Background: Production of pulses is a crucial need of the country because the India is important producer of pulses even though we are deficient in daily protein consumption. Encouraging of redgram intercropping in cotton is a fruitful way to increase the area of redgram and productivity along with income of cotton-redgram farmers. 
 
Methods: Study conducted by DAMU (District Agromet Unit), Krishi Vigyan Kendra, Mancherial district to understand the impact of Agromet Advisory Service on yield and economics of Cotton- Redgram intercropping system during 2019-20 to 2021-22 in 5 locations of Mancherial and K.B. Asifabad districts. To understand the impact of Advisory service, encouraged the farmers to practice cotton-redgram inter cropping system over traditional sole cotton cropping to increase the crop yield and economics in the study area. 
 
Result: Results of 5 locations revealed that the farmers followed and practiced cotton- redgram intercropping along with suggested management practices according to the Agromet advisory service experienced superior yields (Three years average of 5 locations inter cropping yield was 2031 kg ha-1&nbsp;including cotton 1537 kg ha-1&nbsp;and red gram 494 kg ha-1) in all the three years compared to sole cotton crop (Three years average of 5 locations 1690 kg ha-1). Luxury yields of intercropping through the AAS service also showed positive impact on LER and CER. These effective utilization of resources through LER and profitability through the CER leads to better gross, net income as well as B:C ratio in intercropping.

Impact of Agromet Advisory Service on Yield and Economics of Cotton-Redgram Intercropping System

<div>Background: Historical records and increased scientific consensus provide strong evidence that the global climate is changing. Future climate change would lead to an increase in climate variability and the frequency and intensity of extreme events.&nbsp; Agriculture that is dependent on climate conditions is inherently sensitive to climate changes. Today&rsquo;s world agriculture has gone through challenges from population growth and has adapted to changing economic conditions, technology and resource availabilities. But uncertainty remains concerning the ability of agricultural systems to adapt to climate change. Thus, climate change adaptation of the essence for a resilient food crop production system requires economic transformation by arrangement of institutional and technology. 
 
Methods: This study uses the Ricardian model to examine the economic impact of climate change on agriculture in Kellem Wollega Zone, Ethiopia. The net farm revenue is regressed against climate variable (temperature and precipitation), soil and socio-economic variables to help determine the factors that influence variability in net farm revenues. The study was based on the data from a survey of 400 smallholder farming households interviewed across the zone. 
&nbsp;&nbsp; 
Result: The Ricardian model analysis shows the coefficients of summer, autumn and winter temperature are positive whereas the coefficient of spring temperature is negative. Regarding the precipitation, the coefficients of summer and spring precipitation are positive while coefficients of autumn and winter precipitation are negative. The marginal impact analysis results show an increase in summer and spring temperatures has mostly negative effects on net farm revenues implying that further temperature increases would be harmful to agricultural activities while increases in autumn temperatures increase net farm revenues in the study area. The summer and spring precipitation would increase the net farm revenue but the autumn precipitation reduces the farm revenue. The elasticity results show that net farm revenues are highly sensitive to changes in climate and the elasticity is relatively high for both summer temperature and precipitation. The impacts of climate change under the three special Reports on Emission Scenarios, (Canadian General Circulation Model, Hadley Centre for Climate Prediction and Research and Parallel Climate Model) predicted that by 2100 net farm revenues would decrease across all farms per hectare by US$ 942.83, US$ 1048.16 and US$ 1024.32 respectively. The finding suggests there is a great need for the concerned bodies to provide up-to-date information about climate change and rainfall patterns in the forthcoming season so that the farmers make informed decisions and develop adaptation strategies.</div>

Economic Impact of Climate Change on Food Crop Production using Ricardina Approach: A Case of Kellem Wollega Zone, Ethiopia

Background: Chickpea cultivation plays a vital role in India&rsquo;s agricultural economy, yet it faces challenges like low yields, high input costsand environmental concerns. Emerging biotechnological and nanotechnological approaches offer potential solutions to enhance productivity and sustainability in legume cultivation. This study evaluates the economic and environmental impacts of these technologies in comparison to conventional farming methods. 
 
Methods: The research aims to assess the impact on yield, cost-efficiencyand income distribution using a combination of propensity score matching (PSM), cost-benefit analysis (CBA), environmental externality valuation, regression analysis, stochastic frontier analysis (SFA) and Lorenz curve analysis. Data were collected from 300 chickpea farmers, divided between adopters and non-adopters of advanced technologies. PSM was used to control for selection bias and isolate the true effect of adoption. 
 
