<div><strong>Background:</strong> Canine parvoviral enteritis (CPVE) is a highly contagious disease of dogs of less than two years age group characterized by vomiting, haemorrhagic foul smelling diarrhoea, high grade pyrexia, dehydration and followed by death. The disease is caused by Canine parvovirus type-2 (CPV-2) and its variants, CPV-2a, 2b and 2c. Environmental and host determinants are playing an important role in the occurrence of CPVE in dogs. Limited numbers of research studies have been were conducted on the role of the determinants associated with the disease occurrence. Hence, the present study was aimed to assess the influence of host and environmental determinants associated with the incidence of CPVE in dogs. &nbsp; &nbsp; &nbsp;<br />
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<strong>Methods: </strong>Retrospective data on the incidence of CPVE in Namakkal region, Tamil Nadu was collected (2017-2019) from Veterinary Clinical Complex (VCC), Veterinary College and Research Institute (VC and RI), Namakkal, Tamil Nadu and had been subjected to temporal and spatial &nbsp;clustering and regression analysis. One hundred and twenty three faecal samples were collected from dogs with clinical signs of CPVE and subjected to PCR using H primer of CPV. Cross-sectional study was used to investigate the relationship between the disease and hypothesized causal factors. Relative risk, odds ratio were used to determine the causal association. Weather data was collected for the period from 2017-2019 from Animal Feed Analytical and Quality Control Laboratory (AFAQAL), VC and RI, Namakkal to assess the relationship of disease occurrence with the environmental determinants. Multiple linear regression model was developed for prediction of CPVE by correlation of environmental determinants with the occurrence of CPVE.&nbsp;<br />
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<strong>Result: </strong>Temporal analysis revealed endemic pattern of CPVE started last week of April, peaks in June and ends in August and second peak was noticed at November month. Higher incidences (&gt;70%) were noticed in males and less than 6 months age group dogs. Polymerase chain reaction for confirmation of CPV infection in dogs revealed the positivity of 70.73%. Analysis of risk factors associated with CPVE revealed that vaccination, roaming of dogs, maternal vaccination and early weaning having positive statistical association with the incidence of CPVE. Multiple linear regression model revealed that relative humidity is positively associated with the occurrence of CPVE in dogs. Vaccination of dogs against CPV and administration of boosters at regular intervals, weaning of dogs after 45 days of age are used as primary strategies for prevention of CPVE.</div>


<div>Canine Parvoviral Enteritis and Its Determinants-An Epidemiological Analysis</div>


<div>Land management problems like soil erosion; overgrazing and deforestation have steadily increased in Ethiopia including the study area North Gondar Zone. Thus, the main objective of this study is to assess the determinants of crop land management practices in north Gondar zone. Both qualitative and quantitative types of data were collected from primary and secondary sources. In this study, to get representative sample from different agro ecologies a stratified simple random sampling technique was employed to select sample household heads. Finally, a total of 120 household heads were drawn through simple random sampling technique proportionally to size form the sample kebeles. To analyze the determinants of land management practices multinomial logit model was used. The findings of this study indicated that from the total variables included in the model only six variables are found to significantly affect the choice of crop land management strategies. The significant variables include age of the household head, education level, access to mass media, amount of income, farm distance and the frequency of extension contact. Thus, any concerned bodies should strengthen rural households&rsquo; mass media coverage and advisory services.</div>


<div>Determinants of Crop Land Management Practices: The Case of North Gondar Zone, North West Ethiopia</div>


<div style="text-align: justify;">he aims were to identify the body weight of the several age groups in Norduz lambs and its correlations between these traits were to determine the best non-linear growth curve models for the growth performance of the Norduz sheep breed. A total of 91 male and female of Norduz lambs were evaluated under extensive system conditions. The least square means for weights at birth and at 15, 30, 45, 60, 75, 90, 105, 120, 135, 150, 165, 180, 195 and 210 days of age periods were 4.51&plusmn;0.56, 9.28&plusmn;0.25, 11.14&plusmn;0.29, 14.99&plusmn;0.37, 18.21&plusmn;0.43, 22.54&plusmn;0.54, 22.33&plusmn;0.25, 23.59&plusmn;0.54, 25.58&plusmn;0.55, 28.07&plusmn;0.58, 29.45&plusmn;0.60, 29.98&plusmn;0.84, 32.44&plusmn;0.61, 32.03&plusmn;0.59 and 31.45&plusmn;0.57 kg, respectively. There were differences in favor of lambs of four-year old dams at 15 days of age and also lambs born single at 90 days of age for the body weight. The effect of weight of dam at birth, 30, 45, 60 days of age was significant (P&lt; 0.05-P&lt;0.01) and the birth weight in lambs importantly effected the weights at 15, 30, and 45 days of age.<br />&nbsp;&nbsp; &nbsp;All correlations between the body weights of several age periods were significant as statistical (P&lt;0.01). As for the growth models, distinguished models were compared using the coefficient of determination and mean square error for both sexes. As a result, we concluded that von Bertalanffy model were the best model in comparison with the other models for biological growth curves in Norduz male and female lambs.</div>

