Background: Rising seasonal temperatures are associated with losses in most areas. Climate change is predicted to have an influence on cold-climate locations as well. In both the short and long term, agricultural production suffers marginal losses. This research analyses the long-term association as well as the short-term dynamics between rice yields and climatic variables, namely maximum and lowest temperature as well as rainfall. 
 
Methods: This study used time-series data of India from 1991 to 2020 in India. By using the Autoregressive-Distributed Lag Regression or ARDL bounds testing technique for co-integration analysis. 
 
Result: The study demonstrates that the variables do have a long-term connection with one another. According to the data, rainfall significantly impacts the amount of rice produced. Rice yields and rainfall have been shown to have a particular connection that is unidirectional, positive and substantial; however, this relationship only goes one way. Rice yields grow by 1.58 per cent for every millimeter when the amount of rainfall increases. Because of the impact of temperature on rice harvests and the increasing vulnerability of the rice crop to climate change, agricultural experts need to concentrate their efforts on studying and creating temperature-tolerant rice varieties to increase rice yields.

Estimating the Potential Effect of Climate Change on Rice Yield in India by Considering the Combined Effects of Temperature and Rainfall

A field study was conducted at experimental farm of the Regional Research Station, Punjab Agricultural University, Gurdaspur during rabi season of 2014-15 to find out the effect of different sources of organic manures and their combinations on weed growth and wheat grain yield. The experiment was laid out in randomized block design with eight treatments namely, &nbsp;control (T1), recommended dose of NPK+ weedicide (T2), farmyard manure + poultry manure (T3), farmyard manure + bagasse ash (T4), farmyard manure + rice husk ash (T5), poultry manure + bagasse ash (T6), poultry manure + rice husk ash (T7), &nbsp;and &nbsp;bagasse ash + rice husk ash (T8). The results indicated that maximum dry weight of grassy weeds (2.65 g/m2) and broad leaf weeds (2.10 g/m2) was recorded in treatment where poultry manure was used in combination with farmyard manure whereas minimum dry weight of grassy (1.15 g/m2) and broad leaf weeds (1.00 g/m2) was obtained in treatment where these were controlled chemically. The minimum grain yield was obtained in control treatment where neither organic manure was added nor weeds were controlled by using herbicide. Among different combinations of organic manures, it was found that wherever poultry manure was used in combinations, higher yields were obtained due to higher plant height, maximum number of effective tillers/m2, maximum spike length in comparison to other manure combinations. Within the treatment combinations, rice husk ash combinations resulted in higher yield and also effectively controlled the weeds as compared to bagasse ash combinations.

Effect of different organic sources and their combinations on&nbsp;weed growth and yield of wheat (Triticum aestivum)

<div style="text-align: justify;">This experiment was conducted to investigate the effects of certain long-chain fatty acid combinations on ruminal microbial community in vitro. Three cows fitted with permanent ruminal cannulas were used to provide rumen liquor for the in vitro trail. The treatments were fatty acid combinations of stearic acid, oleic acid, linoleic acid and linolenic acid, which respectively were group A (calcium palmitate, control), B (1.5%, 1.0%, 0.5% and 1.5%, acetic type fermentation), C (1.5%, 1.0%, 1.5% and 1.0%, propionic acid type fermentation), D (1.0%, 1.5%, 1.5% and 0.5%, butyric acid type fermentation). Three goats fitted with rumen cannula were used to provide the culture medium was collected for the measurement of the rumen microorganism in vitro culture. Culture medium was collected at 0, 3, 6, 12, 18 and 24 h. The results demonstrated that, except for Ruminococcus albus, all the other bacterial genus had significant differences between groups (P &lt; 0.05). The Fibrobacter succinogenes and Ruminococcusflavefaciens, Clostridium proteoclasticum and Ruminobacter amylophilus were higher in group B; Butyrivibrio fibrisolvens, Megasphaera elsdenii and Ruminococcus bromii were higher in group C; while Pseudobutyrivibrio ruminis was higher in group D. Different higher species in different treatments described above related to their fermentation type. It was also observed that, bacteria were the dominant flora in rumen and Megasphaera elsdeniiwere the dominant species in bacterial fraction no matter what the treatment is. It was therefore concluded that, certain fatty acid combinations have remarkable effects on the amount of ruminal specific bacteria species,mainly related to their fermentation type.</div>

Effects of certain long-chain fatty acid combinations on the ruminal microbe species relating to fermentation type in vitro

Background: Anaesthetic management of horses for a successful surgery is of utmost importance but a risky procedure than other companion animals. Peri-aneasthetic morbidity and mortality in horses could be alarming if proper combinations of drugs were not used. Balanced anaesthetic combinations are being explored by various authors to find safer combinations.Therefore current study was planned to evaluate the effect of CRI of ketamine alone and ketamine-dexmedetomidine combination for isoflurane anesthesia in horses. 
 