Result: The results showed that adopters of biotechnological and nanotechnological methods achieved 33% higher yields (1.6 tons/hectare vs. 1.2 tons/hectare) and a 60% increase in net returns (₹ 48,800 vs. ₹ 30,500 per hectare) compared to non-adopters. Input costs for labour, fertilizersand pesticides were lower for adopters, with environmental savings of ₹ 1,800 per hectare. The benefit-cost ratio (BCR) was also higher for adopters (2.56) than non-adopters (2.03), reflecting the economic benefits of these technologies. Technical efficiency was superior among adopters, with a score of 0.82 versus 0.68 for non-adopters. Income distribution was more equitable among adopters, with a Gini coefficient of 0.32 compared to 0.45 for non-adopters. Scenario analysis suggested that a 90% adoption rate could generate an additional ₹ 17,000 per hectare in revenue and ₹ 16,200 in environmental savings, demonstrating the potential for enhanced economic and environmental sustainability in chickpea farming.

Economic Impact of Biotech and Nanotech Approaches in Chickpea (Cicer arietinum L.) Cultivation

<div style="text-align: justify;">The research analysed the economic impact of Rural Enterprise Development Hub Project (RED Hub Project) on maize farmers. A sample of 200 maize farmers was drawn from a total of 398 beneficiaries of the project using Cochran sample size formula. Convenience sampling was done at the second stage using structured questionnaires which were administered on the beneficiaries of the project from 9 villages in Mqanduli Community. With the use of a &lsquo;before&rsquo; and &lsquo;after&rsquo; &nbsp;approach the study determined the provision of market for supply of maize produce by benefitting farmers and change in annual income of maize farmers. The data were analysed using descriptive and inferential statistics. P-value less than 0.05 were considered to be statistically significant. The results revealed that there has been a significant positive impact of RED Hub Project on the income of benefitting maize farmers per hectare and per farm. This is represented by 100% provision of market by the project for maize produce, a significant (t-statistics 179.4 and p-value &lt;0.05) mean change of 212.47% in income per hectare in the area, a significant (t-statistics 38.4 and p-value &lt;0.05) improvement of the mean income of benefitting maize farmers per farm by 264.32% in the area. Therefore, the study recommends sustained purchase of maize produce by the project from its beneficiaries and an extension of purchase from all maize farmers in Mqanduli.&nbsp;</div>

<div style="text-align: justify;">Analysis of the economic impact of Rural Enterprise Development Hub Project on maize farmers in Mqanduli, South Africa</div>

<div style="text-align: justify;">Soybean and black soybean are important kharif crops which play a vital role in nutritional and livelihood security in Uttarakhand hills. Considering the scope of improvement in productivity through the improved varieties and recommended production technologies, front line demonstrations were conducted by ICAR-VPKAS, Almora during Kharif 2015 and 2016. The present study revealed that the average technology gap for black soybean (1.58 q/ha) was lower than soybean (7.87 q/ha) at farmer&rsquo;s field which is suggesting the need to further develop better &nbsp;performing varieties in black soybean than existing ones as the potential yield levels of improved varieties are easily achievable in given environment. The extension gap for black soybean (5.57 q/ha) and soybean (6.25 q/ha), exhibiting the potential of improving productivity by understanding the causes of yield gaps and abridging them with proper interventions. In terms of economic impact based on benefit cost ratio in front line demonstrations, the cultivation of black soybean (1.0) was found more profitable than soybean (0.94) besides, better feasibility of improved technological interventions in black soybean at farmer&rsquo;s field revealed by lower technology index of black soybean (12.72%) than soybean (39.10%). An insight on &nbsp;various constraints &nbsp;causing yield gaps and potential interventions to mitigate them have also been discussed.</div>

Comparative yield gaps, economic impact and constraint analysis in front line demonstrations of &nbsp;soybean and black soybean in Uttarakhand hills

