<div><strong>Background: </strong>High variation in meat quality has been reported between animals and within muscles of same animals. An understanding of these variations is a pivotal step to design strategies for better utilization of such meat while producing high quality meat to consumers. The current study was aimed to unravel biochemical and physico-chemical profile of sheep hind limb.<br />
<br />
<strong>Methods:&nbsp;</strong>The sheep hind limb was procured from traditionally slaughtered sheep immediately after exsanguination. The Vastus lateralis (VL), Gluteo biceps femoris (GBF), Gluteomedius (GM), Longissimus thoracis et lumborum (LTL), Psoas major (PM) and Semitendinosus (ST) muscles were separated from hot boned carcass of sheep. Each hot boned muscle was cut and analysed for biochemical and physico-chemical characteristics.<br />
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<strong>Result:&nbsp;</strong>There was significant (p&lt;0.05) variation in water holding capacity, protein extractability (Sarcoplasmic, myofibrillar and total), collagen content, collagen solubility and instrumental colour value among different skeletal muscles studied. Non-significant (p&gt;0.05) variations were found in parameters like pH, drip loss, myofibrillar fragmentation index, muscle fibre diameter and Warner Bratzler shear force values. The Gluteo biceps femoris muscle was found to have higher myoglobin; myofibrillar fragmentation index and Warner Bratzler shear force values with lowest protein extractability values. The collagen content in the Gluteo biceps femoris was significantly (p&lt;0.05) higher with lowest collagen solubility (15.32%) as compared to other muscles.</div>


<p>​Biochemical and Physicochemical Characteristics in Different Skeletal Muscles of Sheep Hind Limb</p>


<div><strong>Background: </strong>Hind quarter weakness (HQW) is the loss of bilateral motor function of the rear limbs due to dysfunction of neural or muscular system. Animals are mostly presented with focal or generalized pain, varying degrees of paresis, paralysis and inability to urinate. Serum &beta;- endorphin is an endogenous hormone released during stressful and painful events and functions almost exclusively in an inhibitory fashion. Moreover, electrical stimulation has been demonstrated to release endorphins at low frequencies.<br />
<br />
<strong>Methods: </strong>The present study was conducted to investigate the possible participation of endogenous opioid <em>i.e.</em> Serum &beta; - endorphins and oxidative stress parameters in pain modulation and its variation in dogs suffering from hind quarter weakness subjected to ultrasound therapy and shortwave diathermy. Dogs were treated using therapeutic ultrasound (group I, n=6) and shortwave diathermy (group II, n=6) in combination with supportive drug therapy continued regularly for one week. Blood was collected on day 0, 3<sup>rd</sup> and 7<sup>th</sup> for oxidative stress estimation and regularly from the day of presentation till 7<sup>th</sup> day of treatment for serum &beta;-endorphin estimation.<br />
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<strong>Result: </strong>LPO values decreased significantly (P&lt;0.05) from day 0 to 3 in group I and from day 0 to 7 in group II. SOD values showed a significant (P&lt;0.05) decrease between day 0 and 7 in group II cases. A continuous progressive increasing trend in GSH was noticed which was significant (P&lt;0.05) from day 3 to 7 in both groups. CAT values showed a significant (P&lt;0.05) increase from day 0 to 7 in group II and non-significant (P&lt;0.05) increase in group I. Serum &beta;-endorphin values showed a significant (P&lt;0.05) increase from day 4<sup>th</sup> to 6<sup>th</sup> in group I and between day 0, 1<sup>st</sup>, 3<sup>rd</sup> and 5<sup>th</sup> in group II. The variation in values throughout the treatment was suggestive of reduction in stress response and indicates improvement in dogs suffering from HQW.&nbsp;</div>


<p>Response of Ultrasound Therapy and Shortwave Diathermy on Oxidative Stress Parameters and Serum &beta;-endorphins in Dogs Suffering from Hind Quarter Weakness</p>


