<div style="text-align: justify;">Most of the agricultural operations in India are performed manually with hand tools and equipment by female agricultural workers. This prompted designers to use female anthropometric data in designing of farm equipment and workplaces in order to reduce drudgery, to enhance safety, to improve performance, productivity and efficiency. A study was conducted to collect the anthropometric data of selected 30 female agricultural workers in the age group of 22-54 years from Madhya Pradesh state. For design of agricultural tools, equipment and workplaces the important, thirty eight body dimensions including weight were identified and measured. The values of mean, standard deviation (SD), minimum, maximum, coefficient of variation (CV) and 1st, 5th, 50th, 95th and 99th percentile values were calculated of selected body dimensions. The mean weight and stature of female agricultural workers were found to be 53 kg and 1536 mm, respectively. A large variation in anthropometric dimensions in the anthropometric data of female farm workers of different states of India and other countries was observed. Pearson correlation coefficients (PCC) were calculated among selected anthropometric dimensions of subjects. The correlation coefficients of measured data varied from 0.65-0.98.</div>

<div style="text-align: justify;">Anthropometry of Female Agricultural Workers of Madhya Pradesh</div>

<div>Phytochemicals present in the plants are divided into primary (Alcohol Amino acids, nucleotides. etc) and secondary metabolites (Alkaloids, Saponins etc.). Carotenoids (reduces reactive oxygen species formation, decreases apoptotic cells, restoration of actin capping expression proteins etc.), Phenolics (inhibits extracellular signal-regulated kinase signalling pathway), Isoflavones (inhibits tyrosine kinase pathway) and alkaloids (downregulation of vascular endothelial growth factor, tumor necrosis factor-alpha and hypoxia-inducible factor 1-alpha messengers) are the major phytochemicals, having the potential effects towards ovarian function. Likewise, bioactive compounds are the chemicals that can interact with certain components of live tissue to exert their various effects (antioxidant, antineoplastic, receptor inhibition, gene expression etc.) respective to female fertility. Similarly, bioactive compounds: Kaempferol [phosphatidylinositol -3- kinase (PI3K)/protein kinase B (Akt) pathway], Quercetin (controlling the release of 17&beta;-estradiol etc.), Myricetin (PI3K/Akt and MAPK signalling pathway), Galngin (inhibition of angiogenesis via decreasing the VEGF and p-Akt) and Resveratrol (regulation of Foxo3a and SIRT1 genes etc.) shows its effects by targeting different molecules and/or pathways at the ovarian microenvironment. However, Genistein (binding to estrogen receptors: ESR&alpha; and ESR&beta; etc.) and Diadzein (disrupting the endocrines etc.) emphatically interfere with the ovarian functions. Besides this, molecular effects exerted by these phyto-bioactive compounds on the in vivo and/or in vitro ovarian culture systems entirely depend on their dosage: Kaempferol @10 &mu;M increased the primordial follicle activation, Quercetin @4 &micro;M improved the quality of oocytes whereas @8 &micro;M reduced the quality), Resveratrol @ 2 &micro;M increased the blastocyst formation, Myricetin @ 100 mg/kg/day feeding in rats induced estrogenic activity, Genistein, feeding in female mice @ 500 and 1000 ppm increased the gestation time and Diazdein causes the inhibition of 3-hydroxysteroid dehydrogenase at 40 &micro;M doses. The assessment was done via the systemic collection of literature from sources such as news papers, conference papers, journals, theory and dissertation articles, electronic databases, manuals, encyclopedia and annual reviews, as well as e-books and reporting. As a result, the preceding discussion focuses on the key phyto-bioactive compounds and their molecular targets in female fertility. This will aid in the successful and secure application of plant bioactive compounds in the field of female reproductive health.</div>

<div>Molecular Targets of Phyto-bioactive Compounds in Female Reproductive System of Mammals: A Review</div>