The plants viruses have been examined to study the economic losses associated with agricultural crops and the viruses that represent a focus of attention of this study, in particular the Tomato Yellow leaf curl virus (TYLCV) and its impact on tomato productivity in Iraq. A study highlights the destroy produced by this virus, which can reach up to 100% in severe cases. This review aims to provide a comprehensive overview of the economic impact of TYLCV on tomato productivity in Iraq and to discuss integrated management strategies. It addresses the significant yield losses, which can be up to 100% in severe cases. In addition, it examines the effect of the virus on the chemical composition of fruit and reduces both nutritional value and marketing. The study emphasizes that controlling plant viruses requires integrated strategies, including development of resistant cultivars, the use of chemical, biological and agronomic control measures within an integrated management framework has been stressed as the best way to control plant viruses. It also underscores the need for enhanced scientific research and for improving farmers&rsquo; awareness. Additionally, it explores the effects of plant viruses on the chemical composition of associated plants, such as some mineral elements and plant hormones and how the plant responses resulting from the interaction of the host plant and the virus can lead to the decay of crop quality. Virus management strategies, including resistant cultivars, agricultural control methods such as the use of biological control methods and nanotechnology, in some limited cases, chemical pesticides used in a responsible manner, are discussed. Overall, this review highlights the urgent need for robust, integrated management strategies to mitigate the devastating effects of TYLCV and enhance the sustainability of tomato production in Iraq. 
&nbsp;

The Economic Impact and Integrated Management Strategies against Tomato Yellow Leaf Curl Virus (TYLCV): A Review

<div style="text-align: justify;">The major abiotic stress limiting productivity of pigeon pea includes undulated topography, waterlogging, drought, frost, poor soil fertility. Management techniques of abiotic stresses significantly increased yield, net profit and B:C ratio as compared to farmers practice (FP). Adoption of abiotic stresses resulted in an increase of grain yield by 7.2 to 38.5% over FP. Major technological impact on grain yield compared to FP was in order: broad bed furrow (BBF) sowing method (38.5%) &gt; nutrient management (21.0%) &gt; seed treatment (14.9%) &gt; short duration cultivar (7.3%) &gt; precision land shaping (PLS) method (7.2%). Maximum additional cost on nutrient management was &nbsp;2,360 ha-1 and it was minimum on seed treatment (265 ha-1), whereas saving due to BBF was .1,554 ha-1 and maximum additional net returns were obtained with BBF (30,551 ha-1) and minimum with PLS (4,804 ha-1) compared to FP. Maximum additional energy used was on nutrient management and minimum on seed treatment, whereas energy saved under BBF compared to FP. Higher additional net energy gain was with BBF followed by nutrient management, seed treatment, PLS and short duration cultivar over FP. PLS, BBF, seed treatment and nutrient management significantly increased infiltration rate and available N, P, K, S and Zn but decreased bulk density. Management of abiotic stresses by proper technologies increased pigeon pea production three times compared to average productivity of the country, resulted in increased economic benefits, energy productivity and improved soil physicochemical properties.</div>

On farm abiotic stress management in pigeon pea (Cajanus cajan) and its impact on yield, economics and soil properties

<div style="text-align: justify;">Onion (Allium cepa L.) is one of the most important bulb crops in India, which plays a major role in supplementing the income of small and marginal farmers of Sikar District in Rajasthan. In the district one of the major constraints in onion cultivation is poor keeping quality of local variety. Most of the farmers in the district are still using the locally self produced seeds of unknown source. The cultivation of recommended /released varieties is very limited. To replace this anomaly Krishi Vigyan Kendra, Fatehpur-Shekhawati, Sikar has introduced improved variety of onion through front line demonstration in selected villages of Sikar district with the objective of getting higher production with good storage potentials under real farm situation. The result showed that maximum TSS (13.1%) and average keeping quality (5-6 months) was recorded in demonstration variety whereas, it was very less in farmers practices. On an average the bulb yield achieved by adopting improved production technology was 347.62q/ha, whereas, the corresponding yield ranges under farmers practices was to 343.20q/ha. The economics of data indicated that an average of Rs. 160834/ha was recorded net profit under recommended practices, while it was Rs 62030/ha under farmer practices. Cost benefit ratio was 2.34 under demonstration, while it was 1.90 under farmer practices. The study suggests that front line demonstration is one of the key extension tools for transfer of technology at grass root level that directly impact the horizontal spread of technology. This can be also a good option for enhancing farmers&rsquo; income.</div>

<div style="text-align: justify;">Impact of front line demonstration on yield and economics of onion</div>

Background: Cowpea production has been noticeably increased during the last few decades due to its wider adaptability to withstand against adverse climatic conditions. It&rsquo;s numerous dietary, agronomical and&nbsp;climate resilient&nbsp;property has imparted significant contribution to the population across the globe. The current study aim to study the economic impacts of boron and molybdenum on cowpea (Vigna unguiculata L.) in South Gujarat region in order to manage and control cowpea production related problems. 
 
