<div style="text-align: justify;">Asthenozoospermia puzzled poultry industry and little known about its characteristics. To explore the histological etiology of asthenozoospermia, we measured the sperm quality index (SQI) and Piwil1 expression in the testes of three types of asthenozoospermia roosters: field, artificial and normal. The SQI of field and artificial roosters was inferior to normal roosters. Further, busulfan could reduce sperm quality. Histological examination showed that the spermatids and spermatocyte of the seminiferous tubule was stripped layer-by-layer in field and artificial roosters. The absolute expression of Piwi11 in the normal group was significantly higher than that in the other two groups, and decreased with time. Piwi11 transcript expression rapidly decreased after 7 days post-injection (dpi); the lowest level was 13 dpi and did not change thereafter. Overall, our results indicate that busulfan causes structural damage to the seminiferous tubules, which can lead to asthenozoospermia, and that Piwil1 gene is a marker gene of asthenozoospermia.</div>

Histological verification of seminiferous tubule structure injury a cause of asthenozoospermia in chicken

Background: Scylla serrata is a high-value aquaculture species is widely farmed in Asia due to its adaptability and market demand. Among crucial environmental parameters, salinity has a significant impact on development, osmoregulation, digestive efficiency and overall growth performance. Although the larval and juvenile phases have been the main focus of earlier research, the effects of salinity under controlled conditions have also been examined. Thus, standardizing the ideal salinity for the grow-out stage is the objective of this study. 
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Methods: A controlled eight-week experiment was carried out to assess the effects of three salinity regimes (25, 30 and 35 ppt) on the growth performance, digestive enzyme activity and tissue histology of S. serrata. Mud crabs (400.00&plusmn;10.00 g) were stocked in triplicate groups and fed a natural diet. 
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Result: The study observed better growth performance and survival in 30 ppt salinity group. The significantly highest weight gain (74.51&plusmn;4.78 g), weight gain % (18.13&plusmn;1.29%) and average daily growth (1.24&plusmn;0.08 g/day) were observed in 30 ppt compared to 25 and 35 ppt treatments. Digestive enzyme activities also showed significant differences (p&lt;0.05) among treatments in both hepatopancreas and midgut tissues, with the highest activities observed in the 30 ppt (T2). Histologically, midgut structure remained unchanged by treatments; however, hepatopancreas tissues at 35 ppt revealed cellular abnormalities, including sloughed microvillar structures and restricted tubular lumens, indicating salt-induced stress. Water quality measurements remained within optimum ranges, while hardness and alkalinity changed dramatically with salt levels. A salinity level of 30 ppt enhances ideal growth, feed utilization and physiological integrity in S. serrata while minimizing histological damage. These findings highlight the importance of salinity management in mud crab aquaculture and support the selection of 30 ppt as the best practice salinity regime for sustainable and efficient production. 
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Effect of Salinity Regimes on Growth Performance, Digestive Enzyme Activity and Histological Structure of Scylla serrata&nbsp;

The histological and histochemical structure of lingual salivary glands in mole rat (Spalax leucodon) were studied using histochemical staining techniques to provide information of its salivary glands. A total of five adult mole rat (Spalax leucodon) were used as the material. It was observed that serous and mucous glands are placed in the root of the tongue. It was detected that although the mucous gland cells were rich in terms of AB pH 0.5, 1.0, 2.5 and AF (+) mucosubstance, the PAS and KOH/PAS mucosubstances showed very weak reaction, and this mucosubstances were present at a very less amount in serous gland cells. &nbsp;In the PAS/AB staining, it was found that the serous and mucous gland cells showing only AB or only PAS reaction and also AB AB pH 2.5 (+) cells were found. The same findings were observed in serous glands by AF/AB staining. Consequently, the present study demonstrated characteristic features of the lingual salivary glands of the mole rat, and it revealed histological and histochemical data both in accordance with and different from that for the lingual salivary glands of mammals and other species.

Histological and histochemical structure of lingual salivary&nbsp;glands in mole rat (Spalax leucodon)

Background: The aim of this study was to investigate the effects of dietary vitamin and mineral deficiency and darkness on growth performance, femur size, mineralization and bone microstructure in broiler chickens.&nbsp; 
 
Methods: 120 male Cobb 500 chicks were randomly assigned to three groups, including a control group and two experimental groups (1st group on a vitamins and minerals deficient diet, 2nd group reared in total darkness), with 40 subjects per group from day 7. Daily calculations of average weight and weight gain were performed and morphological and histomorphometric measurements of the femur were performed on days 28, 35 and 42. 
 