Quinalphos is a toxic organophosphate pesticide having a wide applicability to control pests in a number of vegetable crops like ladyfinger, brinjal, cauliflower etc. due to its good penetrative properties and long residual action in animals. The present investigation was carried out to determine its toxic effects on reproduction in &nbsp;the female albino rats. Technical quinalphos (2 mg/kg body weight) was administered orally to female albino rats for 15 and 30 days respectively. The weight of ovary decreased significantly in 30 day treated group. In the same group the corpus luteum also decreased significantly. The histologic observations of the ovary revealed the presence of less number of healthy follicles and more number of atretic follicles. There was a non significant decrease in the surface follicles and corpus luteum of treated rats. Gross morphology of uterus had shown significant increase in epithelial cell height and changes in lumen length even. There was a decline in the number of uterine glands with decreased thickness of myometrium. Hence quinalphos at dose concentration of 2mg/kg body weight is toxic for female reproduction.

Reproductive toxicity of quinalphos on female albino rats:&nbsp;Effects on ovary and uterus

<div style="text-align: justify;">Imidacloprid is a neonicotinoid insecticide and has been extensively used as a crop pest and pet flea control programme. In the present study, the effects of imidacloprid on kidney tissue were analyzed in adult female Wistar rats at two dose levels (19 and 38 mg/kg/day) administered orally for 10, 20 and 30 days. Effects were compared with respective control animals administered daily with 2% gum acacia. Different parameters undertaken were kidney weight, levels of cytoplasmic and membrane proteins, oxidative stress parameters viz. activities of SOD, GPx and levels of GSH and MDA and histopathological changes. Imidacloprid at 38 mg/kg dose administered orally for 20 and 30 days significantly increased organ weight and levels of MDA. The activities of enzymes SOD and GPx and levels of GSH were decreased significantly at 38 mg/kg dose administered daily for 30 days. There was significant decrease observed in levels of cytoplasmic and membrane proteins at 38 mg/kg dose administered orally for 20 and 30 days. Histopathological changes in kidney at 38 mg/kg dose in 20 and 30 days group. Therefore, it is concluded that imidacloprid has generated oxidative stress in kidney at 38 mg/kg dose administered orally for 20 and 30 days in adult female Wistar rats.&nbsp;</div>

Sub-acute oxidant and histopathological effects of imidacloprid on kidney of adult female Wistar rats

<div>Background: This study aimed to identify different bacterial isolates incriminated in subclinical endometritis (SCE) in female dromedary using Matrix-Assisted Laser Desorption Ionization Time-of-flight Mass Spectrometry (MALDI-TOF MS) and to evaluate the efficacy of two protocols to treat this condition.&nbsp; 
 
Methods: Subclinical endometritis was detected in 211 dromedaries using cytological examinations. Two hundred twenty-six microbial isolates were obtained from 185 samples. SCE-females were arbitrarily allocated into two groups; group I received intrauterine infusion of 500 mg cephapirin benzathine (MTC, n=42) and group II infused with intrauterine flushing of povidone iodine 10% (PVP-I, n=67).&nbsp; 
 
Result: The MALDI-TOF MS was able to identify 224/226 (99.1%) bacterial isolates to the genus level and 181/226 (80.1%) were identified to the species level. The most common identified bacterial species were Staphylococcus aureus (32.74%), Corynebacterium sp. (19.03%) and Escherichia coli (18.58). Conception rate did not differ between MTC- and PVP-I-treated groups. However, the first service-conception was higher, numbers of services per conception were fewer and treatment to conception interval was shorter in the MTC than PVP-I group. Based on the present data, it can be concluded that MALDI-TOF is efficient, fast and reliable for the detection and identification of various bacterial agents incriminated in subclinical endometritis in female dromedary. Fertility indices in treated female dromedaries associated with subclinical endometritis favors the use of intrauterine infusion of cephapirin benzathine therapy in the present study.&nbsp;</div>

The Use of Matrix-assisted Laser Desorption Ionization Time-of-flight Mass Spectrometry for the Identification of the Bacterial Agents Involved in Subclinical Endometritis in Female Dromedary

Background: Oocyte and follicular fluid recovery and evaluation are a crucial step in assisted reproductive technologies. The aims of the current study were to evaluate the ovarian tissues and their resulting oocytes and follicular fluid of Awassi female lambs and ewes in subtropics of Saudi Arabia.&nbsp; 
 