<div>There is no previously reported information on the morphological characteristics of pelvic limb long bones (femur, tibiotarsus and tarsometatarsus) in crested serpent eagle and brown wood owl. Thus, this study aimed to evaluate morphological and biometrical characteristics of pelvic limb long bones in crested serpent eagle and brown wood owl. The femur consisted of a curved shaft and two extremities. The shaft was wider proximally and distally and presented medial, lateral, anterior and lateral surfaces. The anterior, medial and lateral surfaces were smooth and continuous in both the species. An intermuscular line called linea aspera was present on the anterior and posterior surfaces in both the species. The proximal and distal extremities of the femur were almost of equal size. The proximal extremity presented a distinct, hemispherical head which was located in the level of the trochanter major in both the species. The distal extremity furnished a trochlea anteriorly for patella and medial, lateral condyles posteriorly for tibiotarsus bone. The patella was small and triangular and consisted of two surfaces, two borders, a base and an apex in both the species. Tibiotarsus was the longest bone in both the species which was formed by the fusion of distal extremity of the tibia with the proximal row of the tarsal bones. The proximal and distal extremity of the tibiotarsus consisted of medial and lateral condyles. In both the species, the fibula was a rod-shaped bone and reached up to distal third of the lateral border of the tibiotarsus. The tarsometatarsus was a long bone but smaller than tibiotarsus in both the species. Various biometrical parameters of the pelvic limb long bones were more in the crested serpent eagle as compared to the brown wood owl due to species differences.&nbsp;</div>


<div>Comparative Gross Anatomical Studies on Pelvic Limb Long Bones of Crested Serpent Eagle (<em>Spilornis cheela</em>) and Brown Wood Owl (<em>Strix leptogrammica</em>)</div>


<div style="text-align: justify;">Indian Muntjac is a short deer variety of Nilgiri-Wayand biosphere. Salient distinguishing features for morphological identification of bones of different species in vetero-legal cases is very important. Morphology of pectoral limb bones from adult Indian Muntjac (n=3), goat (n=6), sheep (n=3) and cross bred cattle (n=6) were carried out. Scapula presented a cranially-placed spine, prominent supraglenoid tubercle and extensive subscapular fossa in Indian Muntjac. &nbsp; Breadth to length ratio of scapula in Indian Muntjac is 0.56:1 whereas in small ruminants the values ranged from 0.41:1 to 0.44:1. Width ratio of supraspinatous to infraspinatous fossae ratio in Indian Muntjac, goat, sheep and cross bred cattle were1:4.1, 1:2.8, 1:2.9 and 1:2.5 respectively. Angle created by acromian, junction of caudal end of scapular spine to lateral surface of scapula and long axis of scapula passing through spine was a major criterion of distinction and this angle in Indian Muntjac, goat, sheep and cross bred cattle were 520, 1400, 1300 and 1100 respectively. Though crest of the humerus was ill-defined, deltoid tuberosity was prominent in Indian Muntjac. &nbsp;Blunt summit of cranial part of lateral tuberosity of humerus projected above head and markedly curved over the intertuberal groove. Radial tuberosity was more distinct in cattle and sheep than in Indian Muntjac and goat. The grooves for extensor tendons on distal extremity of radius were well profiled in Indian Muntjac compared to cattle, goat and sheep. Olecranon of ulna was grooved in Indian Muntjac which was lacking in other animals. Distinct dorsal longitudinal groove on entire shaft and prominent medial and lateral borders were characteristic features in Indian Muntjac. Small metacarpal bone of Indian Muntjac and sheep had the form of a very thin rod. The morphological features revealed more &nbsp;resemblance to that of goat, sheep and spotted deer.</div>

Morphological identification of pectoral limb bones of Indian Muntjac (<em>Muntiacus muntjak</em>) from domestic ruminants