Result: The results revealed that the experimental groups showed a significant decrease in growth performance, body weight and weight gain (P&lt;0.05) compared to the control group. In addition, a reduction in bone mineralization (weight and ash percentage) and altered bone microarchitecture were observed in the experimental groups. These results indicated that vitamin and mineral complex deficiencies in feed and darkness negatively affected growth performance and trophic and morpho-histological aspects of long bones in broilers. The results of this study may have significant implications for the poultry industry, as they highlights the need to consider factors such as nutrition and lighting conditions when rearing broiler chickens for optimal growth and health. In conclusion, the present study provides valuable insights into the effects of dietary deficiencies of the vitamin-mineral complex and darkness on broiler growth and bone development.&nbsp;

Effects of a Diet Low in Vitamin and Mineral Complex and Darkness on the Growth Performance, Mineralization and Femur Histological Structure of Broiler Chickens

Background: The Achilles tendon (tendo calcaneus communis) is a critical structure for movement, transmitting force from muscle contraction to the skeletal system. Understanding its biomechanical and histological properties is essential for veterinary medicine, biomechanics and tendon injury research. While previous studies have examined Achilles tendon adaptation in various species, limited research has compared the structural and functional differences between right and left tendons. This study aims to analyze and compare the biomechanical properties of right and left Achilles tendons in rabbits, focusing on tensile strength, elongation and stiffness. 
 
Methods: Six adult, healthy male New Zealand rabbits were used in this study. A total of 12 Achilles tendons (both right and left) were dissected and analyzed. Biomechanical testing was performed using a SHIMADZU AG-X 50 kN Autograph device, measuring failure force, elongation and stiffness. Additionally, histological analysis was conducted using Crossman&rsquo;s triple staining technique to examine structural differences between the tendons. 
 
Result: The results indicated that right Achilles tendon exhibited significantly higher tensile strength than left tendon. The mean failure force for right tendons was 408.53 N, while left tendon had a lower mean failure force of 337.45 N. Similarly, right tendon showed greater elongation and stiffness, suggesting higher mechanical resilience. These findings align with previous research on tendon adaptation to mechanical stress and provide insights into functional differences between tendon structures. This study highlights the biomechanical asymmetry of Achilles tendons in rabbits, which may be relevant for tendon rehabilitation strategies and experimental tendon models.

Structural and Functional Evaluation of Achilles Tendons in Rabbits: A Biomechanical Perspective

<div>Background: Rabbit farming provides a valuable additional source of income in the rural areas of the county. Skin is the largest organ in the body and the hair coat forms the first line of defense against the invading pathogenic organisms as well as the physical environment. So far, no detailed comparative study has been conducted on the skin of various breeds of rabbits. Hence, the present work was undertaken to compare the structure and distribution of hair follicles in different breeds of rabbits commonly reared in Kerala. 
 
Methods: The study was conducted on the skin of six breeds of rabbits namely, Soviet Chinchilla, New Zealand White, Grey Giant, White Giant, Angora and crossbred. In total, 36 animals were used for the study. From each animal, skin samples were collected from eight representative areas of the body viz., dorsal nasal region, pinna, dorsal neck, dorsal thorax, dorsal abdomen, ventral abdomen, perineal and carpal regions. Standard procedures were adopted for histological studies. 
 
Result: All the six breeds of rabbits showed compound hair follicles with primary and secondary follicles with associated sebaceous glands. Arrangement of hair follicles showed differences among the breeds. There was no difference in the histology of hair/hair follicle among the breeds. This work will form a basis for further breed specific research in the area of fur and leather industry and skin penetration studies.</div>

<div>Histology of Hair Follicles in Different Breeds of Rabbits</div>

Background: The liver, the main organ in the continuity of energy supply, is the largest gland in the body. The liver, which has functions such as cleansing the body from toxins, synthesizing bile, secreting the synthesized bile and regulating metabolism, acts as an endocrine and exocrine gland. The liver is a complex organ that processes the digested and absorbed substances, stores them for the benefit of other organs or transfers them to the circulatory system, thus creating a transition zone between the digestive system and the circulatory system. The aim of this study is to examine the Chinese goose (Anser cygnoides) liver Anatomically, Histologically and by Transmission Electron Microscopy (TEM). 
 
