<div style="text-align: justify;">Quality management of citrus fruits is the top priority as the demand for the fruits is increasing tremendously. In order to investigate the effect of critical success factors (CSF,s) or predictors on the performance measurement factors of citrus industry, an exploratory type of study was conducted with 100 valid responses collected from citrus stake holders. Specially prepared questionnaire consisted of 102 items clubbed in to ten groups for performance improvement Input factors and 24 items clubbed in to four groups for performance measures. The questionnaire is prepared in consultation with experts of industry and 1-5 Likert scale is being used for data collection. The data obtained is tested for normality, validity and reliability then, ANOVA and multiple regression analysis is performed. The ANOVA test revealed that the perceptions associated with the findings were in conformity with the hypothesis. Quality improvement frame work or model is derived from the current study. The study revealed that business environment and resources leads to Economic, Quality, Non-financial and Innovation/ technology performance of the citrus industry. Post harvest process control and post harvest pest and disease control measures improved economic performance and technology and innovation performance. Critical factors like marketing and distribution contributed to non-financial performance. It is further seen that socio economic aspects lead to innovation and technology performance.</div>

Critical success factors and organizational performance: A study on citrus industry

Rice and wheat are two major staple food crops in India and worldwide. Over the years the yield potential of the crops has been affected by abiotic factors, which is further projected to increase due to climate change induced environmental adversities. Typically these two crops have different growing conditions, rice requiring high water for cultivation unlike wheat which is water demanding and sensitive to larger variability in temperature regimes. In the recent past drought and disease stress, besides several other stresses, are considered to be critical factors affecting the growth and yield of crops, which is evident in the recent decades. Admittedly, drought stress coupled with biotic stress will further contribute for declining performance of crop varieties and difficult to alleviate even with innovative technological innovations. Few of the technological innovations like high yielding varieties, genetically modified cultivars, integrated nutrient management, integrated pest management, water conservation strategies and prophylactic measures to avoid the disease/pest outbreak, though with potential to augment the yield losses is affected by the stresses. Attempts have also been made to utilize transgenic technologies to build intrinsic tolerance mechanisms by the plants through alteration to functional genes. However, sustainable technologies like classical breeding approaches and integrated farming principles are also being considered to develop crops adaptation and/or enhance the adaptive mechanisms by aligning with technological interventions. Though, several technologies show promise but constrained by the limitations to achieve &lsquo;one-fits-all&rsquo; model to overcome the interactive effects of abiotic stressors. Visibly, the crop growth and yield enhancement through technological innovations is call of the day as climate change induced aggravation of these stressors on crop production is imminent. Skilful integration of technological innovations to suit the local and regional scale crop husbandry systems may have promise to address the abiotic stress to realize economic yield of crops like rice and wheat. The review will argumentatively analyse few critical stressors that limit the successful implementation of technological innovations to sustain the rice/wheat crop production and resilience building in the millennia.

Critical abiotic factors affecting implementation of technological&nbsp;innovations in rice and wheat production: A review

<div>Background: Weed populations reduce crop yields by influencing the pattern of crop growth and development throughout the season and by directly competing with the crop for limiting precious resources, like light, water or nutrients. A number of the factors that influence magnitude of crop yield losses from weed interference include the timing of weed emergence relative to the crop, weed density, pattern of weed growth and development. Weed management is one among the foremost critical factors influencing crop yield. By providing a window of weed-free growth early within the season, the size advantage that crop seedlings have over weeds can be utilized to reduce the intensity of direct competition for resources at the stages of crop development when yield is being determined. Weeds are identified as a significance drawback since they create biotic stress in realizing the genetic yield potential of this valuable crop. 
 
Methods: A field experiment was carried out during the rabi season of 2010-11 to 2014-15 at ICAR- National Research Centre on Seed Spices, Ajmer, Rajasthan to estimate the yield losses because of weed infestation and to work out the critical period for weed control (CPWC) in fenugreek (Trigonella foenum-graecum L.). There were 14 treatments comprising of initial weedy periods of 15, 30, 45, 60, 75, 90 days after sowing (DAS) and weed free period upto 15, 30, 45, 60, 75, 90 DAS along with weedy till harvest (un-weeded check) and weed free till harvest (weed free check). The treatments were replicated three times in a randomized block design. 
 