<div style="text-align: justify;">Morphological and morphometrical study of pelvic limb bones from adult birds viz., ostrich (n=4), emu (n=6), domestic fowl (n=8) and duck (n=8) were carried out. Pubic symphysis was a distinctive feature of os coxae in ostrich. Medial surface of ilium was united to lumbosacral mass in ostrich and emu, whereas, only medial border made fusion in domestic fowl and duck. Post acetabular ilium was an elongated triangle in ostrich and emu, whereas, quadrilateral plate in domestic fowl and duck. Iliac fossae for kidneys were lacking in ostrich and emu. Ischium was a long rod in ostrich and emu. Ilio-ischiatic notch was present in ostrich and emu, while, ilio-ischiatic foramen was found in domestic fowl and duck. Caudal extremity of pubis was free in all the species studied excluding ostrich. Ostrich and emu exhibited a distinct pneumatic foramen on femur which was lacking in domestic fowl and duck. Length ratio of femur to tibiotarsus was 1:1.75, 1:1.88, 1:1.38 and 1:1.69 in ostrich, emu, domestic fowl and duck correspondingly. Lateral cnemial crest was a large tuberosity in ostrich; whereas, in other species it was a thick curved spine. &nbsp;Hypotarsus was in the form of spine in ostrich and emu. Bony spur of tarsometatarsus observed in male domestic fowl was lacking in the other species. Distal extremity showed two trochleae in ostrich, whereas, three trochleae, in the other species. Ostrich is the only didactyl bird with two digits. Emu possessed three digits, while, domestic fowl and duck possessed four. Our present study revealed pneumatic femur, longer tibiotarsus and tarsometatarsus and less number of digits in ostrich and emu. &nbsp;Reduction in number of phalanges also led to reduce the number of muscles and tendons associated to digits. The above mentioned features may aid ostrich and emu for high-speed locomotion.</div>

<div style="text-align: justify;">Comparative morphological studies of the pelvic limb bones in ostrich (<em>Struthio camelus</em>), emu (<em>Dromaius novaehollandiae</em>), domestic fowl (<em>Gallus gallus domesticus</em>) and duck (<em>Anas platyrhynchos domesticus</em>)&nbsp;</div>

<p><strong>Background: </strong>The present study was designed to evaluate the correlation of limb torsion and distal asymmetry (LTDA) with respect to zoometric, productive and reproductive variables in Holstein cows.<br />
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<strong>Methods: </strong>A total of 120 cows diagnosed with LTDA in a previous experiment (60 positive and 60 negative) with one or more lactations were randomly selected for measurement. The height at withers (cm), neck length (cm) and head length (cm) of all cows were measured. Records were obtained for the year of the study regarding lactation order, days in milk, mean of milk production in 24 h (kg), number of inseminations per conception, days open and body condition (scale 1-5). The association between LTDA and zoometric measures along with productive and reproductive variables was evaluated by multiple logistic regression.<br />
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<strong>Result: </strong>A statistically significant correlation (p&lt;0.05) was observed between the zoometric variable&rsquo;s height at withers and neck length, while no association was found between LTDA and head length (p&gt;0.05). The study revealed no effect of LTDA on productive variables (p = 0.38), however an effect of LTDA on reproductive variables was significant (p = 0.01), primarily on body condition. However, the findings indicate that body condition exerts an influence on the occurrence of LTDA in Holstein cows stabled under intensive systems in other words LTDA can impact certain variables, particularly reproductive ones.</p>


<p>Effect of Limb Torsion and Distal Asymmetry (LTDA) on Performance and Morphometry of Holstein Cows</p>


