<div style="text-align: justify;">The pure of an individual is relative to the hybrid. No two identical organisms are found on the earth at the level of nucleotide sequence. After two parents mating, the variations of their offspring will occur in the nucleotide sequence compared to their parents, which are called biological heterozygous effect. However, the molecular bases for this phenomenon remain elusive. In our view, biological heterozygous effects at least follow the below rules: Firstly, the contribution of the outcome of traits passed from parents to offspring is not equal. Secondly, progeny variation across the heterozygous individuals is lineage-specific dependent and some difference is found among the individuals within a family. Thirdly, biological variation is absolute, random, non-directional, and is fixed and forms a new species while other variation is getting into the blind branch of the species under some circumstances. In summary, Heterozygous effect is the key reason for the formation of biodiversity on the earth.</div>

Some novel rules of the biological heterozygous effects<br />&nbsp;

<p><strong>Background:</strong> Cancer stem cell (CSC) and Epithelial to Mesenchymal Transition (EMT) transforms conversion of normal cells in the tumor microenvironment into CSC which is the main cause of embryogenesis, carcinogenesis and metastasis.<br />
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<strong>Methods: </strong>Nineteen canine patients with recurrent transmissible venereal tumor (TVT) and metastasis of inguinal lymph node were the subjects of present study. Preoperative work up and clinical staging involving radiography, ultrasonography, hematobiochemical analysis and histopathology or biopsy were done to confirm the type of cancerous tissue. Tumor tissues were collected in ice cold RPMI-1640 and phosphate buffer solution. Flow cytometry analysis was performed following established protocol from surgically excised tissue sample. Trypan blue dye exclusion test was done to quantify the live/dead cell count.&nbsp; CD24PE, CD44FITC, CD133APC and EpCAM antibody with conjugates were chosen markers for flow cytometry analysis.&nbsp;<br />
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<strong>Result: </strong>Nineteen canine patients were diagnosed with Transmissible Venereal tumor (TVT) (common sexually transmitted disease in male dog) through biopsy of excised surgical tissue following Haematoxylin and Eosin staining protocol. Recurrence was seen even after adjuvant chemotherapy with Vincristine injection @ 0.25 mg/m<sup>2</sup> at weekly interval for 5 weeks. Trypan blue dye exclusion test confirms 98% live cell count in transmissible venereal granuloma after digestion and incubation for flow cytometry. Flow cytometry analysis of the cells from the TVT showed surface biomarkers for EpCAM+ cells, EpCAM CD24+ cells, EpCAM CD44+ cells, EpCAM CD133+ indicating cells with CSC and EMT properties. Presence of CSC and EMT cells in this patient was responsible for chemoresistance, distant metastasis and recurrence. Identification of specific CSC in a malignant cancer will yields deeper insight into biological aspects of metastasis and formulation of targeted therapy in fighting with cancer.&nbsp;</p>


<p>Cancer Stem Cell and Epithelial Mesenchymal Transition (EMT) in Canine Transmissible Venereal Tumour- A Preliminary Study</p>


<div><strong>Background:</strong> Canine transmissible venereal tumour (CTVT) also known as infectious sarcoma, venereal granuloma, transmissible lymphosarcoma or sticker tumour is usually transmitted through coitus and mainly affects the external genitalia of young sexually matured dogs. Surgery, chemotherapy, radiotherapy and immunotherapy are considered as effective treatment protocols. Therefore, depending upon the availability present study was designed to investigate the efficacy of different surgico-chemotherapeutic protocols for treatment of canine transmissible venereal tumour.<br />
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<strong>Methods:</strong> The study was conducted during January 2018 to July 2018 at the Teaching Veterinary Clinical Complex (TVCC) and Department of Veterinary Surgery and Radiology, College of Veterinary Science and A.H., Anjora, Durg (C.G.) on 18 canines of various breed, irrespective of age, sex and divided into three groups consisting 6 animals in each group. Group A was treated with surgical excision of tumour only where as Group B and Group C were treated with surgical excision of tumour followed by administration of Doxorubicin (30mg/m<sup>2</sup>) BSA and Vincristine sulphate (0.025 mg/kg) intravenously alongwith DNS at 7<sup>th</sup> and 14<sup>th</sup> post-operative days respectively. Different physiological and haemato-biochemical parameters (Hb, PCV, TLC, TPC, DLC, serum glucose, TSP, SUN, SC, ALT, AST and ALP) were recorded preoperatively, postoperatively and after chemotherapy at 10<sup>th</sup>, 30<sup>th</sup> and 60<sup>th </sup>days intervals.<br />
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<strong>Result: </strong>The present investigation showed transient changes in physiological and haemato-biochemical parameters before, post surgery and post chemotherapeutic management and was within normal range. Histopathological examination revealed confluent sheet of tumour cells arranged in large round oval or polyhedral shaped distributed in tight clusters or cords. Group A showed mild to moderated reoccurrence while Group B showed minimum reoccurrence. Group C showed no reoccurrence. Thus, surgery combined with vincristine therapy is most effective for treating dogs suffering with transmissible venereal tumour.</div>


