical profile, antimicrobial potential and antioxidant activity of the methanolic extract of <em>J. phoenicea</em> leaves.<br />
<br />
<strong>Methods:</strong> <em>J. phoenicea</em>&rsquo;s methanolic extract was subjected to various phytochemical tests. Antimicrobial activity was tested against six conventional pathogenic bacterial strains and one fungal strain using the disc-diffusion technique. The minimum inhibitory concentration was determined using the agar dilution method. Antioxidant activity was estimated by DPPH radical scavenging assay.<br />
<br />
<strong>Result: </strong>The phytochemical screening of the methanolic extract indicated the presence of many secondary metabolite categories, including tannins, flavonoids, saponins and terpenoids. Antimicrobial activity was evaluated using the disc diffusion method and the bacterial strains <em>Staphylococcus aureus</em> and <em>Listeria monocytogenes</em> were shown to be the most sensitive. However, no antimicrobial activity was detected against <em>Pseudomonas aeruginosa,</em> <em>Escherichia coli</em> or the fungal strain <em>Candida albicans</em>. The minimal inhibitory concentration (MIC) was determined using the solid medium dilution technique and the results ranged from 1.56 to 12.5 mg/mL. The DPPH scavenging capability indicated that the methanolic extract has modest antioxidant activity, with an IC50 value of 0.82 mg/mL.</p>


<p>Phytochemical Screening, Antimicrobial and Antioxidant Activity of Methanolic Extract of <em>Juniperus phoenicea</em> Leaves</p>


<p><strong>Background: </strong><em>Teucrium polium</em> L. has an essential place in traditional medicine throughout the world. Their use, based on empirical knowledge passed down from generation to generation, has helped to treat a multitude of illnesses and relieve a variety of symptoms. These traditional practices have laid the foundations for modern research, which seeks to understand the significant antibacterial properties. The bioactive compounds present in the plant, such as essential oils and polyphenols, have demonstrated antimicrobial activity against a wide range of pathogenic bacteria. This includes bacteria responsible for gastrointestinal, skin and respiratory infections.<br />
&nbsp;<br />
<strong>Methods: </strong>The focus of this study was the extraction of essential oils from the aerial portions of <em>Teucrium polium L</em>. <em>via</em> the hydrodistillation method, their anti-oxidant effect using the 2,2-diphenyl-1-picrylhydrazyl (DPPH) free radical scavenging assay method and iron reduction and antimicrobial activity of these essential oils was evaluated against seven ATCC bacterial strains: <em>Staphylococcus aureus</em> ATCC25923, <em>Escherichia coli</em> ATCC25922, <em>Salmonella typhimurium</em> ATCC10428, <em>Pseudomonas aeruginosa</em> ATCC27853, <em>Enterococcus faecalis</em> ATCC29212, <em>Klebsiella pneumoniae</em> ATCC700603 and <em>Bacillus subtilis</em> ATCC7033. In addition, the minimum inhibitory concentrations (MICs) were determined by incorporation method. These tests were carried out at the Laboratoires de the analytical chemistry laboratory at the Department of Pharmacy, Badji Mokhtar University, Annaba, Algeria.<br />
&nbsp;<br />
<strong>Result: </strong>The hydro distillation method yielded an essential oil of 0.45%. Antimicrobial activity was tested by the sensitivity test, which revealed inhibition zone diameters ranging from 11.5 mm to &pound;20 mm. In addition, minimum inhibitory concentrations (MICs) were determined, showing variations between bacterial strains, suggesting potential therapeutic importance for some strains. Additionally, the antioxidant activity of the essential oils was assessed using the iron-reducing capacity assay and the DPPH free radical scavenging assay. Although the results indicated notable antioxidant potential, the IC50 values obtained were relatively high when compared to ascorbic acid, registering 107.38 mg/ml for iron reduction and 91.62 mg/ml for DPPH reduction. These findings contribute to the exploration of the therapeutic potential of <em>Teucrium polium</em> L. essential oils for their antimicrobial and antioxidant properties.</p>


<p>Evaluation of Biological Activity of Essential Oil from <em>Teucrium polium</em> L.</p>