Methods: In this study Chinese geese (Anser cygnoides) were procured from a private farm in Aksaray, 6 females and 6 males, were utilized.&nbsp; 
 
Result: Tissue samples were examined under a light microscope with Hematoxylin Eosin (HE) staining method. Histologically, it was observed that the liver in Chinese goose (Anser cygnoides) did not have the typical lobule structure, consisted of many lobules and the interlobular septum was thin. Hepatocytes were oval and centrally located and merged to form remark cords and these remark cords were separated by sinusoids. Kupffer cells were present. Lymph nodules were intensely observed in the examined tissues. Bile duct, arteria hepatica and vena porta forming the Kiernan&rsquo;s space were found. It was determined that each unit with the vena centralis was similar to the lobule structure. Healthy mitochondrial structures and heterochromatic-appearing hepatocytes and Kupffer cells were observed electron microscopically. The nucleus of the hepatocyte was round and euchromatic, the nuclear membrane was healthy and intact and the nucleolus was centrally located. The cytoplasm contained a very small number of small vacuoles. It was observed that the cytoplasm was homogeneously distributed. Mitochondria were normal in appearance, with regular double membranes and healthy cristae. A very prominent bile duct and a healthy endoplasmic reticulum structure were observed.

Anatomical, Histological and Transmission Electron Microscopic Examination of Liver in Chinese Goose (Anser cygnoides)

<div>Background: The farmers are rearing duck in small scale in semi intensive system without investing more capital but it contributes a major part to uplift the socio-economic condition of the rural poor people of Assam. The Pati duck (Anas platyrhynchos domesticus) population constitutes a major indigenous non-descript economically important duck variety in the state of Assam. The Harderian gland acts as a part of the head associated lymphoid tissue (HALT) and provides local innate immunity to the upper respiratory system,&nbsp;to the eye and oral cavity. Since literature on histological study of Harderian gland of Pati duck is scant, hence the present study was designed to establish the basic histological details on Harderian gland at different stages of postnatal development of Pati duck of Assam. 
 
Methods: The present study was conducted on total forty five (45) numbers Pati duck of Assam at different stages of postnatal development. The experimental birds were brought to the Department of Anatomy and Histology, College of Veterinary Science, Assam Agricultural University, Khanapara, Guwahati-22 and was sacrificed according to the method of Gracy (1986). For histological study the tissue samples from the Harderian gland of all the age group were fixed in 10% neutral buffered formalin solution and processed to prepare paraffin blocks as per the procedure described by Luna (1968). The paraffin blocks were sectioned in Shandon Finesse microtome in 5 &micro;m thickness and the sections were stained by different methods as described by Luna (1968).&nbsp; 
 
Result: The Harderian gland of Pati duck had a capsule, the thickness of the capsule of the Harderian gland was increased slightly along the advancement of the age. The capsular connective tissue penetrated the parenchyma of the Harderian gland in the form of septa. The collagen, reticular, elastic and nerve fibers were observed along with the capsule and as well as in the septa. The Harderian gland of the Pati duck was compound tubular gland. The columnar epithelial cells lined the tubules. There was no cortex and medulla in the gland and the tubular structure were uniformly distributed within the lobules. A central canal was present in the gland which converged to the duct of the gland. The lymphocytes, plasma cells were found in the intertubular connective tissue. The numbers or population of plasma cell and lymphocytes were accelerated by the advancement of age. The myoepithelial cells with spindle shaped nucleus were present near the basement membrane close to the secretary cells. The histology of the duct of the Harderian gland of Pati duck was like that of typical hollow tubular organs. There were few lymphatic nodules very distinctly present extended from the lamina propria to the muscle layer.</div>

Histological Study of the Harderian Gland of Pati Duck (Anas platyrhynchos domesticus) of Assam during Postnatal Development

<div>Background: Launaea angustifolia (LAN) is a wild plant grown in several Arabian countries in West Asia and North Africa. Launaea is a polymorphic inter- and intraspecific genus that includes about 54 species and 10 subspecies and is classified into eight sections. This study illustrates the effects of Launaea angustifo LAN (LAn) extract on male and female body weight and blood serum enzymes alanine aminotransferase (LAT) and Alkaline phosphatase LAN, with the histology of liver and kidneys used as an animal model for humans. 
 