<div>Treatment of Canine Transmissible Venereal Tumour using Different Surgico-chemotherapeutic Protocols</div>


<div>Agriculture is the most important economic activity around the world with its contributions reflected by its share in the gross domestic product of countries. It ensures food security, provides raw materials for many industries and employment opportunities. Today, pest and diseases are among the main challenges plaguing the agricultural sector. More specifically, phytophagous mites are devastating many economically important crops worldwide. <em>Tetranychus urticae </em>Koch (Two-spotted spider mites), <em>Raoiella indica</em> Hirst, (red palm mites), <em>Polyphagotarsonemus latus</em> Banks (broad mites) and <em>Panonychus ulmi</em> Koch (European red mites) are widely known for their extensive damage to crops. To control these mites, farmers have incorporated the use of pesticides into their farming systems. However, chemical control comes with many problems such as insect resistance, detrimental environmental effects and various human health implications. As such biological control is an environmentally friendly alternative that uses bio-control agents such as predators, pathogens and parasitoids to control pests. In this review, it was found that predators and pathogens were the most widely used biocontrol agents, specifically, the <em>Amblyseius spp.</em> Berlese were most effective and widely documented. The available literature also suggests that for successful control of agricultural mites <em>via</em> biological control, there needs to be a clear understanding of the behaviors of these mites and the bio-control agents used.<br />
&nbsp;</div>


<p>Biological Control Methods for Agricultural Mites: A Review</p>


<p>The biological method of weed control is an effective option. Before implementing bio-agents, there is a need for a better understanding of the mechanisms involved in interactions by multiple agents against weeds. This covers knowledge of how plants integrate and prioritize their responses to multiple attackers. Across the globe, terrestrial ecosystems are known to be characterized by a huge diversity of species and a corresponding diversity of interactions between these species. These include species of different trophic levels of habitats on the same food chain. Plants undoubtedly play significant role as intermediaries in interactions between the insect and microbial populations with which they are involved. Plant interactions brought forth by one species can have cascading impacts on other species, influencing their abundances and the composition of communities. Several research efforts are underway to develop highly effective biological control agents to reliably control a problematic broad spectrum of weeds. Sustainable and ecosystem-compatible weed management for controlling weeds by biological means, such as insects, bio-agents, myco-herbicides and harmful Rhizobacteria. Their interaction with cultural practices and allelochemicals are some biological components of sustainable agriculture. Hence, biological agents enhance efficiency and restrict the detrimental effect of weeds compared to weeds being left alone. The challenge is to identify appropriate microbe/bioagents, which reduce weed growth. Logically, biological weed management is the only way to control weeds in eco-friendly weed management.</p>

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<p>Pioneering Innovations in Biological Weed Control: A Comprehensive Review</p>


