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Current IssueEditorial BoardOnline First ArticlesArchive

Research Article

volume 54 issue 10 (october 2020) : 1272-1278,   Doi: 10.18805/ijar.B-3566

Diagnostic Approaches to Tendon, Ligament and Joint Affections in Equine with Special Reference to Tendon Elastography

S
Sheikh Mohd Yaseen Jani
S
S.K. Mahajan
J
J. Mohindroo
1Department of Surgery and Radiology, Guru Angad Dev Veterinary and Animal Sciences University, Ludhiana-141 004, Punjab, India.
Cite article:- Jani Yaseen Mohd Sheikh, Mahajan S.K., Mohindroo J. (2020). Diagnostic Approaches to Tendon, Ligament and Joint Affections in Equine with Special Reference to Tendon Elastography. Indian Journal of Animal Research. 54(10): 1272-1278. doi: 10.18805/ijar.B-3566.

ABSTRACT

The present study was conducted in 20 clinical cases of equines with musculoskeletal disorders. The fore and hind limbs were collected from the cadavers euthanized for causes unrelated to lameness and anatomical dissection of these limbs was done to ascertain the location of various tendons. Detailed signalment, history, gait abnormalities, physical examination, flexion test and hematobiochemical parameters were recorded for each animal. A 7-12 MHz transducer was used for evaluation of the tendons, ligaments and joints in equine. Ultrasonography, elastography and radiography (if required) were conducted on all the animals. It was concluded that ultrasonography is important for the diagnosis of tendon and tendon sheath affection, hematoma, abscess and joint affections in equine. Elastography was used to assess the mechanical properties of tendons qualitatively and quantitatively. It allowed the detection of tissue strain and provided valuable mechanical information about equine tendon injuries.

REFERENCES

  1. Buck, A.R., Verstraeten, L.Y., Schweizer, J., Snedeker, G., Buck, F.M. (2012). Detection of small tendon lesions by sonoelastographic visualization of strain profile differences: initial experiences. Skeletal Radiology. 41: 1073-1079.
  2. Dowling, B.A., Dart, A.J., Hodgson, D.R., Smith, R.K.W. (2000). Superficial digital flexor tendinitis in the horse. Equine Veterinary Journal. 32: 369-78.
  3. Dyson, S.J. (2000). Lameness and poor performance in the sports horses: Dressage, show jumping and horses trials (eventing). In: Proceedings of the Annual Convocation AAEP. 46: 308-15.
  4. El-Husseiny, I.N. (2005). The distal limb affections in equine with special reference to the Diagnostic methods. Journal of Egypt Veterinary Medicine Association. 65: 57–77.
  5. Gill, H.E. (1973). Diagnosis and treatment of hock lameness. Proceedings of the 19th Annual AAEP, 257.
  6. Itoh, A., Ueno, E.,Tohno, E. (2006). Breast disease: clinical application of US elastography for diagnosis. Radiology. 239 (2): 341–350.
  7. Jonelle, P.T. (2014). Clinical applications of dynamic functional musculoskeletal ultrasound. Reports in Medical Imaging. 27-39.
  8. Klauser, A.S., Miyamoto, H., Bellmann-Weiler, R., Feuchtner, G.M., Wick, M.C. Jaschke, W.R. (2014). Sonography: musculoskeletal applications. Radiology. 272: 622-633.
  9. Kofler, J. (1996). Arthrosonography- the use of diagnostic ultrasound in septic and traumatic arthritis in cattle- A retrospective study of 25 patients. British Veterinary Journal. 152: 21-32.
  10. Kraft, S. L. and Gavin, P. (2001). Physical principles and technical considerations for equine computed tomography and magnetic resonance imaging. Veterinary Clinics of North America: Equine Practice. 17: 115-130.
  11. Lee, S.H., Chang, J.M., Cho, N., Koo, H.R., Yi, A., Scung, J.K., Ji, H.Y., Eun, J.S., et al. (2014). The Korean Breast Elasto- -graphy Study Group. Practice guideline for the performance of breast ultrasound elastography. Ultrasonography. 33: 3-10.
  12. Linder, A. (2000). Use of blood biochemistry for positive performance diagnosis of sport horses in practice. Revue de Medecine Veterinaire. 159: 611-618.
  13. Lustgarten, M., Redding, W.R., Labens, R., Morgan, M., Davis, W., Seiler, G.S. (2014). Elastographic characterstics of the metacarpal tendons in horses without clinical evidence of tendon injury. Veterinary Radiology and Ultrasound. 55: 92-101.
  14. O’Brien, R.T. and Biller, D.S. (1971). Field imaging of the respiratory tract. Radiology and ultrasonography. Veterinary Clinics American Equine Practice. 13(3): 487-99.
  15. Ramey, D.W. (1997). Prospective evaluation of forelimb flexion tests in practice: Clinical response, radiographic correlations and predictive value for future lameness. Proceedings of the 43rd Annual Convention of American Association of Equine Practitioners, Tennessee. pp. 116-20.
  16. Rantanen, N.W. (2008). Musculoskeletal Ultrasonography. Compen- -dium Equine. pp. 356-64.
  17. Reef, V.B. (1998). Equine Diagnostic Ultrasound. W.B, Saunders, Philadelphia, pp. 560.
  18. Saeki, J., Ikezoe, T., Nakamura, M., Nishishita, S., Ichihashi, N. (2017). The reliability of shear elastic modulus measure- -ment of the ankle plantar flexion muscles is higher at dorsiflexed position of the ankle. Journal of Foot and Ankle Research.10:18, DOI 10.1186/s13047-017-0199-0.
  19. Saini, N.S. and Mirakur, K.K. (2001). Ultrasonography of mid-    metacarpal region following tendon allografting in equine. Indian Journal of Animal Sciences. 71: 104-108.
  20. Singer, E.R., Barnes, J., Saxby, F., Murray, J. K. (2008). Injuries in the event horse: Training versus competition. The Veterinary Journal. 175: 76-81.
  21. Smith, R.K.W. (2008). Tendon and Ligament. American Association of Equine Practitioners Proceedings. 54: 475-501.
  22. Stashak, T.S. (2002). Adams’ Lameness in Horses. 5th Edn. Lippincott Williams and Wilkins Publishers, Philadelphia, USA.
  23. Van den Belt, A.J.M., Dik, K.J., Barneveld, A. (2017). Ultrasonographic evaluation and long term follow-up of flexor tendonitis/    desmitis in the metacarpal/metatarsal region in Dutch warm blood horses and standard bred race horses. Veterinary Quarterly. 16(2): 76-80.
  24. Wojcinski, S., Boehme, E., Farrokh, A., Soergel, P., Degenhardt, F., Hillemanns, P. (2013). Ultrasound real-time elastography can predict malignancy in BI-RADS (R) – US 3 lesions. BMC Cancer. 13: 159.
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Indian Journal of Animal Research
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    Research Article