Methods: Thirty reproductive systems of female lambs in addition to forty reproductive systems of ewes of follicular and luteal phases were collected. The ovarian tissues were evaluated through ovarian follicle numbers, oocytes recovery in addition to determination of follicular fluid (FF) metabolites. The ovarian follicles were categorized into small (&lt; 3 mm), medium (3-5 mm) and large follicles (&gt;5 mm). The medium and large ovarian follicles were aspirated for FF collection and oocytes recovery. The FF concentrations of total protein (g/dl), urea (mg/dl), glucose (mg/dl), total cholesterol (mg/dl) and triglycerides (mg/dl) were determined.&nbsp; 
 
Result: The weight of reproductive system and ovary were increased of ewes compared to female lambs.&nbsp; The number of small follicles was not differed among groups whereas the numbers of medium and large follicles increase in ewes groups. The highest number of medium follicles was found in ewes of follicular phase compared to other groups. Although the percentage of oocyte recovery increased in ewes compared to female&nbsp;lambs, the oocytes quality was not differed among groups. The total protein values were high (P&lt;0.05) in FF of ewes compared to that of female lambs. On the other, the values of urea and triglycerides were low (P&lt;0.05) in FF of ewes compared to FF of female lambs. Moreover, the values of total protein, urea and triglycerides were comparable in FF of ewes during follicular or luteal phase. Additionally, there is slight increase of glucose and slight decrease of total cholesterol values in FF of ewes compared to FF of female lambs. In conclusion, follicles of ovarian tissues, oocyte recovery and quality and follicular fluid biochemistry of female lambs and ewes showed differences. The recovered oocytes and FF are available for assisted reproductive techniques.

Morphological Characteristics of Ovarian Tissues and Follicular Fluid Metabolites of Female Lambs and Ewes in Subtropics

<div>Background: The Chinese mitten crab (Eriocheir sinensis) is widely distributed in the coastal and coastal water of China and has important economic values. Salinity is the key environmental factor affecting the mating and spawning of E.sinensis. During the mating and spawning of E. sinensis, the hormone changes in the body are usually accompanied, but there is no report about the effects of salinity on related hormones in the process of breeding of E. sinensis. 
 
Methods: Mating salinity including 0&permil;, 2&permil;, 4&permil;, 6&permil; and spawning salinity such as 3&permil;, 6&permil;, 9&permil;, 12&permil;, 15&permil;, 18&permil;, 21&permil; were set up, three parallel groups are set for each salinity, 10 female and 5 male crabs are put in each tank. 5 samples were gathered to analyze the contents of 17&alpha;,20&beta;-dihydroxy-4-pregnene-3-one (DHP), Gonadotropin (GTH), Prostaglandins (PG), Estradiol-17&beta; (E2) and Testosterone (T) in the hemolymph of female E. sinensis after mating and spawning.&nbsp; 
 
Result: The contents of DHP, E2, PG and T in female crabs hemolymph decreased first and then added with the increase of salinity before spawning. DHP, PG and E2 added first and then declined with the increase of salinity after spawning. When salinity was 6&permil;, the contents of DHP, PG, E2 and T in the hemolymph of female crabs before spawning reached the highest, the contents of DHP and PG decreased and E2 and T increased after spawning. The comprehensive study indicated that salinity had a certain effect on five hormones in the hemolymph of female E.sinensis during reproduction, five hormones didn&rsquo;t change significantly in the process of mating, DHP, GTH and PG were involved during the spawning of E.sinensis.&nbsp;</div>

<div style="text-align:justify">&nbsp;</div>

Effects of Salinity on Five Hormones in the Hemolymph of Female Eriocheir sinensis during Reproduction

Background: There is a growing need to offer guidance and instruction to those who use herbal medicines in order to enhance their understanding of the scientifically supported risks associated with these therapies. This study investigates the adverse effects of the Ziziphus spina-christi (ZSC) aqueous extract on the biochemical markers and histological alterations in the ovaries of female rats. 
 