Result: Maximum pod length (cm), number of pods/plant, number of seed/pod, test weight (g), seed yield (kg/ha), straw yield (kg/ha) and harvesting index (%) to the tune of 9.47, 41.2, 16.67, 12.60, 2297, 4954 and 31.73 were recorded at weed free throughout growth period. Weed infestation up to 30, 45, 60, 75, 90 DAS and weedy throughout growth period reduced the seed yield significantly to the magnitude of 567.3, 801.7, 913.3, 1253.3, 1393.7 and 1736.3 kg/ha. Yield losses in fenugreek increase from 2.95 kg/ha/day at 15 days weed infestation to 12.31 kg/ha/day at 135 days weed infestation. Maximum gross return (`104248/ha), net return (`67018/ha) were obtained at weed free throughout growth period with the B:C ratio 2.80 among the weed free treatments. The employment of response curves with weed free or weed competition period showed that seed yield of fenugreek&nbsp;were&nbsp;the highest with the field&nbsp;free&nbsp;from weeds throughout the growth period and the critical period of weed/fenugreek competition was 32 days after sowing and lies between 30-45 days after sowing. In regression approach for fenugreek seed yield and weed free or weed competition period the quadratic function was fitted to estimate the expected yields which had the high significant with the data recorded and have the highest values of R2. If we predict the seed yield losses based on the quadratic model for weed free period model, it declined from 42.04 at 0 DAS to 0.0% at 135 days. Similarly, weed infestation period model predicted the seed yield losses increased from 0.00 at 0 days weed infestation to 73.42% at 135 days. Critical period for weed competition in fenugreek was found to be 32 days after sowing. The CPWC is helpful for making decisions on the necessity for and timing of weed control.</div>

<div>Yield Losses Due to Weeds, Critical Period for Weed-crop Competition in Fenugreek (Trigonella foenum-graecum L.)&nbsp;</div>

The yam minisett technique was developed to overcome the scarcity of seed yams, and has been introduced to farmers more than any other scientifically improved yam propagation method. However, the adoption rate of this technique has not significantly improved over the years. This paper presents an overview of the factors contributing to the low adoption rate of the technique since its deployment in Nigeria. Three main classes of factors influencing the adoption of the yam minisett technology are presented; informational factors, technical factors and economic factors. Among the informational factors, low rate of extension contact coupled with low membership of social groups has negative impacts on the level of awareness of the technology. Issues relating to technical and economic limitations are the major challenges faced by the minisett technique adopters. Among these, the low survival and sprouting rate of minisetts, high labour costs and low level of capital are of utmost importance.&nbsp;

Factors limiting the yam minisett technique adoption: A review

<div style="text-align: justify;">The present study was aimed to evaluate the beneficial effect of different growth factors on in-vitro maturation of porcine oocytes. Ovaries were collected from a local abattoir immediately after slaughter of the animals and transported to the laboratory. A total of 618 type A and type B oocytes were cultured in TCM-199 containing additives with PMSG and &nbsp;hCG for the first 22 hrs and without hormones for subsequent 22 hrs of incubation at 39o C under 5 per cent CO2 level and 90-95 per cent humidity. The effects of supplementation of different growth factors viz., EGF, IGF-I and EGF + IGF-I in the medium were studied. The rate of oocytes with cumulus cells expansion was significantly higher (P&lt;0.01) when &nbsp;growth factors were added as compared to control but it did not differ significantly between growth factors. The rate of nuclear maturation of oocytes was significantly higher (P&lt;0.01) as compare to control for EGF and EGF + IGF-I but not for IGF-I. There was no significant difference in the rate of oocytes with nuclear maturation between the growth factors studied. It can be concluded from the present study that addition of EGF, IGF-I or EGF + IGF and additives along with hormones (PMSG and hCG for first 20-22 hrs) in TCM-199 Medium gives optimum in-vitro maturation rates in porcine oocytes.</div>

Effect of growth factor on in-vitro maturation of porcine oocyte

<div style="text-align: justify;">Field experiments were conducted for two successive years with grass pea (cv. &lsquo;Prateek&rsquo;) sown on nine dates at weekly interval at Instructional Farm (22&deg;58&acute; N, 88&deg;31&acute; E), Bidhan Chandra Krishi Viswavidyalaya, West Bengal, India to investigate the impact of agroclimatic factors on pod filling of grass pea. Results showed that pod filling percentage (PFP) increased with delay in sowing dates, attaining the highest value (96.7 %) in crop sown on 30th November, beyond which it decreased gradually with further delay in sowing. Maximum and minimum temperatures, morning and afternoon soil temperatures, recorded at 5, 15 and 30 cm soil depths, morning and afternoon vapour pressure deficits at pre-flowering phase exhibited negative association and contrarily, when prevailing during reproductive and pod development phases, these parameters demonstrated positive correlation with PFP. Temperature range during reproductive phase increased with delay in sowing dates and it exhibited significant positive correlation with PFP. As demonstrated by stepwise regression analysis, Accumulated photothermal unit (APTU) prevailing at maturity phase alone accounted for 67.4 % of the total variation in PFP and together with temperature range it explained 91.3 % variation. APTU, temperature range, afternoon vapour pressure deficit and afternoon soil temperature seem to be the critical agroclimatic variables influencing the pod filling percentage significantly. &nbsp;</div>

Assessing the impact of agro-climatic factors on pod filling of grass pea&nbsp;

Measurement of productivity growth is very essential to take appropriate policy decisions for the development of the agriculture sector. Present study measures total factor Productivity growth of pigeon pea crop in sub-sector of Maharashtra State. The Tornqvist Theil chained Divisia index approach was applied for the measurement of total factor productivity using output and input data of pigeon pea crop. Farm-level data on yield, level of &nbsp;inputs use and their prices for the period 1989-90 to 2008-09 were taken from the state funded cost of cultivation scheme. The multi-variable model was utilized to know the determinants of total factor productivity growth taking total factor productivity as dependent variable. Beside double sown area, other explanatory variables included total amount of loan, net cropped area, area under irrigation, area under high yielding variety, annual rainfall, villages electrified, number of tractors, number of pump sets, road density. The results indicated that total factor productivity growth was positive in pigeon pea crop in sub sector of Maharashtra State. Area under irrigation, area under high yielding varieties, rainfall, and road density has positive and significant impact on total factor productivity of pigeon pea crop in sub- sector.

