<div><strong>Background: </strong>Demodicosis, also named as demodectic mange, red mange or follicular mange (Shrestha<em> et al</em>., 2015). In dogs, Demodex canis is acquired from the dam during the first few hours of life, probably during suckling (<a href="#greve_1966">Greve and Gaafar, 1966</a>). Demodicosis can be defined on the basis of two forms localized and generalized (<a href="#shipstone_2000">Shipstone, 2000</a>) with juvenile or adult onset. The ideal confirmation of diagnosis of demodicosis were established by the laboratory analysis of the cutaneous skin scrapings. Various drugs have been used for treating canine demodicosis. Till date no research work has been done on herbal nano medicine against demodicosis in dogs especially in Mizoram. Keeping these points in view the present study was made to formulate the herbal nanomedicine against demodicosis in dogs.<br />
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<strong>Methods:</strong> Present investigation was conducted for curing canine demodicosis with the help of herbal essential oils along with its ameloriation with silver Nanoparticles. A total of 1200 dogs were screened for canine demodicosis and 35 cases were confirmed for canine demodicosis by skin scraping and amp; PCR examination.<br />
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<strong>Result: </strong>The typical characteristics of Demodex spp. were confirmed in (20/35) 57.14% cases by skin scraping examination while PCR examination demonstrated (35/35) 100% by the amplification of an approximately 483 bp. Sequencing of PCR products were analyzed by BLAST and amp; the results indicated 99.7% identical to available sequences of D. canis MG372354 (1:99.7) and 98.8 identical with D. canis KU253790 (33:98.8) and amp; MG372359 (1:96.8). The sequence of the PCR product of positive samples was submitted to NCBI GenBank for accession number and MK177513 accession number was obtained for GenBank. From the present study it seems that Herbo-Nano medicine can be an effective alternative of Amitraz in case of demodicosis.</div>


<div>Herbal Essential Oils Along with Its Amelioration with Silver Nanoparticles for Curing the Canine Demodicosis</div>


<p><strong>Background:</strong> Canine demodicosis, a parasitic skin disease, is known to T-cell suppression causing immunosuppression. The use of immunomodulators in the treatment of demodicosis along with a miticidal agent needs to be assessed.<br />
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<strong>Methods:</strong> 12 dogs positive for demodicosis, on the basis of skin scraping examination, were divided into 2 groups of 6 dogs each and were treated with weekly inj. Doramectin @ 0.6 mg/kg body weight s/c alone and in combination with tab. Levamisole @ 2.5 mg/kg body weight weekly. Clinical progress was assessed based on skin scraping and haemato-biochemical examination. Immunomodulation was assessed using ANAE staining technique.<br />
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<strong>Result:</strong> All of the demodectic dogs showed a borderline reduction in Hb, PCV and TEC levels which showed a non-significant yet apparent rise after treatment. Also, there was leucocytosis, accompanied by neutrophilia, eosinophilia and lymphopenia that resolved significantly with treatment. Demodectic dogs had normal ALT and AST levels, normal serum total protein, hypoalbuminemia, hyperglobulinemia and reduced A:G ratio. The ANAE-positive cells (T lymphocytes) were reduced in demodectic dogs on day 0 and increased highly significantly in both groups on day 42. Both groups showed 83.33% recovery and 98.04% reduction in mite count on day 42. Hence, combination of doramectin and levamisole therapy can be used for efficient management of canine demodicosis.&nbsp;<br />
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<p>Assessment of the Therapeutic Efficacy of Doramectin with and Without Levamisole in Managing Canine Demodicosis</p>


<div style="text-align: justify;">The attempt was made to study the response of the dog having skin infection with various underlying causes to killed S.pseudintermedius antigen. PBMC were separated and sensitized with killed S. pseudintermedius for 24 hours. cDNA was made from extracted RNA and quantitative PCR were carried out for 8 cytokines with GAPDH as housekeeping gene. IL-6 was the cytokine which was expressed in a statistically significant high level in PBMC of healthy animals to killed antigen than PBMC of infected animals. Except for the IL-6, all other cytokines were expressed at high level in pyoderma animals than healthy control, demodicosis and allergy cases. In the present study, IL-1&acirc;, IL-8 and TNF-&aacute; were the cytokines that were up-regulated and, IL-6 and IFN-&atilde; were down-regulated in demodicosis dogs with pyoderma at apparently significant level than the other tested cytokines. IL-4 was the only cytokine that was expressed in measurable quantity in allergic cases when compared to other cytokines. Thus, it was concluded that dogs with staphylococcal pyoderma infections developed a Th1/Th2 response to fight the infection.&nbsp;</div>

Herbal Essential Oils Along with Its Amelioration with Silver Nanoparticles for Curing the Canine Demodicosis

Assessment of the Therapeutic Efficacy of Doramectin with and Without Levamisole in Managing Canine Demodicosis

Cytokine response to killed Staphylococcus pseudintermedius antigen in dogs with skin diseases