Effects of some factors on growth of lambs and the determination of growth curve models

<p><strong>Background:</strong> The particular attention in recent years on high nutritional quality food is increasing because of its health benefits. Tomato, which a common fruit in different regions of Syria, is one of these foods. It contains plentiful antioxidant compounds, including lycopene. Lycopene plays a very significant role in human health and nutrition; it is considered a strong antioxidant due to its ability to trap singlet oxygen and remove the peroxyl radical.&nbsp; This study aims to quantify of lycopene content of fresh tomatoes in Syria and determine the best analytical method (solvent for separation by HPLC) for separation by HPLC.<br />
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<strong>Methods:</strong> Tomatoes from different Syrian regions were quantitatively analyzed for the detection of lycopene, using reversed-phase high performance liquid chromatography through isocratic elution and UV detection. Many mobile phases were under experiments in order to maximum achievement the lycopene separation.<br />
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<strong>Result:</strong> An Analytical method for determination of lycopene in Syrian tomato samples was optimized and the proper solvent for separation and determination of lycopene in Syrian tomato samples was (MeOH/propanol/THF) (15:65:20). The lycopene content in Syrian tomatoes ranged from 55.94 to 103.70 &igrave;g/g, this disparity was attributed to many genetic and environmental factors.<br />
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This study suggests that Syrian tomato is rich source of lycopene and a major provenance of this powerful antioxidant and can be considered as a possible alternative to antioxidative supplements.&nbsp;<span dir="ltr"> </span></p>

<p style="text-align:justify">&nbsp;</p>


<p>Optimizing Analytical Methods to Determine Lycopene Levels in Syrian Tomatoes from Various Regions</p>


<div style="text-align: justify;">The study determined the physical properties of ﬁnger millet (FM) (Eluesine coracana) grains and the functional properties of FM ﬂour. Physical properties such as colour attributes, sample weight, bulk density, true density, porosity, surface area, sample volume, aspect ratio, sphericity, dimensional properties and moisture content of grain cultivars were determined. Water absorption capacity (WAC), bulk density (BD), dispersibility, viscosity and micro-structure of FM ﬂours were also evaluated. Data collected were analyzed using SPSS statistical software version 23.0. Results showed that milky cream cultivar was signiﬁcantly higher (p &lt; 0.05) than other samples in sample weight, bulk density, true density, aspect ratio and sphericity. However, pearl millet, used as a control, was signiﬁcantly diﬀerent from FM ﬂour on all dimensional properties. Moisture content of milky cream showed higher signiﬁcant diﬀerence for both grains and ﬂours as compared to brown and black grain/ﬂours. Milky cream cultivar was signiﬁcantly diﬀerent in L , b , C , H values, WAC, BD and dispersibility for both FM grains and ﬂours. Data showed that brown ﬂour was signiﬁcantly higher in viscosity than in milky and black ﬂours. Microstructure results revealed that starch granules of raw FM ﬂours had oval/spherical and smooth surface. The study is important for agricultural and food engineers, designers, scientists and processors in the design of equipment for FM grain processing. Results are likely to be useful in assessing the quality of grains used to fortify FM ﬂour.</div>

Studies on Evaluation and Determination of Physical and Functional Properties of Millets. (Ragi and Pearl Millet)