Methods: Twenty four clinical cases of horses were randomly divided into three groups S, D and DK, having eight animals in each. Xylazine (1 mg/kg) and butorphanol (0.05 mg/kg) were given intravenously for premedication and ketamine (2 mg/kg) and midazolam (0.2 mg/kg) were used for induction of anesthesia. Normal saline (1000 ml/hour), ketamine alone (2 mg/kg/hr), ketamine (2 mg/kg/hr) and dexmedetomidine (2 &micro;g/kg/hr) combination were given as CRI in groups S, K and KD, respectively. Thiopentone sodium (200 mg bolus, 5%) was given as fast intravenous to facilitate endotracheal intubation in some of the cases. Anesthesia was maintained with isoflurane in oxygen and anesthetic efficacy was evaluated based on clinical and haematological parameters.&nbsp; 
 
Result: Overall quality of sedation, muscle relaxation, response to surgical stimuli, quality of intubation, anesthetic depth and quality of recovery was significantly (p&lt;0.05) better in group KD. Down-time (min) and duration of anesthesia were non significantly less in group KD. CRI of ketamine and dexmedetomidine combination was having significant (p&lt;0.05) thiopentone sodium and isoflurane sparing effect.&nbsp; Heart rateand RR, did not show any significant variation among groups but rectal temperature was significantly low in KD group than groups S and K. CRI of ketamine-Dexmedetomidine combination produced a better quality of anesthesia and significant thiopentone sodium and isoflurane sparing effect thus was found suitable for anesthesia of horses.

Clinical and Hematological Effect of Constant Rate Infusion of Ketamine Alone and Ketamine-dexmedetomidine Combination on Isoflurane Anesthesia in Horses

<div>Background: Endotracheal intubation for inhalation anaesthesia in pigs is not considered a good anaesthetic method as it is technically difficult because of oral anatomy and the presence of excess tissues in the oropharyngeal region. Moreover, the major limitation of inhalation anaesthesia is that it requires the use of a cumbersome and costly anaesthetic machine, including a suitable breathing system and vaporizer and is the exposure of operating-room personnel to the pollution in the ambient air. Therefore, the present study was undertaken to evaluate the effect of propofol, ketamine and their combination &lsquo;Ketofol&rsquo; as a TIVA in pigs. 
 
Methods: The study was conducted in eighteen piglets of either sex. The piglets were randomly divided into three groups with six animals in each group. All the three groups were premedicated with Atropine sulphate @ 0.04mg/kg body weight and Xylazine Hydrochloride @ 1mg/kg body weight I.M. and Medazolam @ 0.5mg/kg body weight I.M. with minimum forcible restraint as pre-anaesthetic. In group-I, propofol @ 5mg/kg body weight, in group-II, ketamine @ 5mg/kg body weight and in group-III, ketofol @ 4mg/kg body weight was administered intravenously for induction after 15 minutes of pre-anaesthetic administration. Surgical anaesthesia was maintained for 90 minutes in all three groups viz. group-I, group-II and group-III with propofol @ 2.5mg/kg, ketamine @ 2.5mg/kg and ketofol @ 2mg/kg body weight respectively by intermittent bolus injection (IBI) technique. Clinical and cardiopulmonary profiles were evaluated before administration of the anaesthetic agent (0 minutes) then at 15, 30, 60 and 90 minutes during and after administration of anaesthetic agents to evaluate their anaesthetic effect. 
 
Result: The study revealed that induction time (IT), duration of analgesia (DOA), duration of recumbency (DOR) and recovery time (RT) interval showed better result in the combination of ketamine and propofol group as compared to propofol and ketamine-induced individual group. The temperature and respiration rate was significantly decreased in all the groups at 30 minutes during TIVA whereas heart rate was significantly increased in all the groups at 15 minutes. The combination of ketamine and propofol group showed a consistent diastolic pressure and systolic pressure during the entire period of anaesthesia. The SPO2 in the ketamine-induced group showed a significant decrease (P&lt;0.01) as compared to the propofol and ketofol group. It was concluded that the anaesthetic drug combinations resulted in smooth and uneventful induction with mild cardiopulmonary depressions and rapid recovery.</div>

Anaesthetic Effects of Propofol, Ketamine and their Combination (Ketofol) as Total Intravenous Anaesthesia (TIVA) in Pigs