Methods: A quantity of 100 mg of the extract powder was dissolved in 1 L of DMSO. Experimental rats were divided into five groups with 10 in each group (A, B, C, D, E: 100, 50 and 10 mg/kg and positive control and negative control, respectively).&nbsp;</div>

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Result: No significant differences were observed between the treated and control-group females. However, the mean male body weight showed some variation within the 5th group (E) given the negative control (DMSO) and all treated groups presented lower body weights than the normal control (C). Analysis of the enzymatic activities of (ALT) alanine aminotransferase showed that the females in treatment group A (100 mg) and B (50 mg) had higher levels of ALT than those of group D females (10 mg) at P&lt;0.05 and females in group E at P&lt;0.001). The histology section of the liver and kidney and the histological structure of the rat kidney also showed no differences in all groups. Launaea angustifolia&nbsp;extract (LAn) was found to be safe, especially in the histology of the liver and kidney and for ALT and ALP blood parameters.&nbsp; &nbsp; &nbsp;</div>

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Evaluation of Launaea Angustifolia Extract Treatment on Rat Blood Serum Enzymes and Histology of Liver and Kidney

Histological studies were conducted on the palatine tonsil of six male crossbred goats of six months of age. The tonsils were lined by a stratified squamous non-keratinized surface epithelium which continued into the crypts forming the non-reticular epithelium. &nbsp;At some areas in the crypts, the non-reticular epithelium associated with lymphoid follicles showed a great reduction in height with only one to two intact cell layers and were called reticular epithelium or lymphoepithelium. Propria-submucosa of the palatine tonsil was characterized by dense irregular connective, lymphoid, glandular, adipose and muscular tissues. Lymphoid tissue constituted majority of the palatine tonsil and was organized into primary and secondary lymphoid nodules and dense diffuse lymphatic tissue. Average diameter of lymphoid nodules was 684.17&plusmn;6.88&micro;m while the lymphocyte count in the nodules was 28826.54&plusmn;236.25. &nbsp;The average number of lymphatic nodules counted per field under low power magnification of microscope was 2.67&plusmn;0.42 and the internodular distance was 34.67&plusmn;1.41. Glandular tissue was present in the deeper areas of propria-submucosa. A well developed connective tissue capsule separated the lymphoid and glandular tissues of the palatine tonsil. In the immunohistochemical staining technique strong positive reaction for cytoplasmic IgG bearing B- lymphocytes was noticed within the germinal centre of lymphoid nodules, towards the base of the FAE and some cells even infiltrated the crypt epithelium. &nbsp;In the mantle zone and internodular area, reaction was very mild indicating that T- lymphocytes predominated in these areas. &nbsp;It was concluded that the palatine tonsils were histologically mature as a local defence mechanism against the harmful substances to be encountered from the environment after birth.&nbsp; 
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Histological verification of seminiferous tubule structure injury a cause of asthenozoospermia in chicken

Effect of Salinity Regimes on Growth Performance, Digestive Enzyme Activity and Histological Structure of Scylla serrata

Histological and histochemical structure of lingual salivary glands in mole rat (Spalax leucodon)

Effects of a Diet Low in Vitamin and Mineral Complex and Darkness on the Growth Performance, Mineralization and Femur Histological Structure of Broiler Chickens

Structural and Functional Evaluation of Achilles Tendons in Rabbits: A Biomechanical Perspective

Histology of Hair Follicles in Different Breeds of Rabbits

Anatomical, Histological and Transmission Electron Microscopic Examination of Liver in Chinese Goose (Anser cygnoides)

Histological Study of the Harderian Gland of Pati Duck (Anas platyrhynchos domesticus) of Assam during Postnatal Development

Evaluation of Launaea Angustifolia Extract Treatment on Rat Blood Serum Enzymes and Histology of Liver and Kidney

Histology and immunohistochemistry of the palatine tonsil in goats