<div><strong>Background:</strong> Legumes and cereals microgreens are consumed both in healthy nutrition and as a natural food against many degenerative diseases due to their rich bioactive content. The research was carried out to determine the biochemical contents of 5 legumes and 7 cereals.<br />
<br />
<strong>Methods:</strong> The research was conducted in Van Yuzuncu Yıl University Field Crops Department Laboratory in 2020, in a controlled growing environment, according to the completely randomized experimental design. Total antioxidant activity, total phenolic, total flavonoid and total ascorbic acid contents and total Chlorophyll, Chlorophyll a, Chlorophyll b and Carotenoid contents and correlation between them were determined.<br />
<br />
<strong>Result:</strong> The differences between the means of all traits were found to be significant. The biochemical contents of cereals were 1.6-7 times higher than legumes. There was no big difference between the pigment values. In legumes, Bilensoy alfalfa had the highest total antioxidat activity and total flavonoid content, Uzbek lentil total phenolic content and Goynuk bean had the highest Total ascorbic acid. In cereals, Kirklar oat had the highest total antioxidat activity, total phenolic, total flavonoid and total ascorbic acid&nbsp; contents, while Larende barley had the lowest values (except total ascorbic acid content). While total Chlorophyll and Chlorophyll a amounts were highest in Kirklar barley and lowest in Uzbek lentils, the opposite situation occurred in Chlorophyll b and Carotenoid amounts. There was no significant correlation between biochemical parameters in legumes. There was a positive and significant correlation between total phenolic content with total antioxidant activity and between total ascorbic acid with total fenolic content in cereals. There were positive and significant correlations between all pigment parameters in both legumes and cereals.</div>


<p>Determination of Biochemical Composition and Pigment Content in Legume and Cereal Microgreens</p>


<p><strong>Background: </strong>This study aimed to determine the direct and indirect effects of various agronomic traits on seed yield in common bean under contrasting conventional and organic cultivation systems using path coefficient analysis. Field experiments were conducted in 2021 at the research and trial area of Kahramanmaras Sutcu Imam University.<br />
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<strong>Methods:</strong> Common bean genotypes were grown under conventional and organic management systems using, a randomized complete block design (RCBD) with three replications. Seed yield (SY) and ten related traits-emergence time (ET), plant height (PH), stem diameter (SD), first pod height (FPH), pod length (PL), pod width (PW), pods per plant (PPP), seeds per pod (SPP), 100-seed weight (HSW) and biomass yield (BY)-were measured.<br />
<br />
<strong>Result: </strong>Correlation coefficients were calculated and path analysis was performed separately for each system to partition correlations into direct and indirect effects on seed yield. Correlation analysis revealed differing significant associations between traits under the two systems. Path analysis identified distinct pathways influencing seed yield. In the conventional system, Emergence Time (ET) exhibited the largest positive direct effect (P=1.143) on seed yield, indicating the importance of rapid establishment. However, Pods per Plant (PPP) showed a strong negative direct effect (P=-1.359), while 100-Seed Weight (HSW) also had a notable negative direct effect (P=-0.337). In contrast, under the organic system, Pods per Plant (PPP) exerted the strongest positive direct effect (P=0.567) on seed yield, followed by biomass yield (BY) (P=0.428) and emergence time (ET) (P=0.473). First pod height (FPH) showed the most substantial negative direct effect (P=-0.487) in the organic system. The influence of PPP on seed yield was notably contrasting, shifting from strongly negative under conventional management to strongly positive under organic conditions. The study highlights that the mechanisms determining seed yield in common bean differ significantly between conventional and organic systems. While rapid emergence was paramount in the conventional system, maximizing pods per plant was the key driver under organic conditions, alongside biomass accumulation. These system-specific yield determination pathways suggest that breeding programs and agronomic management strategies should be tailored to the target cultivation environment (conventional or organic) to optimize common bean seed yield.</p>


<p>System-specific Determinants of Seed Yield in Common Bean: Insights from Conventional and Organic Path Analyses</p>


<p><strong>Background:</strong> Determinate growth habit is farmer-preferred trait in dolichos bean. Fresh pods are harvestable and marketable economic products in dolichos bean. For ready acceptance of determinate cultivars, they should be in high fresh pod yielding background. Empirical evidence based on non-isogenic backgrounds indicated that genotypes with indeterminate growth habit produce greater fresh pod yield than those with determinate growth habit. However, confounding effects of the genes other than those controlling growth habit on fresh pod yield cannot be ruled out. Near isogenic lines (NILs) are ideal genetic resources to assess un-confounding effect of growth habit on fresh pod yield.&nbsp;<br />
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<strong>Methods:</strong> Six pairs of NILs differing for growth habit developed from heterogeneous inbred families (HIFs) of F2:5 recombinant inbred population were field-evaluated in two-replicated RCBD design at three locations for days to 50% flowering, number of fresh pods plant<sup>-1</sup> and fresh pod yield plant<sup>-1</sup>. Significance/other-wise of differences between determinate and indeterminate components of NILs were examined using two-sample &lsquo;t&rsquo; test with unequal variance.&nbsp;<br />
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<strong>Result:</strong> Indeterminate NILs were late to flower by one week and produced two-fold greater number of fresh pods and higher fresh pod yield compared to their determinate counterpart NILs. Given that NILs used in the present study differed only for loci controlling growth habit, we strongly believe that genes controlling growth habit perhaps have pleiotropic effects on number of fresh pods and fresh pod yield in dolichos bean. These results are discussed in relation to strategies to maximize fresh pod yield potential of determinate cultivars in dolichos bean.</p>


