Secondary metabolite contents of W. somnifera varied remarkably between seasons and genotypes under ex vitro condition. In vitro studies provide an optimum culture condition for steady and quality production of bioactive chemicals throughout the year without involvement of environmental stresses. Mass production of micro-shoots and plantlets by exploring the organogenic totipotency of shoot tip explants (ex vitro and in vitro grown) considering two elite genotypes (Poshita and Jawahar 22) of W. somnifera, and assessment of their capability in production and accumulation of bioactive metabolites (total alkaloid and withanolides amount were quantified; withanolide A and withaferin A contents were estimated by High Performance Liquid Chromatography-HPLC).

Biochemical study of root extract of Withania somnifera (L.)&nbsp;plant through HPLC analysis&nbsp;

The aims of the study was to improve quality of cocoa bans by fermentation of sun dried cocoa beans. The characteric fermented cocoa beans was determined by maesuring amino acids cocoa beans during fermentation. The fermentation process used 3 level treatment i.e. control (without inoculum), mixed culture of microbies added at the begining fermentation. Regulated temperature during fermentation, respectively 35 &deg; C (24 hours), 45 &deg; C (24 second clock), 55 &deg; C (24- hour three) and 35 &deg; C (last 48 hours) and then fermentation was conducted for 120 hours. The result show all cocoa beans total amino acids hydrophobic increase during fermentation from 7.21 to 7.46 &igrave;g/g for control, 8.19 to 8.26 &igrave;g/g for addition of inoculum at begining of fermentation and from &nbsp;7.56 to 8.74 &igrave;g/g for addition of inoculum at the begining and midle of fermentation.&nbsp;

Amino acid analysis of cocoa fermented by high performance&nbsp;liquid chromatography &nbsp;(HPLC)

Background: The study focuses on the degradation of two pesticides, Thiamethoxam and Acetamiprid, that belong to the Neonicotinoid chemical group. This group is known for its water solubility, making these pesticides possible pollutants in agricultural settings. A research study aimed to estimate the residues of the pesticides Acetamiprid and Thiamethoxam in the soil of the Cabbage crop. 
&nbsp; 
Methods: Fields on the cabbage crop, Globe master variety, with an area of 30 x 5 m&sup2;. The soil was preparedand the seedlings were moved from the appellant to the experimental field in three rows, during the autumn season for year 2023, Were used in the experiment Two concentrations of the pesticide acetamiprid, the recommended concentration 0.5 g/L and double the concentration 1 g/L, For Thiamethoxam, used at concentrations of 0.3 g/L and 0.6 g/L. 
&nbsp; 
Result: The findings revealed that Acetamiprid, at concentrations of 0.5 g/L and 1 g/L, decreased significantly over time. One-hour post-application, the residues measured 21.46 mg/kg for the lower concentration and 38.10 mg/kg for the higher concentration. These amounts further declined to 5.83 mg/kg on the ideal full degradation dayand the device could no longer detect the pesticide in subsequent days. After ten days, the highest detectable residue was 3.76 mg/kg. While Thiamethoxam, the residues one hour after application were 1.41 mg/kg and 8.87 mg/kg, respectively. These levels continued to decrease, reaching 5.2 mg/kg by the fifth day. After seven days, only a double concentration of 9.9 mg/kg remained detectable. The recovery rates for Acetamiprid and Thiamethoxam were 90% and 86%, respectively, indicating the efficiency of the methods used to analyze the pesticide residues in the soil samples. 
&nbsp;

Estimating the Degradation of the Pesticides Acetamiprid and Thiamethoxam in the Agricultural Soil of the Cabbage Crop using HPLC Technique

Background: Peach [Prunus persica (L.) Batsch] fruits are good source of phenolic compounds, vitamins and organic acids. Low chill peach cultivars require low chilling hour for bud burst and growth. 
 