<div><strong>Background: </strong>Chickpea (<em>Cicer arietinum</em> L.) is the third most important pulse crop grown all over the world. Chickpea is infested by an average of about 60 insect-pests, of which gram pod borer, <em>Helicoverpa armigera</em> (Hubner) (Lepidoptera: Noctuidae) is known to be the key pest. The migratory nature, polyphagous, short life cycle, multivoltine and resistance to insecticides makes <em>H. armigera</em>&nbsp;very difficult to control. In order to develop the resistance chickpea genotypes against <em>H. armigera</em> it is very important to understand the interrelation between the chickpea biochemical constituents and their effect on insect growth and development.<br />
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<strong>Methods:</strong> The biological performance of <em>H. armigera</em> on different chickpea genotypes was studied using detached leaf method and the test genotypes were also evaluated for field level resistance to <em>H. armigera </em>under natural conditions. Different biochemical constituents <em>viz</em>., reducing sugar, protein, total phenol and tannins content in chickpea genotypes were estimated at 30 days after sowing. The relationship between biological attributes of <em>H. armigera</em> reared on different chickpea genotypes and biochemical constituents of chickpea genotypes was computed using simple correlation co-efficient.<br />
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<strong>Result:</strong> Among the test genotypes, the lowest larval weight, prolonged larval duration and pupal duration were observed in GL-13042. The lowest pupal weight and percent of adult emergence was observed in NBeG-786 while the lowest fecundity was observed in GL-13001. The percent pod damage, pest susceptibility/ resistance per cent and PRSR on different chickpea genotypes in the field condition varied from 25.9 to 47.84%, 12.91 to 45.86 and from 4 to 5. In the biochemical constituents, the highest total phenol and tannin content were observed in NBeG-786 whereas the lowest protein and reducing sugar content were observed in GL-13042. Relationship between biological attributes of <em>H. armigera</em> and biochemical constituents in different chickpea genotypes revealed that reducing sugars, protein, total phenols and tannins content showed negative association with biological attributes of <em>H. armigera</em> reared on chickpea genotypes.</div>


<div>Effect of Different Chickpea Genotypes and Its Biochemical Constituents on Biological Attributes of <em>Helicoverpa armigera</em> (Hubner)</div>


<div style="text-align: justify;">Fungal pathogenic populations such as <em>Sclerotinia, Rhizoctonia </em>and<em> Fusarium</em> are ubiquitous and have broad range of host enabling them to cause a severe infection resulting in huge yield losses. Albeit the various tactics such as cultural, mechanical implemented to counteract the havoc, it still creates a formidable challenge to the researchers to keep the pathogenic population below threshold. From Eco-friendly sustenance perspective, Biological control can play a vital role in combination along with the other efficient tactics. In field condition various strains are available having two characters namely virulent and hypovirulent, the latter may exhibit hypovirulent nature genetically or due to the invasion of mycoviruses becomes hypovirulent. In both the cases are of interest to the researchers in studying the biological control exhibited by the mycoviruses. The biocontrol agents include Mycoviruses, which plays a significant role in infecting the virulent fungal pathogen by reducing their virulence giving to a phenomenon known as Hypovirulence. Their genome consist of mostly dsRNA and others include +ssRNA, -ssRNA and dsDNA. These studies in fungal and viral interaction can lead to the development of novel biological control strategies and help us to explore upto the molecular level.</div>

<div style="text-align: justify;">Potential of Mycovirus in the Biological Control of Fungal Plant Pathogens: A Review</div>

<div style="text-align: justify;"><strong>Background:</strong> Low nutrient content in ultisol soils and the result of Maydis leaf rot are a major problem in efforts to increase corn productivity in Southeast Sulawesi Province, Indonesia. The use of organic materials and biological agents is one of the solutions in increasing disease resistance and corn productivity in the environmentally friendly ultisol lands. This study aims to assess the effectiveness of the biological agent Biofresh combined with various types of organic material to increase resistance to Maydis leaf rot and maize productivity in ultisol lands.</div><div style="text-align: justify;"><strong>Methods: </strong>Research in April-August 2017 in Southeast Sulawesi, Indonesia. With 21 units of experiments using a random block design with 7 treatments in combination of Biofresh with organic material &lsquo;Bokashi&rsquo;. consists of: B0 = Inorganic fertilizer; B1 = Organic material of cow dung; B2 = Biofresh Biological Agent; B3 = Biofresh biological agent combined with cow dung organic matter; B4 = Biofresh biological agent combination with bokashi cow dung and straws; B5 = Biofresh combination of biological agents with bokashi cow dung and soybean Sitter; B6 = Biofresh Biological agent combination with all Cow, straw and soybean bokashi.</div><div style="text-align: justify;"><strong>Result:</strong> The results showed that the combination of Biofresh with organic material in the form of bokashi at a dose of 5 tons ha-1 was very effective in increasing the durability and productivity of corn plants in ultisol land. The combination of Biofresh biological agents with bokashi containing cow&rsquo;s feses, straw, and soy litter can reduce Maydis leaf blight leaf blight disease by 47.36% and increase production by 53.54%. Disease suppression index is positively correlated with maize crop productivity in Ultisol land.</div>