<div><strong>Background:</strong> Plant allelopathy refers to the release of chemicals from plants or microorganisms into the environment, may have direct or indirect, beneficial or harmful effects on other plants or microorganisms. When plants grow in an unfavorable environment,<br />
more allelochemicals will be secreted and the expression of allelopathic effects will increase, giving plants a certain competitive advantage. Hairy vetch is one of the most promising allelopathic crops and the aqueous extract of hairy vetch has an inhibitory effect on the root length and seedling height of grass crops. The current study aimed to study the allelopathic effect of hairy vetch on alfalfa, and exploring an ecological method to remove the root system of alfalfa.<br />
<br />
<strong>Methods:</strong> In this experiment, the allelopathic effects of the seeds, stems and leaves, roots extracts and root exudates (0, 3, 6, 9 and 12 mg&middot;mL-1) on the seed germination and seedling growth of alfalfa were evaluated. And the main allelopathic substances from the stem and leaf extract were isolated and identified using high performance liquid chromatography- mass spectrometry (HPLC-MS).<br />
<br />
<strong>Result:</strong> The results showed that all of the extracts can inhibit alfalfa seed germination and seedling growth and stem and leaf extract had the strongest inhibitory effect, especially for inhibiting the root growth. A main allelochemical substance, o-coumaric acid, was screened out and the root length of alfalfa was completely inhibited at 1.6 mg&middot;mL-1 of o-coumaric acid. The findings of these experiments show hairy vetch has strong allelopathic effect on alfalfa and o-coumaric acid is a chemical growth inhibitor.</div>


<div>Allelopathic Potency and an Active Substance from Hairy Vetch</div>


<div>A recent survey has demonstrated that traditional healers and herbalists frequently use Nelumbo nucifera plant to treat diabetes. The plant investigated here has been previously reported as natural folk medicine, but until now no scientific investigation of potential anti-diabetic effects have been reported. Plant leaves of Nelumbo nucifera were screened out for quantitative analysis of phytochemicals, in-vitro anti-diabetic activity (Alpha-amylase inhibitory assay) and In-vivo anti-diabetic assay of animals (rabbits). Quantitative analysis indicates that different phytochemicals were present in plant leaves extract/fractions. In-vitro antidiabetic analysis results poses that butanol fraction is significantly more active than other fractions or extract in antihyperglycemic activity with minimum IC50 value of 8.56&micro;g/ml. For In-vivo anti-diabetic assay, animals (rabbits) were examined and animals were divided into 10 groups and except blank group all were treated with standard and plant extracts/fractions doses (25mg and 50mg per Kg body weight) as an aqueous suspension. Their blood sugar level was thoroughly recorded with a glucometer before the administration of sample and standard drug. Alloxan Monohydrate was administrated orally (as an ice-cold water solution) at dose rate 150mg/kg body weight for one week to make animals hyperglycemic. In-vivo analysis indicates that butanol fraction is the most active fraction in antihyperglycemic activity. So Leaves of N. nucifera can be used as antidiabetic remedy. So, it is strongly recommended that N. nucifera leaves should be elucidated further for isolation of active phytochemicals. &nbsp;</div>


<div>Phytochemical Screening, In-vitro and In-vivo Anti-diabetic Activity of <em>Nelumbo nucifera</em> Leaves against Alloxan-Induced Diabetic Rabbits</div>


Diabetes mellitus, one of the non-communicable diseases, is still the seriously problem due to leading the causes of death in the developed countries. Therefore it is important to identify novel nutraceuticals or drugs for curing or preventing diabetes because the existing synthetic drugs have several limitations. Traditional medicinal plants and medicinal mushrooms are used in the treatment of diabetes mellitus more than century, but only a few of these have proofed their safe and efficacy. Aim of this review article is focused Ophiocordyceps sinensis one of the edible and medicinal mushrooms used for therapeutic effects and antioxidant activities. It contains several kinds of polysaccharides, proteins, nitrogen compounds, fatty acids, phenolic acids, and isoflavones. Many researches have evaluated that these phytochemical substances have the major impact on diabetes mellitus. This review focuses on the antihyperglycemic activity of this mushroom and clears that it has the potential to be considered as a candidate for preparing the new treatment of diabetes mellitus.

Inhibitory activity of salivary glycoproteins on phytohemagglutins (PHA): Possible molecules to enhance nutritional quality of red kidney beans

Inhibitory Activity of Piper Caninum Leaf Extract against Curvularia Spotting Disease on Rice Plants

Phenolic compounds and antioxidant activity of adzuki bean cultivars

Antimicrobial activity of casein fermentate of probiotic Lactobacillus spp.

Influence of Storage Temperature and Duration on Phytochemical Contents and Antioxidant Activities of the Inflorescence of Aranda Hybrids

Phytochemical Screening, Antimicrobial and Antioxidant Activity of Methanolic Extract of Juniperus phoenicea Leaves

Evaluation of Biological Activity of Essential Oil from Teucrium polium L.

Allelopathic Potency and an Active Substance from Hairy Vetch

Phytochemical Screening, In-vitro and In-vivo Anti-diabetic Activity of Nelumbo nucifera Leaves against Alloxan-Induced Diabetic Rabbits

Antihyperglycemic activity of Ophiocordyceps sinensis: A Review