Methods: Seven phenolic compounds, four vitamins and six organic acids were profiled in eight low chill peach cultivars at edible ripe stage using HPLC-PDA and evaluated using multivariate analysis.&nbsp; 
 
Result: Gallic acid, chlorogenic acid and catechin were the most predominant phenolic components, ascorbic acid and niacin were the major vitamins and citric acid and malic acid were the prevalent organic acids in all peach cultivars. Though not a single low chill peach cultivar possessed all the nutraceuticals in good amount, Sharbati Surkha and Sharbati contained maximum amounts of total of identified phenolic components (1472.20 and 1306.89 &micro;g/g, respectively), whilst Sharbati, Sharbati Surkha and Pant Peach-1 had maximum amounts of total of identified vitamins (368.22, 341.48 and 335.13 &micro;g/g, respectively). Total of identified organic acids were recorded maximum in Pant Peach-1, Pratap, Shan-e-Punjab and Sharbati Surkha (21.12, 18.70, 18.56 and 17.66 mg/g, respectively). Sharbati Surkha was the best cultivar overall while other cultivars could be used either for fresh consumption or for imparting flavor in peach based processed products.

Screening of Low Chill Peaches Grown under Indian Subtropics for Phenolic Compounds, Vitamins and Organic Acids

<div>Background: One of the most commonly cultivated plant is Moringa oleifera because it has high medicinal in South India and nutritional values. The phytochemicals in it are widely used for the rapeutic purposes. It has a high economic value because of its usefulness traditionally and has a vast number of bioactive compounds. Phenol is one of the most common antimicrobial compounds found in the seeds of M. oleifera.&nbsp; 
 
Methods: In this study we aim to analyse Total Phenolic Compound (TPC) and to observe its antimicrobial activity. Seed extracts were prepared using ethanol in Soxhlet apparatus for 36 hrs. The quantification of phenolic compound was done by spectrophotometric method using gallic acid as standard. The crude extract was characterized by HPLC and FTIR, showed that it contained phenol compounds confirmed by specific peak in some areas. FTIR and showed that it contained phenol compounds confirmed by specific peak in some areas. FTIR revealed the following bonds: 3280.92 cm-1 (O&ndash;H groups of phenols), 2922.16 cm-1 (C-H groups of phenols), 1544.98 cm-1 (C=O carbonyl&nbsp;group) and 1230.58 (C-O group of phenol) and 1743.65 cm-1 (C=C group of aromatic compounds). Whereas HPLC analysis of and library search confirmed peaks matches with Gallic acid standard. Moringa seeds were characterized by FTIR before extracted. Therefore the highest Total Phenolic Compound found to be 11.85 mg GAE/g (Gallic Acid Equivalent) was reached at 1: 5 ethanol solvent ratio and 3 days extraction time. 
 
Conclusion: This M. oleifera extract showed antimicrobial activity against Pseudomonas aeruginosa (MTCC 1688), Bacillus subtilis (MTCC&nbsp;8561), Staphylococcus aureus (MTCC&nbsp;3160) and Proteus mirabilis (MTCC&nbsp;3310). The anti-microbial activity of the M. oleifera seed is due to the presence of various phytochemicals like phenols. Also it exhibits, a broad-spectrum antimicrobial activity that proves further research is needed to elucidate other bioactive compounds over other pathogens.</div>

<div>Investigation on the Phenolic Content in Moringa oleifera and Its Antimicrobial Activity</div>

<div>Background: Olive leaves are of great interest, especially in traditional medicine. The polyphenols contained in olive leaves play an important role in this respect, as they have anti-carcinogenic, anti-inflammatory and anti-microbial properties. Olive leaves share phenolic compounds with other plants, but they also contain phenolic compounds belonging to the Oleaceae family.&nbsp; 
 
Methods: We report the determination of phenolic compounds in olive leaves by HPLC and the evaluation of their in vitro activity against several microorganisms that may be causal agents of human intestinal and respiratory tract infections, Staphylococcus aureus, Bacillus cereus, Escherichia coli, Pseudomonas aeruginosa, Klebsiella pneumonia, Enterobacter cloacae, Proteus mirabilis and Salmonella typhimurium. 
 
