<div>Background: Amoebiasis is a pathogen organism which is well-known both in human and veterinary medicine. The aim of this study was to determine serum amyloid-A (SAA), haptoglobin (Hp), tumor necrosis factor (TNF-&alpha;) and interleukins-1 (IL-1&beta;) and 6 (IL-6) levels in neonatal calves which were naturally infected with amoebiasis. 
 
Methods: In the study, 40 one to four-week-old calves with amoebiasis which were clinically diagnosed with diarrhea and were non-responsive to the treatment, and 10 healthy calves were used. From the stool samples taken from the calves which were clinically diagnosed with diarrhea, Entamoeba histolytica was detected by using ELISA kit. Serum was obtained from the blood taken from vena jugularis from all calves. Concentrations of SAA, Hp, TNF-&alpha;, IL-1&beta; and IL-6 in serum were measured in ELISA by using commercial kits. Also, some enzymes measurements were made from serum. 
 
Result: Concentrations of SAA, Hp, TNF-&alpha;, IL-1&beta; and IL-6&nbsp; in calves with amoebiasis were higher (p&lt;0.05) in comparison to the control group. To conclude, amoebiasis led to an increase in the concentrations of SAA, Hp, TNF-&alpha;, IL-1&beta; and IL-6 in neonatal calves. We suggest that this might have stemmed from the inflammatory response against amoebiasis.</div>

Determining Serum Amyloid-A (SAA), Haptoglobin (Hp), Tumor Necrosis Factor (TNF-&alpha;) and Interleukins-1 (IL-1&beta;) and 6 (IL-6) Levels in Neonatal Calves with Amoebiasis

<div>Habitual consumption of raw fruits as well as vegetables can trim down the threat of many diseases. Ginger is consumed globally as a cuisine and herbal medicine. It is rich in pungent phenolic phytochemical substances together called gingerols. 6-Gingerol (1-[4&rsquo;-hydroxy-3&rsquo;-methoxyphenyl]-5-hydroxy-3- decanone) is the chief pharmacologically-active moiety of ginger. Molecularly, gingerol is a relative of capsaicin and piperine, the compounds which are alkaloids, though the bioactive pathways are unconnected. It is normally found as pungent yellow oil in the ginger rhizome, but can also form a low-melting crystalline solid. Previous studies have suggested ample of therapeutic activities including anticancer, anti-inflammation and anti-oxidation. 6-Gingerol has been found to possess anticancer activities via its effect on a variety of biological pathways involved in apoptosis, cell cycle regulation, cytotoxic activity and inhibition of angiogenesis. Thus, due to its efficacy and regulation of multiple targets, as well as its safety for human use, 6-gingerol has received considerable interest as a potential therapeutic agent for the prevention and/or treatment of various diseases. Overall, this review encapsulates different therapeutic and pharmacological facets of 6-gingerol along with its possible mechanism of action.</div>

Pharmacological Aspects of 6-Gingerol: A Review

<div>Background:&nbsp;As a multi-functional cytokine, interleukin-6 (IL-6) is advanced in endometriosis. Probiotics are known to be able to modulate/regulate immune responses through downregulation of the pro-inflammatory cytokine IL-6. Lactobacillus plantarum IS-10506 (LIS-10506) is a novel probiotics strain derived from curd (a milk product which look like a yogurt) from traditionally made from buffalo milk or usually called by dadih from West Sumatra, Indonesia. This investigation intended to comprehend the impact of LIS-10506 administration on IL-6 expression in the endometrial tissue, serum IL-6 levels and endometriosis implant areas in mice model for endometriosis. 
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Methods:&nbsp;This study conducted at the Animal Laboratory, Professor Nidom Foundation, Surabaya, Indonesia from January to June 2021. This experimental study was conducted on 32 adult female mice 12 weeks old divided into 4 groups in a completely randomized design with a posttest only control group design. LIS-10506 microencapsulation of curd was administered orally at a dose of 109 CFU/mice/day for 7 and 21 days. Serum IL-6 levels were assessed using IL-6 ELISA Kit for mice, IL-6 expression was assessed semi quantitatively according to the Remmele method and implant areas were measured by the area of hyperemia in mice&rsquo;s peritoneal wall. 
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Result: This investigation revealed that the peritoneal IL-6 expression and implant area experienced a decrease. In summary, the administration of LIS-10506 could downregulate pro-inflammatory cytokine IL-6. This present study has demonstrated the effect of LIS-10506 on one of the pathophysiological pathways in endometriosis.</div>

​The Downregulation of Pro-inflammatory Cytokine Interleukin-6 after Oral Administration of Lactobacillus plantarum IS-10506 in Mice Model for Endometriosis