    volume 54 issue 10 (october 2020) : 1272-1278,   Doi: 10.18805/ijar.B-3566

    Diagnostic Approaches to Tendon, Ligament and Joint Affections in Equine with Special Reference to Tendon Elastography

    S
    Sheikh Mohd Yaseen Jani
    S
    S.K. Mahajan
    J
    J. Mohindroo
    1Department of Surgery and Radiology, Guru Angad Dev Veterinary and Animal Sciences University, Ludhiana-141 004, Punjab, India.
    Cite article:- Jani Yaseen Mohd Sheikh, Mahajan S.K., Mohindroo J. (2020). Diagnostic Approaches to Tendon, Ligament and Joint Affections in Equine with Special Reference to Tendon Elastography. Indian Journal of Animal Research. 54(10): 1272-1278. doi: 10.18805/ijar.B-3566.

    ABSTRACT

    The present study was conducted in 20 clinical cases of equines with musculoskeletal disorders. The fore and hind limbs were collected from the cadavers euthanized for causes unrelated to lameness and anatomical dissection of these limbs was done to ascertain the location of various tendons. Detailed signalment, history, gait abnormalities, physical examination, flexion test and hematobiochemical parameters were recorded for each animal. A 7-12 MHz transducer was used for evaluation of the tendons, ligaments and joints in equine. Ultrasonography, elastography and radiography (if required) were conducted on all the animals. It was concluded that ultrasonography is important for the diagnosis of tendon and tendon sheath affection, hematoma, abscess and joint affections in equine. Elastography was used to assess the mechanical properties of tendons qualitatively and quantitatively. It allowed the detection of tissue strain and provided valuable mechanical information about equine tendon injuries.