<div style="text-align: justify;">The present study was conducted in 20 clinical cases of equines with musculoskeletal disorders. The fore and hind limbs were collected from the cadavers euthanized for causes unrelated to lameness and anatomical dissection of these limbs was done to ascertain the location of various tendons. Detailed signalment, history, gait abnormalities, physical examination, flexion test and hematobiochemical parameters were recorded for each animal. A 7-12 MHz transducer was used for evaluation of the tendons, ligaments and joints in equine. Ultrasonography, elastography and radiography (if required) were conducted on all the animals. It was concluded that ultrasonography is important for the diagnosis of tendon and tendon sheath affection, hematoma, abscess and joint affections in equine. Elastography was used to assess the mechanical properties of tendons qualitatively and quantitatively. It allowed the detection of tissue strain and provided valuable mechanical information about equine tendon injuries.</div>

<div style="text-align: justify;">Diagnostic Approaches to Tendon, Ligament and Joint Affections in Equine with Special Reference to Tendon Elastography</div>

<p><strong>Background:</strong> Hip dysplasia is a common orthopedic disorder in dogs, particularly affecting large breeds and leads to progressive joint laxity and osteoarthritis. Pain arises from capsular stretching, periosteal irritation and muscular strain, resulting in lameness and impaired mobility. Management includes both surgical and non-surgical approaches; however, many provide only temporary relief. Hip denervation offers pain reduction by eliminating nociceptive input from the craniodorsal hip capsule, thereby improving comfort and limb function. Epiitalis oil, a plant-derived anti-inflammatory compound, enhances chondrocyte viability and reduces inflammatory mediators, making it a promising adjunct therapy for hip dysplasia.<br />
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<strong>Methods:</strong> The present study was conducted on eighteen clinical cases of moderate hip dysplasia to evaluate the efficacy of hip denervation and Epiitalis oil in management. Animals were randomly allocated into three groups (A, B and C; n=10 each). The group A received Epiitalis oil orally at 4 &mu;L/kg for 10 days, the group B underwent surgical denervation of the craniodorsal surface of the hip; and the group C received both denervation and Epiitalis oil orally at 4 &mu;L/kg for 10 days. Treatment efficacy was assessed using clinico-physiological and radiological parameters.<br />
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<strong>Result:</strong> Physiological parameters remained within normal ranges and showed non-significant inter- and intra-group variations. Scores of various physical tests, including weight bearing, gait analysis, hind limb extension test, bipedal station test, hip function test and Ortolani&rsquo;s test, decreased progressively over time, indicating functional recovery. Weight-bearing scores decreased in all groups, with significant reductions observed in Groups B and C at multiple intervals compared to baseline. Gait scores improved significantly from day 15 in Group C and by day 45 in Group B. Ortolani test scores decreased progressively in Groups B and C, becoming significant after day 30. Radiographic scores showed non-significant improvement at different intervals compared to baseline values. Hip denervation is a simple, safe and effective technique for the management of mild to moderate hip dysplasia. However, combined treatment with hip denervation and oral Epiitalis oil was the most effective, demonstrating earlier and greater functional improvement compared to hip denervation or oral Epiitalis oil alone.<br />
&nbsp;</p>


<p>Evaluation of Hip Denervation with Supplementation of Epiitalis for Management of Hip Dysplasia in Canine</p>