<div style="text-align:justify">Background: Among pulse crops, pigeon pea [Cajanus cajan (L.) Millsp] is one of the most important pulse crops of India after chick pea. Among various biotic factors limiting pigeon pea yield, weeds are of prime importance which can causes seed yield losses up to 80 per cent. Therefore, weed management is an important key factor for enhancing the productivity of pigeon pea. Imazethapyr, an herbicide of imidazolinones group has been registered for soybean, groundnut and other legumes. Various trials in different regions were conducted to study the effects of imazethapyr alone or in combination for controlling the weeds in different crops but in pigeon pea limited research were conducted. Therefore, current study aimed to study the effect of imidazolinones alone and in combination on weed dry matter accumulation in pigeon pea (Cajanus cajan L.). Methods: Pre and post emergence application of imidazolinones alone and in combination was done and dry matter accumulation by different types of weeds i.e. grassy, broad leaf and sedges in pigeon pea crop were worked out at different interval of crop span.&nbsp; Result: Among all weed controls treatments, two hoeing at 40 and 70 DAS found most effective to control all kind of weeds. Alone application of pendimethalin was not effective to control sedges. PRE application of imidazolinones was comparatively more effective than POE application. Application of imidazolinones in combination with pendimethalin improves its efficacy to control total weeds than alone application of it. Therefore, PRE application of pendimethalin + imazethapyr @ 1000 + 75 g ha-1 proved to be an effective and a profitable alternative to the existing recommendation (two hoeing at 25 and 45 DAS) of weed control in pigeon pea in Haryana locality.</div>

<div style="text-align: justify;">Effect of Imidazolinones Alone and in Combination on Weed Dry Matter Accumulation in Pigeon Pea (Cajanus cajan L.)</div>

Background: In India, there are a variety of unconventional feed resources that can be used in ration of ruminant animals. Among all, the most promising are castor bean, mahua, neem and karanj oil cakes which contains quality nutrients like that of conventional cakes. These unconventional oilcakes (UOC) are rich source of phytochemicals such as glycosides, saponins, tannins, essential oils and other which will help in methane reduction. This study was planned to investigate the effect of feeding unconventional oil cakes combination (Karanj: mahua: 75:25) on methane production through respiration chamber.&nbsp; 
 
Methods: Nine cattle calves aged one and half year old were distributed into three groups (Control, T1 and T2), three in each as per completely randomized block design where one group acted as control and two groups (T1 and T2) were experimental. The control animals were fed with basal diet (concentrate+roughage) and T1 and T2 were fed with basal diet and UOC combination at the rate of 7.5% and 10% of concentrate mixture, respectively. The calves were fed for 120 days and methane was estimated through respiration chamber.&nbsp; 
 
Result: Methane production was significantly (P&lt;0.01) reduced in experimental group, compared to control. Methane production (L/day) measured in control, T1 and T2 was 75.24&plusmn;2.02, 65.90&plusmn;0.97 and 59.85&plusmn;1.55, respectively. Based on the result we concluded that feeding of UOC combination significantly reduced the methane production.

Effect of Feeding of Unconventional Oil Cake Combination on Methane Emission Through Respiration Chamber Study

<div>Background: Ketamine is rarely used alone because of its association with poor muscle relaxation, tachycardia, catalepsy or muscle rigidity and therefore commonly used in combination with alpha 2 agonist or opioid to minimize the untoward effects. The aim of the present anaesthetic study was to evaluate the clinico-physiological effects of ketamine alone and in combination with dexmedetomidine or butorphanol for inducing adequate anaesthesia in dogs. 
 
Methods: The present anaesthetic study was conducted on 18 (eighteen) healthy dogs of either sex and randomly divided into three groups (K, DK and BK) with six animals in each group. Atropine sulphate @ 0.04 mg/ kg was administered intramuscularly 15 minutes prior to anaesthetic study to all the animals. In group K, ketamine HCl alone was administered @ 5 mg/kg by slow i/v and kept as control. In group DK and BK, after administration of atropine sulphate 15 minutes later dexmedetomidine @ 10 &micro;g/kg i/m and butorphanol @ 0.2 mg/kg i/m were administered respectively. Ten minutes later ketamine HCl was administered @ 5 mg/kg slowly intravenously in both group DK and BK to induce surgical stage of general anaesthesia. The following clinical parameters were recorded viz., onset of sedation, onset of anaesthesia, degree of analgesia, extent of muscle relaxation, duration of anaesthesia and complete recovery. The physiological parameters (rectal temperature, heart rate and respiratory rate) were recorded before anaesthetic study at 0 min. and at 10 minutes after preanaesthetic administration and then at 10, 20, 40, 60, 90, 120 and 180 minutes after ketamine anaesthesia. All the data were analyzed using SPSS v 15.0 statistics software program and presented as mean&plusmn;Standard Error. 
 