    REFERENCES

    1. Buck, A.R., Verstraeten, L.Y., Schweizer, J., Snedeker, G., Buck, F.M. (2012). Detection of small tendon lesions by sonoelastographic visualization of strain profile differences: initial experiences. Skeletal Radiology. 41: 1073-1079.
    2. Dowling, B.A., Dart, A.J., Hodgson, D.R., Smith, R.K.W. (2000). Superficial digital flexor tendinitis in the horse. Equine Veterinary Journal. 32: 369-78.
    3. Dyson, S.J. (2000). Lameness and poor performance in the sports horses: Dressage, show jumping and horses trials (eventing). In: Proceedings of the Annual Convocation AAEP. 46: 308-15.
    4. El-Husseiny, I.N. (2005). The distal limb affections in equine with special reference to the Diagnostic methods. Journal of Egypt Veterinary Medicine Association. 65: 57–77.
    5. Gill, H.E. (1973). Diagnosis and treatment of hock lameness. Proceedings of the 19th Annual AAEP, 257.
    6. Itoh, A., Ueno, E.,Tohno, E. (2006). Breast disease: clinical application of US elastography for diagnosis. Radiology. 239 (2): 341–350.
    7. Jonelle, P.T. (2014). Clinical applications of dynamic functional musculoskeletal ultrasound. Reports in Medical Imaging. 27-39.
    8. Klauser, A.S., Miyamoto, H., Bellmann-Weiler, R., Feuchtner, G.M., Wick, M.C. Jaschke, W.R. (2014). Sonography: musculoskeletal applications. Radiology. 272: 622-633.
    9. Kofler, J. (1996). Arthrosonography- the use of diagnostic ultrasound in septic and traumatic arthritis in cattle- A retrospective study of 25 patients. British Veterinary Journal. 152: 21-32.
    10. Kraft, S. L. and Gavin, P. (2001). Physical principles and technical considerations for equine computed tomography and magnetic resonance imaging. Veterinary Clinics of North America: Equine Practice. 17: 115-130.
    11. Lee, S.H., Chang, J.M., Cho, N., Koo, H.R., Yi, A., Scung, J.K., Ji, H.Y., Eun, J.S., et al. (2014). The Korean Breast Elasto- -graphy Study Group. Practice guideline for the performance of breast ultrasound elastography. Ultrasonography. 33: 3-10.
    12. Linder, A. (2000). Use of blood biochemistry for positive performance diagnosis of sport horses in practice. Revue de Medecine Veterinaire. 159: 611-618.
    13. Lustgarten, M., Redding, W.R., Labens, R., Morgan, M., Davis, W., Seiler, G.S. (2014). Elastographic characterstics of the metacarpal tendons in horses without clinical evidence of tendon injury. Veterinary Radiology and Ultrasound. 55: 92-101.
    14. O’Brien, R.T. and Biller, D.S. (1971). Field imaging of the respiratory tract. Radiology and ultrasonography. Veterinary Clinics American Equine Practice. 13(3): 487-99.
    15. Ramey, D.W. (1997). Prospective evaluation of forelimb flexion tests in practice: Clinical response, radiographic correlations and predictive value for future lameness. Proceedings of the 43rd Annual Convention of American Association of Equine Practitioners, Tennessee. pp. 116-20.
    16. Rantanen, N.W. (2008). Musculoskeletal Ultrasonography. Compen- -dium Equine. pp. 356-64.
    17. Reef, V.B. (1998). Equine Diagnostic Ultrasound. W.B, Saunders, Philadelphia, pp. 560.
    18. Saeki, J., Ikezoe, T., Nakamura, M., Nishishita, S., Ichihashi, N. (2017). The reliability of shear elastic modulus measure- -ment of the ankle plantar flexion muscles is higher at dorsiflexed position of the ankle. Journal of Foot and Ankle Research.10:18, DOI 10.1186/s13047-017-0199-0.
    19. Saini, N.S. and Mirakur, K.K. (2001). Ultrasonography of mid-    metacarpal region following tendon allografting in equine. Indian Journal of Animal Sciences. 71: 104-108.
    20. Singer, E.R., Barnes, J., Saxby, F., Murray, J. K. (2008). Injuries in the event horse: Training versus competition. The Veterinary Journal. 175: 76-81.
    21. Smith, R.K.W. (2008). Tendon and Ligament. American Association of Equine Practitioners Proceedings. 54: 475-501.
    22. Stashak, T.S. (2002). Adams’ Lameness in Horses. 5th Edn. Lippincott Williams and Wilkins Publishers, Philadelphia, USA.
    23. Van den Belt, A.J.M., Dik, K.J., Barneveld, A. (2017). Ultrasonographic evaluation and long term follow-up of flexor tendonitis/    desmitis in the metacarpal/metatarsal region in Dutch warm blood horses and standard bred race horses. Veterinary Quarterly. 16(2): 76-80.
    24. Wojcinski, S., Boehme, E., Farrokh, A., Soergel, P., Degenhardt, F., Hillemanns, P. (2013). Ultrasound real-time elastography can predict malignancy in BI-RADS (R) – US 3 lesions. BMC Cancer. 13: 159.
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