<div>Cucumber mosaic virus is one of the most devastating and widely distributed pathogen. This was successfully transmitted to indicator plants (chili, tomato and chenopodium) through sap inoculation. After infectivity assay, CMV was inoculated on cucumber plants grown in greenhouse. Management of CMV in cucumber was done with different botanicals (Neem, Eucalyptus) and plant defense activators (Urea, Salicylic acid and milk). These treatments were used 7-10 days after CMV inoculation. Botanicals were used @5m/L, urea @5g/L, salicylic acid @1.5mg/L and milk @1ml/9ml. Among the different treatments neem extract with 15.49% disease incidence was the best in reducing cucumber mosaic virus disease followed by eucalyptus (18.13%), urea (18.65%), salicylic acid (19.46%) and milk (28.12%) in that order. Therefore, neem extract treatment was found to be best for management of CMV.</div>


<div>Management of Cucumber Mosaic Virus through Organic and Inorganic Extracts in Greenhouse</div>


<div><strong>Background: </strong>Cowpea is a major food legume rich in protein but its production has been dwindling by several factors including viral infection due to various virus strains in all agro-ecological zones.<br />
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<strong>Methods: </strong>Sixty eight cowpea genotypes were screened against qualitative traits (leaf shape, seed surface, twinning tendency, anthocynin pigment, plant type, fodder type and cream color) and four seed borne viruses <em>viz</em>. cucumber mosaic virus (CMV), cowpea aphid borne mosaic virus (CABMV), black eye cowpea mosaic virus (BlCMV) and bean common mosaic virus (BCMV) under both<em> in situ</em> and laboratory conditions using DAC-ELISA.<br />
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<strong>Result:</strong> Based on<em> in situ</em> screening, 16 genotypes were found resistant to all the four viruses, whereas for ELISA, 13 genotypes (27005, 27041, 27075, 27141, 27145, 27146, 27147, 27158, 27160, 27167, 27172, IT85F-1380 and IT86D-719) were found resistant to all. Twelve clusters were obtained from UPGMA based on disease severity. Genotype 27008 (Pakistan) was present in cluster VI and was susceptible to all antisera CMV, CABMV, BICMV and BCMV. Whereas 13 genotypes were present in cluster VIII which were found resistant to all the four antisera applied. Therefore, 13 genotypes suggested for safe use in any breeding program at developing resistant cultivars. First two factors obtained through PCA with eigen-values &gt;1 contributed &gt; 80 per cent variability. Twelve distinct groups were observed and these were in coordination with cluster analysis.</div>


<div style="text-align:justify">Exploring New Sources of Viral Resistance in Cowpea Germplasm and Its Elaboration through Multivariate Analysis</div>


<div><strong>Background: </strong>Bitter gourd, an important tropical and sub-tropical vegetable which occupies a predominant position in Indian vegetables. The aphids and leafhoppers are more serious agricultural insect pests and aphids indirectly transmit plant virus diseases like, Cucumber Mosaic Virus (CMV) in cucurbit crops. Our study aimed to noticed seasonal fluctuations and bio-inputs using management of sucking pests in bitter gourd.<br />
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<strong>Methods: </strong>Field experiments were conducted during 2017-19 in a farmer&rsquo;s field at Ellamanam village, Tiruchirappalli district, Tamil Nadu in insect pest population was monitored at weekly intervals from ten randomly selected plants in three plots. In field efficacy studies conducted Randomised Block Design with eight treatments and three replications.&nbsp;<br />
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<strong>Result:</strong> Our results showed in the maximum aphid and leafhopper populations were recorded in September 2018 during 39<sup>th</sup> SMW (Standard Meteorological Week). In Rabi, the aphids and leaf hopper population were maximum in 9<sup>th</sup> and 10<sup>th</sup> SMW in February and March. The population of aphids and leafhopper were positively correlated with maximum temperature, minimum temperature, wind speed and wind direction. Rainfall and relative humidity were negatively associated to aphids and leafhopper infestation. In <em>Kharif </em>and<em> Rabi</em>, high reduction of aphid and leafhopper pest population were noticed in chlorantraniliprole 18.5 SC and spinosad 45 SC compared to control. Among the bio-inputs agniastram recorded higher reduction of pest population followed by karpurakaraisal, NSKE, fish acid and ten leaf extract.</div>


Management of Cucumber Mosaic Virus through Organic and Inorganic Extracts in Greenhouse

Exploring New Sources of Viral Resistance in Cowpea Germplasm and Its Elaboration through Multivariate Analysis

Seasonal Fluctuations and Management of Sucking Insect Pests on Bitter Gourd (Momordica charantia L.)