Methods: The experiment was conducted for three years, from 2019 to 2021 at Navsari, Gujarat. The experiment was arranged in a two- factor randomized block design with three replications.&nbsp; The factor-A comprised of seed treatments with molybdenum at 2 mg/l (M1), 4 mg/l (M2), 6 mg/l (M3) for 24 hours prior to sowing including control (M0), where as the factor- B comprised of boron (B) spray at 2 mg/l (B1), 4 mg/l (B2), 6 mg/l (B3) and control at 30 DAS, 45 DAS and 60 DAS. The experiment was conducted on Anand Vegetable Cowpea-1 (AVCP-1) variety of cowpea. 
 
Result: The cowpea seed treated with molybdenum at 2 mg/l (M1) provides the highest net realization (Rs. 1,20,345.94). Similarly, in case of individual effect of boron foliar spray at 4 mg/l (B2) at 30 DAS, 45 DAS and 60 DAS gave the highest net realization (Rs. 1,36,576.61) as compared to other levels including control. Furthermore, the treatment combination of molybdenum seed treatment @ 2 mg/ l with foliar spray of boron @ 4 mg/ l at 30, 45 and 60 DAS (M1B2) resulted in the highest gross return (Rs. 2,45,400),&nbsp; net return (Rs. 1,73,589.51) and benefit cost ratio (3.42) compared to all other treatment combinations. These findings suggest that seed treatment with molybdenum prior to sowing followed by foliar application of boron at 30, 45 and 60 DAS would be economically profitable for the farmers of South Gujarat.

Assessment of the Economic Impact of Boron and Molybdenum on Cowpea (Vigna unguiculata L.) in South Gujarat

Background: Bundelkhand region is far behind in the availability of soil and water both natural resources due to erratic rainfall and hard rock terrains (Tyagi, 1997). Conservation of such type of natural resources for livelihood security with a strong commitment would be the foremost challenge of the 21st century. The home of over 15.62 million humans and 8.36 million livestock, suffers from water scarcity, natural resource degradation, low crop productivity (1-1.5 Mg/ha), low rainwater use efficiency (35-45%), poor soil fertility, frequent droughts, poor irrigation facilities, inadequate vegetation cover and frequent crop failure resulting in scarcity of food, fodder and fuel (Palsaniya et al. 2008). Under such circumstances, the goal of doubling farmer&rsquo;s income by the year 2022 has been dubbed as impossible and unrealistic by some experts (Gulati and Saini, 2016). Hence, this study was conducted to assess the impact of agroforestry based crop production for provide an economic feasibility as well as perfect diet. 
 
Methods: The study was conducted at Garhkundar-Dabar (GKD) watershed&nbsp; located between 78&deg; 52&#39; 39&quot; to 78&deg; 54&#39; 44&quot; E longitude and 25&deg; 26&#39; 23&quot; to 25&deg; 28&#39; 32&quot; N latitude with an altitude varying from 208 to 285 m above mean sea level in Bundelkhand region of central India. The net return was calculated by subtracting the cost of cultivation incurred from sowing to harvesting, for each crop from the gross return and then benefit-cost ratio was estimated by dividing the net returns with cost of cultivation. 
 
Result: The study has revealed that after watershed interventions and agroforestry based Crop cultivation, the expenses on irrigation and labour will decrease, crop productivity will improve as well as benefit-cost ratio.&nbsp;

Impact of Agromet Advisory Service on Yield and Economics of Cotton-Redgram Intercropping System

Economic Impact of Climate Change on Food Crop Production using Ricardina Approach: A Case of Kellem Wollega Zone, Ethiopia

Economic Impact of Biotech and Nanotech Approaches in Chickpea (Cicer arietinum L.) Cultivation

Analysis of the economic impact of Rural Enterprise Development Hub Project on maize farmers in Mqanduli, South Africa

Comparative yield gaps, economic impact and constraint analysis in front line demonstrations of soybean and black soybean in Uttarakhand hills

The Economic Impact and Integrated Management Strategies against Tomato Yellow Leaf Curl Virus (TYLCV): A Review

On farm abiotic stress management in pigeon pea (Cajanus cajan) and its impact on yield, economics and soil properties

Impact of front line demonstration on yield and economics of onion

Assessment of the Economic Impact of Boron and Molybdenum on Cowpea (Vigna unguiculata L.) in South Gujarat

Impact of Economic Assessment of Crop Production along with Agroforestry Adoption in Bundelkhand Region