Result: The results reveal that the olive leaves may constitute a good source of antimicrobial agents. The high performance liquid chromatography (HPLC) analysis showed the presence of five phenolic compounds: oleuropein, ascorbic acid, rutin, catechinand verbascoside and for the first time ascorbic acid. At low concentrations, olive leaf extracts showed an unusual antibacterial action, which suggests their great potential as nutraceuticals, particularly as a source of phenolic compounds.</div>

Phenolic Compounds and Antimicrobial Activity of Olive (Olea europaea L.) Leaves

<div>The present study was undertaken to determine the residues of norfloxacin in muscle, liver and kidney of broiler chicken. On the basis of surveillance study, commonly used antibiotic norfloxacin was selected for quantifying the concentration in broiler chicken meat samples. The HPLC system was equipped with photodiode array and C18 hypersil column. The mobile phase consisting of 1 ml Ortho phosphoric acid (85 per cent v/v), 100 ml water HPLC grade with acitonitrile HPLC grade, 87:12 (v/v) then pH was adjusted to 2.0 with triethylamine HPLC Grade. The results indicated that out of 180 samples analysed, 3 liver samples of target stations, viz. T3, T6 and T10 were found positive for norfloxacin residues with concentrations of 2.00, 2.60 and 2.31 &micro;g/kg, respectively. Samples collected from other target stations did not show residual concentration of norfloxacin in muscle, liver and kidney samples.</div>

<div>Detection of Norfloxacin in Muscle, Liver and Kidney of Broiler Chicken</div>

Background: This study evaluates the detoxification potential of&nbsp;Lacticaseibacillus rhamnosus&nbsp;B1, isolated from artisanal ewe milk butter in Laghouat, Algeria, against ochratoxin A (OTA) through both degradation and adsorption mechanisms. 
&nbsp; 
Methods: API 50 CHL carbohydrate fermentation profiling and 16S rRNA gene sequencing were used to identify the strain studied in this work. HPLC with C18 reversed-phase column was used to analyze OTA. 
&nbsp; 
Result: The isolate was confirmed as Lacticaseibacillus rhamnosus&nbsp;B1 (GenBank accession number PV577804). In degradation assays,&nbsp;L. rhamnosus&nbsp;B1 reduced OTA by 25% after 7 days at 37&deg;C in MRS broth (1 &micro;g/ml OTA), producing 0.250 &micro;g/ml of the less toxic ochratoxin alpha (OT&alpha;), as confirmed by HPLC analysis (&lambda;exc = 333 nm, &lambda;em = 460 nm). Adsorption experiments revealed that dead cells adsorbed 80% of OTA (0.800 &micro;g/ml in pellet) at pH 3.5 after 1 hour, while live cells achieved a 50% adsorption rate (0.500 &micro;g/ml in pellet) under identical conditions. HPLC chromatograms highlighted OTA peaks at ~6.9 minutes, with minor peaks at ~2 minutes, suggesting the presence of impurities. The stability of OTA binding to bacterial biomass was found to be pH-dependent, with acidic conditions enhancing adsorption, possibly due to interactions with cell wall components such as peptidoglycans. These findings demonstrate&nbsp;the dual role of L. rhamnosus&nbsp;B1 in OTA detoxification and support its potential application in mycotoxin mitigation strategies for food safety. 
&nbsp;

Adsorption and Biodegradation of Ochratoxin A by&nbsp;Lacticaseibacillus rhamnosus B1 Isolated from Algerian Dairy Products

<div>Background: The Botrytis gray mold (BGM) caused by Botrytis cinerea Pers. ex Fr., has become a major threat for chickpea cultivation in India. In view of monetary significance of this disease and growing its spread into new regions through seed and soil (sclerotia) encouraged us to study variability of this pathogen from diverse regions. 
 
Methods: Botrytis cinerea infected chickpea samples were collected from Punjab and Uttarakhand states. Pathogen was isolated using chickpea dextrose agar media. Pathogenicity was proved by inoculation of spore suspension (3x105 spores&rsquo;mL-1) of the fungus on susceptible cultivar. In vitro studies were conducted for observations of morphological and cultural variability of the fungus. The pathogenic fungus was also identified through molecular characterization using ITS primers.&nbsp; 
 