Methods: A total of fifteen female rats, with five rats in each group, were given the extract of ZSC orally at doses of 10, 50 and 100 mg/kg bw/day for a duration of 14 days. Five more ladies were designated as a control group and provided just with water. During a span of fifteen days, clinical findings of toxicity were documented. The ovarian function was evaluated by assessing the biochemical indicators and measuring the quantities of serum estradiol and progesterone. Furthermore, an assessment was conducted to examine the histological changes in the organs. 
 
Result: The results did not show any clear toxicity on the animal&rsquo;s weight or body organs. Estrogen and progesterone levels in female rats who received ZSC extract for 14 days. In addition, no pathological changes were revealed in the ovary histological sections. Significant differences were detected in the numbers of ovarian follicles in females treated with the ZSC extract compared to the control. In conclusion, the results showed indications of side effects of ovarian follicles after treating female rats with ZSC extract for 14 days.

Assessment of Biochemical and Histological Effects of One of Ziziphus Genus Extract on Ovarian Function in Female Rats

Background: Emerging experimental and human evidence has linked decreased ovary-origin hormones and obesity and various metabolic diseases through affecting homeostasis of glucose and lipid metabolism, but the underlying mechanisms remain unclear.&nbsp; 
 
Methods: To investigate the effect removal of ovary on the growth and fat deposition of female pigs. In this work, we compared the average backfat thickness, hepatic lipid metabolism indexes and hepatic transcriptome between ovariectomized (OVX) and sham-operated (Sham) female pigs. 
 
Result: Results showed that the OVX females had remarkably increased backfat thickness, total cholesterol and triglyceride levels in the liver, whereas serum estradiol levels and hepatic high-density lipoprotein-cholesterol levels presented significantly lower levels compared with those in the sham females. A total of 414 differentially expressed genes (DEGs) identified by transcriptome analysis between the OVX and Sham livers, of which 130 and 314 genes were up-and down-regulated in the OVX livers, respectively. Pathway analysis showed that these DEGs were mainly involved in PPAR signaling pathway, insulin signaling pathway, insulin resistance, hippo signaling pathway. Besides, twelve DEGs involved in glucose and lipid metabolism were screened out, including PCK1, FDPS, HMGCR, HMGCS1, HMGCS2, PPP1R3B, PPP1R3C, ACAT2, SIK1, OGDHL, SOCS2 and IGFBP1. These results indicate that hormones generated by ovaries may play important roles in subcutaneous fat deposition by mediating hepatic glucose and lipid metabolism in female pigs.

Ovariectomy May be Responsible for Subcutaneous Fat Deposition by Altering Hepatic Lipid Metabolism in Female Pigs

Background: It has become important to provide advice and education to herbal remedies users to increase evidence-based awareness of their potential side effects. This research explores the side effects of the Ziziphus spina-christi (ZSC) aqueous extract on biochemical indicators and histopathological changes of the liver, kidneys of female rats. 
 
Methods: Fifteen female rats (five in each group) were orally administrated with the extract of ZSC at dosages of 10, 50 and 100 mg/kg bw/day for 14 days. Five other females were considered a control group, given only water. Clinical observations of toxicity were recorded during fifteen days. The biochemical biomarkers of liver (ALT and ALP enzymes) and kidneys (creatinine, uric acid and blood urea nitrogen) were evaluated in blood serum. 
 
Result: In addition, the histopathological alterations in organs were evaluated. The results did not show any clear toxicity on the animal&rsquo;s weight or body organs. The alkaline phosphatase was elevated in female rats who received 50 mg and 100 mg of ZSC aqueous extract in comparison with the control group. The results did not show any significant changes in the serum glucose, BUN, creatinine, uric acid, alanine aminotransferase levels in female rats who received ZSC extract for 14 days. In conclusion, the results showed indications of side effects of the ZSC extract on liver enzymes after treating female rats with ZSC extract for 14 days.

Anthropometry of Female Agricultural Workers of Madhya Pradesh

Molecular Targets of Phyto-bioactive Compounds in Female Reproductive System of Mammals: A Review

Reproductive toxicity of quinalphos on female albino rats: Effects on ovary and uterus