Result: The onset of sedation was quicker in group DK followed by group K and BK. Duration of anaesthesia and complete recovery in group DK was significantly (p&lt;0.01) longer than in group K and BK. The degree of analgesia was excellent in group DK and good in group K and BK. The extent of muscle relaxation was excellent in group DK, good in group BK and was poor in group K. The physiological parameters showed transient changes which compensated and remained within normal range during the observation period. The above anaesthetic study suggests that ketamine in combination with dexmedetomidine or butorphanol can be safely used for inducing adequate anaesthesia in dogs. However, dexmedetomidine-ketamine can be used safely for longer duration of surgical procedures in dogs.</div>

Evaluation of Clinico-physiological Effects of Ketamine Alone and in Combination with Dexmedetomidine or Butorphanol in Atropinized Dogs

Background: Mutation breeding is one of the important techniques for creating genetic variability and developing improved crop varieties with desirable traits. Chemical mutagens such as ethyl methanesulfonate (EMS), sodium azide (NaN3), colchicine and organic solvent dimethyl sulfoxide (DMSO) have been frequently used in plant mutation breeding programs. However, the combined effects of multiple chemical mutagens and their treatment durations on plant germination, growth and development are not well understood. 
&nbsp; 
Methods: This study investigated the combined effects of chemical mutagens comprising of EMS, Sodium azide, colchicine and DMSO on the germination of five commercial rice (Oryza sativa L.) hybrids in the M1 generation. Seeds were treated in the mutagen solution for varying durations ranging from 4 to 24 hours. 
&nbsp; 
Result: Significant differences were observed in germination rates among the hybrids and across treatment durations. The highest germination rate of 3.08% was observed in Arize 6444 Gold with a 4-hour treatment, while the lowest rate of 0.17% was recorded in Srichakra 1168 with a 24-hour treatment. Overall, germination rates decreased with increasing treatment duration, likely due to the cumulative mutagenic effects and DNA damage. Srichakra 1168 exhibited the highest tolerance to the mutagen mix, while DPS-Virat was the most sensitive. Despite the low germination rates, the surviving M1 plants may harbor a range of desirable and undesirable mutations, presenting opportunities for identifying valuable mutants with improved traits in subsequent generations. This study highlights the importance of optimizing mutagen combinations and treatment conditions to balance the induction of genetic variability with the maintenance of seed viability in mutation breeding programs for rice improvement.

Combined Effect of Multiple Chemical Mutagens and Treatment Duration on the Germination of Rice Hybrids in M1F1 Generation

Background: Tiletamine-zolazepam is a good injectable anaesthetic widely used in veterinary patients and thus the present study was planned to evaluate the effect of tiletamine-zolazepam alone and in combination with xylazine and xylazine-ketamine in dogs.&nbsp; 
 
Methods: Eighteen dogs irrespective of age, breed, sex and body weight&nbsp;(requiring various surgical corrections) were randomly divided into three groups namely A, B and C. Atropine sulphate was administered in all the groups followed by tiletamine-zolazepam in group A, xylazine and tiletamine-zolazepam in group B and xylazine, ketamine and tiletamine-zolazepam in group C. The efficacy of the anaesthesia was evaluated at different time intervals upto recovery by observing clinical, physiological and haemato-biochemical parameters. 
 
Result: Induction dose of tiletamine-zolazepam observed in group A, B and C was 6.5, 5.5 and 4.0 mg/kg body weight, respectively. Induction time values were decreased and duration of anaesthesia was increased from&nbsp; group A to group C. All physiological parameters differs significantly (p&lt;0.05) between the groups. Mean values of Hb, TEC, PCV, TLC, lymphocytes, monocytes, eosinophils, basophils and total proteins showed transient decrease whereas neutrophils, ALT, AST, total bilirubin, plasma glucose, BUN and serum creatinine showed transient increase in all the groups at 30 and 60 minutes. Haemato-biochemical parameters approached to baseline values upto 24 hours. Thus, it can be concluded that the various combinations of tiletamine-zolazepam with pre-medicants like xylazine and xylazine-ketamine was found to be safe with regard to their effects on haemato-biochemical parameters.

Evaluation of Haemato-biochemical Effects of Tiletamine-zolazepam Alone and in Combination with Xylazine or Xylazine-ketamine in Atropinized Dogs