Total factor productivity growth of pigeon pea crop in Maharashtra&nbsp;

Background: The length-weight relationship is estimated for four catfish species in order Siluriformes. 
&nbsp; 
Methods: Fish samples were collected from the three sampling stations at Stanley Reservoir, Tamil Nadu, Southeast India, between December 2021 to November 2022. Fulton&rsquo;s condition factor (KF) (Fulton, 1904) , calculated using the formula KF&nbsp;= (W/L^3) x 100 and Relative condition factor (KR) using the equation KR = W/(a x Lb3) was employed to evaluate the health of the subjects and variations in form or condition with length respectively. 
&nbsp; 
Result: The estimated b values range from 2.50 to 3.77. This study also provides the length-weight relationship for the newly described species, Pangasius icaria, which possesses delicacy in commercial markets. Both Fulton&rsquo;s condition factor (KF) and relative condition factor (KR) further highlight the health and ecological status of these species. These findings provide critical baseline data for the conservation and management of catfish species in this reservoir, highlighting the impact of anthropogenic pressures on their populations.

Length-weight Relationship and Condition Factor of Four Catfish Species (Actinopterygii: Siluriformes) from the Stanley Reservoir, Tamil Nadu, Southeast India

<div>Background: Condition factor is an important factor to determine the general well being of any species. It is influenced by different factors like feeding, age of the fish, season, development of gonads etc. Reproductive development on other hand is a crucial factor in determining the condition of fish as gonad weight has certain impact on increasing the weight of fish as well as the condition of the fish. The experiment was thus to determine whether there is any synchronicity of reproductive development in the near threatened snakehead Channa bleheri with respect to its condition factor value. 
 
Methods: The condition of C. bleheri was closely monitored based on lenth-weight data round the year. The gonadal development of the species was determined calculating the Gonado-Somatic Ratio (GSR) as well as histological observation of the gonads. 
 
Result: It was found that the value of condition factor was directly proportional to the gonadal development which signifies the importance of gonad development in determining the fish condition. As there are many established factors that determine a fish condition, the inputs drawn out from the reproductive development can help to determine the condition of the fish.</div>

<div>Synchronicity of Condition Factor with Reproductive Development in Rainbow Snakehead (Channa bleheri Vierke, 1991)</div>

The objective of the present study was to investigate the effect of genetic and non-genetic factors and to estimate genetic parameters of first lactation 305 days milk yield (FLMY305), 305 days fat yield (LFY), 305 days solid not fat yield (LSNFY), 305 days total solid yield (LTSY), 305 days fat percentage (FAT%), 305 days solid not fat percentage (SNF%) and 305 days total solid percentage (TS%) in Murrah buffaloes. The data of 315 Murrah buffaloes calved from 1993 to 2013 and sired by 47 bulls maintained in an organized farm at ICAR-National Dairy Research Institute, Karnal was analyzed to study the effect of genetic and non-genetic factors. Least squares analysis was done to estimate the effect of genetic and non-genetic factors on FLMY305, LFY, LSNFY, LTSY, FAT%, SNF% and TS%. Heritability estimates were obtained by using paternal half-sib correlation method. The heritability estimates for FLMY305, LFY, LSNFY, LTSY, FAT%, SNF% and TS% traits were found to be 0.30, 0.29, 0.30, 0.30, 0.05, 0.02 and 0.06, respectively. Very high and positive genetic and phenotypic correlations of FLMY305 with milk constituents&rsquo; yield traits implied that selection based on FLMY305 would result in correlated response in milk constituents yield traits and therefore need not to be considered separately for their improvement.

Critical success factors and organizational performance: A study on citrus industry

Critical abiotic factors affecting implementation of technological innovations in rice and wheat production: A review

Yield Losses Due to Weeds, Critical Period for Weed-crop Competition in Fenugreek (Trigonella foenum-graecum L.)

Factors limiting the yam minisett technique adoption: A review

Effect of growth factor on in-vitro maturation of porcine oocyte

Assessing the impact of agro-climatic factors on pod filling of grass pea

Total factor productivity growth of pigeon pea crop in Maharashtra

Length-weight Relationship and Condition Factor of Four Catfish Species (Actinopterygii: Siluriformes) from the Stanley Reservoir, Tamil Nadu, Southeast India

Synchronicity of Condition Factor with Reproductive Development in Rainbow Snakehead (Channa bleheri Vierke, 1991)

Effect of genetic and non-genetic factors on milk yield and milk composition traits in Murrah buffaloes