<div>
<div><strong>Background: </strong>The current study was undertaken to evaluate the clinical efficacy of supracondylar plate for repair of distal femoral fractures in dog. The distal extremity of femur is the greatest weight bearing area, supracondylar plate is an orthopaedic plate system that is pre-contoured to the complex shape of the lateral surface of the canine distal femur.<br />
&nbsp;<br />
<strong>Methods:</strong> The study was conducted on six dogs presented with femur fracture to the Department of Surgery and Radiology, CVSc., Hyderabad over a period of 6 months (2020-21). Diagnosis based on the clinical signs, orthopaedic examination and radiography. Three fractures in right hind limb and three in the left limb. In dogs weighing less than 10 kg (N=3) were stabilized using 2.7 mm&nbsp;supracondylar plate while in dogs weighing more than 10 kg (N=3), 3.5 mm supracondylar plates were used. Right supracondylar plates of 2.7 mm were used in one dog while left supracondylar plates of 2.7 mm were used in two dogs. Similarly, right supracondylar plates of 3.5 mm were used in two dogs and left supracondylar plate of 3.5 mm in one dog. All the three right were 8 H while two left were 8 H and one was 6 holed. All the dogs showed partial weight bearing from 1<sup>st</sup> post-operative day. Lameness grading on pre-operatively showed grade V. Post-operatively, five dogs progressed to grade I lameness on 60<sup>th</sup> post-operative day and one dog to grade III lameness by the end of 60<sup>th</sup> post-operative day and later progressed to grade I by 120<sup>th</sup> post-operative day. The mean lameness pre-operatively and on 1<sup>st</sup> day, 15<sup>th</sup> day, 30<sup>th</sup> day, 60<sup>th</sup> day post- operatively were found to be 5.00&plusmn;0.00, 4.00&plusmn;0.00, 2.00&plusmn;0.25, 1.66&plusmn;0.33, 1.3&plusmn;0.30 and 1.00&plusmn;0.00 respectively. Radiographs obtained on the 60<sup>th</sup> post-operative day revealed dense callus of reduced size; fracture line barely visible with corticomedullary remodelling. The radiographs obtained on the 90th post-operative day clearly shows complete formation of bone with distinct cortex and medulla. Primary bone healing with minimal callus formation was recorded in case 5.<br />
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<strong>Result:</strong> The supracondylar plate was successfully used in the treatment of distal femur fractures in dogs. Its configuration permitted early return to function of dogs affected with distal femur fractures.</div>
</div>


<p>A Clinical Study on the Use of Supracondylar Plate in the Treatment of Distal Femoral Fractures in Dogs</p>


<div style="text-align: justify;">A two years old Kathiawar stallion was reported with the history of two, pedunculated hard mass medially on the thigh and hock of the right hind limb, progressively increasing for the past two months. Fine needle aspiration cytology revealed fibrosarcoma.The tumour on the medial aspect of the thigh was injected with cisplatin intra-tumorally at a dose rate of 0.3 mg/cm3 of tumour volume and was exposed to ECT. The tumour on the medial aspect of the hock was excised incompletely to preserve skin and subcutaneous tissues around the tumour for wound opposition and treated with intra-tumoral injection of cisplatin followed by ECT. Following &nbsp;electrochemotherapy complete response was noticed onthe 3rd and 4th week for the tumours on the thigh and hock respectively. No recurrence was noticed during the follow-up period of one year revealing ETC with cisplatin as a single treatment and also in combination with surgery is effective for the treatment of fibrosarcoma in equines.&nbsp;</div>

Biochemical and Physicochemical Characteristics in Different Skeletal Muscles of Sheep Hind Limb

Response of Ultrasound Therapy and Shortwave Diathermy on Oxidative Stress Parameters and Serum β-endorphins in Dogs Suffering from Hind Quarter Weakness

Comparative Gross Anatomical Studies on Pelvic Limb Long Bones of Crested Serpent Eagle (Spilornis cheela) and Brown Wood Owl (Strix leptogrammica)

Morphological identification of pectoral limb bones of Indian Muntjac (Muntiacus muntjak) from domestic ruminants

Comparative morphological studies of the pelvic limb bones in ostrich (Struthio camelus), emu (Dromaius novaehollandiae), domestic fowl (Gallus gallus domesticus) and duck (Anas platyrhynchos domesticus)

Effect of Limb Torsion and Distal Asymmetry (LTDA) on Performance and Morphometry of Holstein Cows

Diagnostic Approaches to Tendon, Ligament and Joint Affections in Equine with Special Reference to Tendon Elastography

Evaluation of Hip Denervation with Supplementation of Epiitalis for Management of Hip Dysplasia in Canine

A Clinical Study on the Use of Supracondylar Plate in the Treatment of Distal Femoral Fractures in Dogs

Electrochemotherapy with intra-tumoral cisplatin for the treatment of fibrosarcoma in a horse