<div style="text-align: justify;">Polymorphic variants of keratin-associated protein (KAP) 6.1 gene with wool traits of Sandyno and Nilagiri breeds of sheep were investigated in this study. Genomic DNA was isolated from blood samples of 125 Sandyno, Nilagiri and Dorset x Nilagiri breeds of sheep along with 76 numbers of wool samples. A 528 bp segment was amplified by PCR using ovine specific primers for KAP 6.1 gene. SSCP analysis of KAP 6.1 gene in Dorset x Nilagiri crossbred sheep resulted in two genotypes for the A/B with no polymorphism. KAP 6.1 gene locus revealed allele frequencies of &nbsp;A, B, C, D and E in Sandyno sheep were 0.67, 0.23, 0.04, 0.01 and 0.04 and in Nilagiri were 0.75, 0.06, 0.11, 0.04 and 0.04 respectively. KAP 6.1 gene revealed departure from Hardy-Weinberg equilibrium. KAP 6.1 genes were found to have high degree of homozygosity (0.6667) in Nilagiri sheep. The effective number of alleles (Ne) for KAP 6.1 gene was 1.1690 and 1.7006 respectively in Sandyno and Nilagiri breeds of sheep. The PIC values for KAP 6.1 gene was 0.1341 and 0.3909 in Sandyno and Nilagiri breeds of sheep respectively. FIS values for KAP 6.1 gene was positive (0.1909) in Nilagiri breed and it was negative (&ndash; 0.0110) in Sandyno breed. Least squares analysis of variance showed significant (P&lt;0.05) effect between genotypes and between sexes for wool traits like GFW (kg), CWY (%) and FD (&micro;). Significant (P&lt;0.05) effect of breed (Sandyno and Nilagiri) was observed for all the wool traits (GFW, CWY, FD, SL and Medullation %). Significant (p&lt;0.05) higher CWY production was recorded for AC genotype (62.00 &plusmn; 1.73 %) while low value was recorded for BB genotype (56.25 &plusmn; 1.74 %). FD was found to be high in genotype AC (24.29 &plusmn; 1.17 &micro;) than in AA genotype (23.24 &plusmn; 0.49 &micro;). The homozygote AA was found to have more Medullation (%) and SL. Genotypes BB had higher GFW and lower CWY. The heterozygous genotype AC yielded more FD and CWY with lower most Medullation (%) and SL values. From the study, it may be concluded that KAP 6.1 gene might be a potential molecular marker for genetic selection of wool traits in Sandyno and Nilagiri breeds of sheep .</div>

<div style="text-align: justify;">Polymorphism of Keratin - Associated Protein (KAP) 6.1 gene and its association with wool traits of Sandyno and Nilagiri breeds of sheep</div>

<div>Background: Soybean is an important source of food, protein and oil and hence more research is essential to increase its yield under different agro-ecological conditions, including stress. In this regard, four popular soybean varieties viz. Shohag, BDS-4, BAU-S/64 and BARI Soybean-5 were irradiated using Co60 gamma rays to create genetic variation for earliness, higher seed yield and other desirable agronomic traits. 
 
Methods: The experiments were conducted at Bangladesh Institute of Nuclear Agriculture (BINA) Headquarters farm, Mymensingh during 2006-2009 and 28 elite mutant lines were selected for evaluation. The mutant line, SBM-22 derived from mother variety BARI Soybean-5 irradiated with 300Gy of gamma rays was found to be superior compared to other mutants. Considering the superior performance of mutant SBM-22 including 28 mutants and mother check variety BARI Soybean-5, were evaluated through different trials. The evaluation trials were conducted at different agro-ecological zones of the country during Rabi season (January to April) of 2010-2018. 
 
Result: Significant variations were observed both in individual location and over locations for all traits. Reactions to major diseases and insect-pests infestation were also studied. Due to better performance of the mutant SBM-22, Bangladesh Institute of Nuclear Agriculture (BINA) applied to the National Seed Board (NSB) of Bangladesh for registration as an important soybean variety &ldquo;Binasoybean-6&rdquo;. Consequently, the NSB of Bangladesh registered SBM-22 as an improved soybean variety in 2019 as Binasoybean-6 for commercial cultivation.</div>

​Binasoybean-6: A High Yielding Mutant Soybean Variety Developed through Sustainable Mutation Breeding

Background: Diagnostic methods such as visual examination of cervico-vaginal mucus discharge, white side test, uterine endometrial cytology, uterine endometrial biopsy and ultra sonography imaging, has been described by various researchers for diagnosing uterine inflammatory diseases viz. metritis, clinical endometritis and subclinical endometritis,. Estimation of serum IL-6 and C - reactive protein provides biochemical means to diagnosethese uterine inflammatory diseases.The objective of this study was to compare the concentrations of inflammatory cytokine (IL -6) and C-reactive protein in healthy (control) postpartum crossbred cows and cows suffering from uterine inflammatory diseases. 
 