<p>Are Indeterminate Genotypes More Productive Than Determinate Ones in Dolichos bean [<em>Lablab purpureus</em> (L.) Sweet]?: An Analysis based on Near Isogenic Lines Differing in Growth Habit</p>


<p>This review investigates the factors shaping mushroom production in Ethiopia, focusing on agro-climatic, socio-economic, technological and institutional influences. Agro-climatic factors like climate, soil and geography are critical in determining suitable cultivation areas. Socio-economic aspects, including market demand, labor and financial resources, significantly affect the scale and success of mushroom farming. Technological advancements in cultivation methods, training and research are vital for improving productivity and quality. Institutional and policy frameworks, including government support and land tenure, play a key role in enabling sector growth. The review suggests recommendations for enhancing mushroom production through improved policies, better institutional support and increased research investment. It also identifies future research needs in strain development, substrate use, market opportunities and policy effectiveness. This review aims to provide insights for advancing the sustainable development of Ethiopia&rsquo;s mushroom industry.<br />
&nbsp;</p>


<p>Determinants of Mushroom Production in Ethiopia: A Review</p>


<div style="text-align:justify">Antibiotic resistance is one of the most important issues encountered globally in managing infectious diseases and is a potential problem in the treatment of Mycoplasma infections. The aims of this study were to: determine carrier rates in sick and healthy herds of sheep and goats; determine the presence in herds of carrier animals that were clinically asymptomatic for contagious agalactia and use antibiogram tests to investigate the susceptibility to antibiotics of Mycoplasma spp. positive isolates derived from sheep and goat ear swabs. The presence of contagious agalactia was diagnosed by analyzing ear swabs (n = 300, bacterial method, Mycoplasma spp.) and blood serum samples (n = 300, serological method [ELISA], Mycoplasma agalactiae) taken from sheep and goat herds located in Elaz&yacute;&eth; and Malatya provinces in eastern Turkey. The ELISA tests revealed seropositivity in 10 (3.33%) of 300 samples. In order to determine the most effective antibiotic for disease treatment, antibiogram testing was performed on 87 (29%) positive isolates that had been isolated from swab cultures. We determined tulathromycin (MIC 16 &micro;g/mL) and tiamulin (MIC 16 &micro;g/mL) to be the most effective antibiotics, whereas disease agents were resistant to trimethoprim/sulfamethoxazole and neomycin.</div>


<div style="text-align:justify">Determination of Contagious Agalactia in Sheep and Goats and Investigation of Antibiotic Susceptibility of <em>Mycoplasma</em> spp. Positive Isolates</div>


Canine Parvoviral Enteritis and Its Determinants-An Epidemiological Analysis

Determinants of Crop Land Management Practices: The Case of North Gondar Zone, North West Ethiopia

Effects of some factors on growth of lambs and the determination of growth curve models

Optimizing Analytical Methods to Determine Lycopene Levels in Syrian Tomatoes from Various Regions

Studies on Evaluation and Determination of Physical and Functional Properties of Millets. (Ragi and Pearl Millet)

Determination of Biochemical Composition and Pigment Content in Legume and Cereal Microgreens

System-specific Determinants of Seed Yield in Common Bean: Insights from Conventional and Organic Path Analyses

Are Indeterminate Genotypes More Productive Than Determinate Ones in Dolichos bean [Lablab purpureus (L.) Sweet]?: An Analysis based on Near Isogenic Lines Differing in Growth Habit

Determinants of Mushroom Production in Ethiopia: A Review

Determination of Contagious Agalactia in Sheep and Goats and Investigation of Antibiotic Susceptibility of Mycoplasma spp. Positive Isolates