<div style="text-align: justify;">Increase Resistance to Maydis Leaf Blight and Productivity of Maize in Ultisol Soils with A Combination of Organic Material and Biological Agents Biofresh</div>

<div>Present investigation was carried out using three different categories of chemical mutagens viz., ethylmethane sulphonate (EMS)&ndash;an alkylating agent, hydrazine hydrate (HZ)&ndash;a base analogue and sodium azide (SA) &ndash; a respiratory inhibitor on two varieties viz., Pant L-406 and Type-8 of lentil to study the immediate biological damage induced by the mutagens and to determine the sensitivity of biological material in question. Biological damage induced in M1 generation was estimated in terms of seed germination, seedling height and pollen fertility. A dose dependent reduction with increasing concentrations of the mutagens for all these parameters was observed in both the varieties. The inhibition was more severe at the highest concentration of all the three mutagens under study. Variety Type-8 was found to be more sensitive than the var. Pant L-406 with respect to the mutagens utilized. Reduction in seed germination, seedling growth and pollen fertility in M2 generation was reasonably less as compared to M1 generation.&nbsp;</div>


<div>Comparative biological sensitivity and mutability of chemo-mutagens in lentil (<em>Lens culinaris</em> Medik)</div>


<div><strong>Background: </strong>The importance of standardized organic fertilizers with relatively balanced levels of NPK elements, in order to increase the role of organic fertilizers as a source of nutrition for plants which at the same time can improve soil physical, chemical and&nbsp; biological properties and can increase the role of organic fertilizers as a medium for growth and development of biological agents so that they can increase its role as a biopesticide and biofertilizer, thereby simultaneously increasing crop productivity on marginal land.<br />
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<strong>Methods: </strong>This research was conducted in the period June-November 2019 at South Konawe Regency Southeast Sulawesi Indonesia and in the Integrated Laboratory of Plant Protection Department, Faculty of Agriculture, Kendari Halu Oleo University. Assessing and formulating organic fertilizers by taking into account the composition of the ingredients which include; C/N ratio of the total material, elemental content of NPK, C-Organic content, moisture content and pH, to produce standardized organic fertilizers, with relatively balanced levels of NPK elements. The field research was arranged in a randomized block design consisting of 3 treatments including B<sub>0</sub> = Inorganic fertilizer (control); B<sub>1</sub> = Organic fertilizer formula A + agens hayati Biofresh; B<sub>2</sub> = Organic fertilizer formula B + agens hayati biofresh. Each treatment was repeated 3 times, which in total there were 9 experimental units.<br />
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<strong>Result:</strong> The formulation of organic fertilizers by taking into account the composition of the ingredients can produce organic fertilizers of a standard quality, with relatively balanced levels of NPK elements, effectively increasing the ability of biofresh biological agents, so as to increase the disease suppression index by 30.12%, with an increase in productivity of 14.31% of non-standard organic fertilizer treatments. And with the efficiency of using biofresh biological agents of 70.6%.</div>


<p>Standardized Organic Fertilizer Formulations and their Effectiveness in Enhancing the Role of Biological Agents to Increase Disease Resistance and Maize Productivity in Marginal Lands</p>


Some novel rules of the biological heterozygous effects

Cancer Stem Cell and Epithelial Mesenchymal Transition (EMT) in Canine Transmissible Venereal Tumour- A Preliminary Study

Treatment of Canine Transmissible Venereal Tumour using Different Surgico-chemotherapeutic Protocols

Biological Control Methods for Agricultural Mites: A Review

Pioneering Innovations in Biological Weed Control: A Comprehensive Review

Effect of Different Chickpea Genotypes and Its Biochemical Constituents on Biological Attributes of Helicoverpa armigera (Hubner)

Potential of Mycovirus in the Biological Control of Fungal Plant Pathogens: A Review

Increase Resistance to Maydis Leaf Blight and Productivity of Maize in Ultisol Soils with A Combination of Organic Material and Biological Agents Biofresh

Comparative biological sensitivity and mutability of chemo-mutagens in lentil (Lens culinaris Medik)

Standardized Organic Fertilizer Formulations and their Effectiveness in Enhancing the Role of Biological Agents to Increase Disease Resistance and Maize Productivity in Marginal Lands