Methods: On the basis visual examination of vaginal discharges and white side test 96 cows with abnormal puerperium were categorized in three uterine inflammatory groups viz. metritis (M), clinical endometritis (CE) and subclinical endometritis (SCE) each inflammatory group containing 30 animals.A group of 6 cowsnegative for white side test were categorized as control group. The blood samples were collected and serum was separated for the estimation of IL-6 and C-reactive protein in different inflammatory groups and control group cows. 
 
Result: The mean serum concentration of IL 6 in metritis, clinical endometritis, subclinical endometritis and control group cows were 3130&plusmn;64.13, 3220&plusmn;58.11, 2650&plusmn;68.91 and 1820&plusmn;6 1.46 pg/ml respectively. The mean concentration of serum C- reactive protein in Metritis (Group A), CE (Group B), SCE (Group C) and control (Group D) cows were 115.43&plusmn;0.61, 86.24&plusmn;0.61, 56.60&plusmn;0.24 and 47.82&plusmn;0.69 &mu;g/ml respectively. This study showed that IL-6 concentrations in uterine inflammatory disease affected cows were higher than those in healthy control group cows. Similarly, serum concentration of CRP in metritis group was approximately three times higher than in the control group.

Serum IL-6 and C-Reactive Protein Concentration in Uterine Inflammatory Diseases Affected Crossbred Cows

<div>Background: Supplementation of fat, especially those having unsaturated fatty acids has been proposed to carry positive effects on the reproductive organ, beside providing dietary energy to the animals. This experiment was designed to examine the effects of dietary &omega;-3 or &omega;-6 fatty acid (FA) rich oil supplementation on blood FA, metabolite and hormone concentrations; ovarian follicular growth and corpus luteum (CL) size in Sahiwal breed heifers. 
 
Methods: Eighteen heifers of 18.33&plusmn;1.14 months of age and 194&plusmn;4.16 kg of mean body weight were randomly assigned to 3 diets and individually fed as per ICAR (2013) diets. The diets include chopped wheat straw, green fodder and concentrate mixture containing either (i) no added PUFA rich oil but palm oil @ 3.5% (PO; n=6); (ii) 3.5% added soybean oil as &omega;-6 FA source (SO; n=6); or (iii) 3.5% added linseed oil as &omega;-3 FA source (LO; n=6). 
 
Result: SO increased (P&lt;0.05) the plasma concentration of &omega;-6 FA while LO increased (P&lt;0.05) the plasma &omega;-3 FA. Plasma glucose, triglyceride and non-esterified fatty acid (NEFA) concentrations was not affected due to different diets. Plasma total cholesterol and HDL-cholesterol were significantly higher (P&lt;0.05) in SO and LO in comparison to PO. However, LDL-cholesterol was at par among all the treatments. Growth Hormone (GH) was not influenced due to different types of oil in heifers&rsquo; concentrate mixture. Insulin concentration increased (P&lt;0.05) in LO compared to others. IGF-1 was statistically higher (P&lt;0.05) in SO and LO as compared to CON, which among themselves also varied significantly. Plasma progesterone concentration at day 12 post estrous was higher (P&lt;0.05) in LO. PUFA rich oil supplementation in the concentrate mixture of heifers (SO and LO) increased (P&lt;0.05) the size of the ovulatory follicles as well as size of CL. It was inferred that feeding PUFA rich oil to pre-pubertal Sahiwal heifer&rsquo;s results in advantageous changes in the blood metabolites, plasma hormones and ovarian functions.</div>

<div>Effect of Dietary Enrichment with Omega 3 and 6 Fatty Acids on Blood Metabolites, Hormone Concentration and Ovarian Function in Sahiwal Heifers</div>

Background: Impacting approximately 20-30% of adults, nonalcoholic fatty liver disease (NAFLD) is the leading contributor to liver dysfunction. This condition is characterized by the accumulation of more than 5% fat in the liver without the presence of concurrent chronic liver diseases or alcohol abuse. NAFLD manifests across a spectrum ranging from simple steatosis to more complex forms involving hepatic lesions, inflammation and fibrosis. This research aimed to assess the therapeutic effectiveness of Bovine Lactoferrin (BLF) in a model of NAFLD using male C57BL/6 mice. 
 
Methods: Adult male C57BL6 mice, with an average weight of 28 g, were obtained and maintained in a consistent environment at 22&plusmn;2oC for 6 weeks, following a regulated 12-hour light-12-hour dark cycle. Control groups 1 and 3 were provided with a standard pellet feed, while model groups 2, 4, 5 and 6 were supplied with a high-fat diet. Induction of NAFLD included administering a high-fat diet (HFD) and CCl4 (0.5 mg/kg with olive oil) twice a week via intraperitoneal injection over 6 weeks. After the experimental procedures, an assessment of serum-biochemical parameters, inflammatory cytokines, anti-oxidant profile and liver histopathology were conducted. 
 