Result: The isolates were categorized into different groups based on growth rate of the pathogen on PDA media. Pathogenicity test proved that B. cinerea isolates from Punjab were showed less disease severity scale compared to Uttarakhand state isolates. The B. cinerea fungus prefers PDA for efficient growth and multiplication than Chickpea Dextrose Agar (CDA) media. There was no conspicuous difference in colour of the colony on PDA and CDA media. The colour of the mycelium were initially white or dirty white or greyish and sporulated culture shown to have as grey with profuse mass on the surface of the mycelium. The fungus B. fabae, a different species was also responsible for causing BGM disease which was confirmed through pathogenicity and ITS sequencing. Twenty-eight isolates were studied for diversity in cultural, morphological and molecular level. The diversity in colony colour, growth type and diameter of mycelial growth, sclerotia initiation, number and pattern of sclerotia formation were observed amongst the isolates. This study would help in designing breeding strategy for development of disease resistant cultivars.</div>

Morphological and Molecular Diversity of Botrytis cinerea Infecting Chickpea in India

<div>Background: India has very rich diversity of medicinal plants. Medicinal plants are thought to be a rich source of ingredients that can be used in the development of pharmaceutical or synthetic drugs. Aside from that, these plants play an important role in the development of human drug all over the world. Whether in modern or traditional medicine, medicinal plants are used to maintain health, to treat a specific condition, or both. Nardostachys is one of the most important medicinal plant having several therapeutic properties. It is threatened in its natural habitat due to over exploitation for therapeutic purposes and high demand in the traditional medicine system. Keeping these points in mind, we attempted to investigate alternative uses of in vitro grown plants in place of wild plants without disrupting plant-based therapeutics and market demand. And then compare the root extract of the Nardostachys jatamansi plant&rsquo;s antioxidant and flavonoid levels under in vitro and natural growth conditions. 
 
Methods: Nardostachys jatamansi is a plant that is widely used in traditional medicine systems. Because of its wide spread use in traditional medicine, this plant is considered endemic. In our study, we compare of antioxidant quality and Flavonoid amount of Natural and in vitro propagated Nardostachys jatamansi. Firstly we cultivated in vitro plants from Nardostachys jatamansi nodal explants for comparative analysis. The methanol extract of in vitro grown and wild-type plant root extract was then prepared using the maceration method. The extract was subjected to a comparative DPPH method to determine the presence of antioxidant potential in natural and in vitro grown plants. Furthermore, the HPLC analysis was used to detect and quantify the amount of Quercetin in both natural and in vitro propagated plants.&nbsp; 
 
Result: When grown in vitro at a higher concentration, the roots of Nardostachys jatamansi have greater antioxidant potential than when they are grown naturally. They demonstrated antioxidant DPPH radical scavenging activity, with an IC50 value of 29.55 &micro;g/ml for in vitro generated plants and 24.18 &micro;g/ml for naturally grown plants. The concentration of Quercetin (mg/ml) for natural plant species is 1.95 and for in vitro propagate plant is 1.83. The HPLC analysis presents distinct peaks, with the main peaks having retention time for standard Quercetin (10.38) in the natural plant (10.34) and in vitro grown plants (10.32). In the end, natural-type species that had been produced in vitro were used to obtain the potential of micro propagated plants. The DPPH test and flavonoid were tested on the root extract of natural and in vitro plants. Both plants displayed promising antioxidant activity and an HPLC study identified the Quercetin component.</div>

Biochemical study of root extract of Withania somnifera (L.) plant through HPLC analysis

Amino acid analysis of cocoa fermented by high performance liquid chromatography (HPLC)

Estimating the Degradation of the Pesticides Acetamiprid and Thiamethoxam in the Agricultural Soil of the Cabbage Crop using HPLC Technique

Screening of Low Chill Peaches Grown under Indian Subtropics for Phenolic Compounds, Vitamins and Organic Acids

Investigation on the Phenolic Content in Moringa oleifera and Its Antimicrobial Activity

Phenolic Compounds and Antimicrobial Activity of Olive (Olea europaea L.) Leaves

Detection of Norfloxacin in Muscle, Liver and Kidney of Broiler Chicken

Adsorption and Biodegradation of Ochratoxin A by Lacticaseibacillus rhamnosus B1 Isolated from Algerian Dairy Products

Morphological and Molecular Diversity of Botrytis cinerea Infecting Chickpea in India

Comparison of Antioxidant Properties and Flavonoid of Natural and in vitro Cultivated Nardostachys jatamansi