Result: The results revealed significant (p&lt;0.05) alteration in sero-biochemical parameters, inflammatory cytokines (IL-10, TNF-&alpha;, NF-kB and TGF-&beta;) anti-oxidant profile (nitric oxide assay, TBARS, SOD, GSH and Catalase) and histopathology of group 2 as compared to other groups. The groups 4, 5 and 6 showed significant improvement in all the parameters compared to disease control. The findings from this study suggest that BLF could potentially function as a therapeutic intervention for mitigating hepatic injury, inflammation and fibrosis in NAFLD by deactivating NF-kB pathway.

Bovine Lactoferrin Mitigates Oxidative Stress and Inflammation in CCL4 and High-fat Diet-induced NAFLD in C57BL/6 Mice

<div style="text-align:justify">Background: The major constraint in rainfed chickpea cultivation is unavailability of short duration, wilt resistant and high yielding varieties in Chamarajanagara district. In this regard, an investigation was carried out to identify suitable high yielding varieties for Chamarajanagara District, Karnataka (Zone-6). 
 
Methods: As a part of on farm testing of ICAR-KVK, Chamarajanagara conducted a field experiment during rabi 2018-19, 2019-20 and 2020-21 (Three years) in farmers field at Kotamballi village. Four chickpea varieties viz., Annigere-1, JG-11, Jaki-9218 and BGD-103 were tested under randomized complete block design (RCBD) which was replicated seven times.&nbsp; 
 
Result: The study revealed that chickpea variety BGD-103 recorded significantly higher grain yield (14.28 q/ha) and per cent protein content (20.10%) with the minimum disease incidence of 7.93 per cent. The growth and yield parameters were also better with BGD-103 variety as compared to other varieties. The highest wilt incidence of 29.2 per cent was recorded with chickpea variety A-1 followed by JG-11 (26.09%). The highest net return of ₹.35703/ha and benefit cost ratio of 2.16 was recorded in BGD-103 compared to other varieties. The investigation revealed that BGD-103 was found to be suitable variety for rainfed black soils of Karnataka (Zone-6) due to minimum wilt incidence, short duration nature, higher seed yield and per day productivity.</div>

Performance of Chickpea Varieties under Rainfed Black Soils of Chamarajanagara District, Karnataka (Zone-6)

<div>Background: 6-furfuryloaminopurine (KT) is the first compound to be identified as a cytokinin. Despite that there are many studies related to KT but the mechanism of KT in resisting immunosenescence remains unclear. The objective of this study is to investigate the influences of KT on the immunity of thymus in rats by detecting the apoptosis and the proliferation index (PI). 
 
Methods: We firstly established an aging rat model by subcutaneously injecting D- galactose (D-gal, 125mg/kg&bull;BW) in the dorsal neck of Sprague Daly rats (SD rats); then the rats were divided into KT treatment groups (three groups for different doses of KT), aging model group (without KT treatment) and young control group. The rats in KT treatment groups were treated with different-dose KT and the key indices including the changes of the number of CD3+, CD4+ and CD8+ T lymphocyte subpopulations in peripheral blood, the apoptosis of thymus lymphocytes.&nbsp; 
 
Result: KT could increase the number of the peripheral CD3+, CD4+ and CD8+ T lymphocytes of the aging rats while decreased the apoptotic rate of thymocytes and increased PI Index.</div>

Determining Serum Amyloid-A (SAA), Haptoglobin (Hp), Tumor Necrosis Factor (TNF-α) and Interleukins-1 (IL-1β) and 6 (IL-6) Levels in Neonatal Calves with Amoebiasis

Pharmacological Aspects of 6-Gingerol: A Review

The Downregulation of Pro-inflammatory Cytokine Interleukin-6 after Oral Administration of Lactobacillus plantarum IS-10506 in Mice Model for Endometriosis

Polymorphism of Keratin - Associated Protein (KAP) 6.1 gene and its association with wool traits of Sandyno and Nilagiri breeds of sheep

Binasoybean-6: A High Yielding Mutant Soybean Variety Developed through Sustainable Mutation Breeding

Serum IL-6 and C-Reactive Protein Concentration in Uterine Inflammatory Diseases Affected Crossbred Cows

Effect of Dietary Enrichment with Omega 3 and 6 Fatty Acids on Blood Metabolites, Hormone Concentration and Ovarian Function in Sahiwal Heifers

Bovine Lactoferrin Mitigates Oxidative Stress and Inflammation in CCL₄ and High-fat Diet-induced NAFLD in C57BL/6 Mice

Performance of Chickpea Varieties under Rainfed Black Soils of Chamarajanagara District, Karnataka (Zone-6)

Influences of 6-furfuryloaminopurine on Peripheral T Lymphocyte Subpopulations and Apoptosis of Thymus Lymphocytes of Aging Rats