<div>Background: Illegal migration of pigs/piglets from Myanmar to Mizoram is a common practice to meet the local demands. The migrated animals are suspected as potential carrier of various microbial pathogens. The present study was conducted on isolation, identification and molecular characterization of major bacterial pathogens (Actinobacillus pleuropneumoniae, Bordetella bronchiseptica, Haemophilus parasuis, Mycoplasma hyopneumoniae and Pasteurella multocida) in pigs illegally migrated from Myanmar to Mizoram.&nbsp; 
 
Methods: A total of 209 rectal swabs and 209 nasal swabs were collected from apparently healthy migrated pigs during October 2018 to April, 2019. All the samples were processed for PCR based detection of target bacterial species followed by isolation and identification by bacteriological techniques. The bacterial species were further confirmed by BD Phoenix automated bacterial identification system and selected virulence genes of the bacterial species were determined by specific PCR assay.&nbsp; 
 
Result: By species specific PCR, 110 samples were found to be positive for selected bacterial species, of which 20 (9.57%), 1 (0.478%), 86 (41.15%), 2 (0.956%) and 1 (0.478%) were A. pleuropneumoniae, B. bronchiseptica, H. parasuis, M. hyopneumoniae and P. multocida, respectively. A total of 52 bacterial strains were isolated and identified, of which 11, 1, 39 and 1 were A. pleuropneumoniae, B. bronchiseptica, H. parasuis, M. hyopneumoniae and P. multocida, respectively. Virulence genes were detected in A. pleuropneumoniae and H. parasuis isolates. Based upon the published literatures, this is the first ever report of isolation and identification of pathogenic A. pleuropneumoniae and H. parasuis in pigs in India.</div>

Transmission of Novel Bacterial Pathogens through Pigs Transported from Myanmar to Mizoram

Seeds of pea (Pisum sativum L.) originated from various districts of Rajasthan, India were collected and tested from 2010 to 2014 for the presence of seed borne bacterial pathogen namely Pseudomonas syringae pv. pisi causing bacterial blight of pea. The pathogen was identified using morphological, cultural, biochemical, pathogenicity and host tests followed by 16S rRNA based molecular characterization. The results showed that these strains belonged to Pseudomonas syringae pv. pisi. The partial 16S rRNA sequences obtained were deposited in the database of Genebank, NCBI (Acc. No. KF251036). The incidence of the pathogen was recorded 3.5 to 91.5% in pea seed samples collected from 25 districts of Rajasthan. The results showed that highest (91.5%) incidence was recorded in Tonk, followed by Jaipur (87%) and Dausa (85.5%) while lowest incidence recorded in pea seed samples from Ajmer (3.5%).

Incidence of bacterial blight pathogen Pseudomonas syringae pv. pisi&nbsp;in pea seeds grown in Rajasthan, India

<div>Background: There is scanty literature available about concurrent infection of Pestes des Petits (PPR) and emerging opportunistic bacterial pathogens in field conditions. Thus, study was conducted to investigate the above based on necropsy.&nbsp; 
 
Methods: Systematic necropsy examination was conducted on 50 small ruminant carcasses. Detailed study included virological, bacteriological, gross and microscopic investigation on tissues collected using standard techniques. PPR virus (PPRV) antigen was detected in various samples using sandwich Enzyme Linked Immunosorbent Assay (s-ELISA). Bacterial pathogens were isolated on blood agar and identified by VITEK&reg; system. 
 
Result: Eleven goats and nine sheep had concurrent infection. Highest positivity for PPRV antigen was observed in nasal and tracheal swab, lungs and lungs associated lymph nodes. Pasteurella multocida was the major bacteria found to cause fibrinious hemorrhagic broncho-alveolar pneumonia followed by Klebsiella pneumoniae spp. pneumoniae producing suppurative bronchoalveolar pneumonia in the presence of PPR infection. Sphingomonas paucimobilis and Acinetobacter baumannii, human pathogen were also isolated and found to produce severe hemorrhagic interstitial pneumonia and serofibrinous bronchopneumonia respectively in presence of PPR which is novel finding. Our study is the first report of necropsy based investigation on concurrent infection in sheep and goats.</div>

<div>A Necropsy based Investigation on Concurrent Infection of PPR and Emerging Opportunistic Bacterial Pathogens in Sheep and Goat</div>

Background: This study investigates bacterial contaminants and pathogenic species isolated from fish pond wastewater (FPWW) in Bechar province, Southwestern Algeria and assesses their antibiotic resistance propfile. 
 
Methods: A total of 21 FPWW samples were analyzed using different culture media to isolate bacterial contaminants via the membrane filter technique. Following purification, all bacterial isolates were identified through biochemical tests and subjected to susceptibility testing by the Kirby-Bauer disc diffusion method on Mueller-Hinton (MH) agar and the broth microdilution technique. Antimicrobial residue detection was also carried out using the microbiological tube test method (MTT). 
 
Result: We successfully isolated 68 bacterial isolates, classified into six bacterial groups: non-Enterobacteriaceae (41.18%), Enterobacteriaceae (38.24%), Streptococcaceae (8.82%), Pseudomonadaceae (7.35%), Erwiniaceae (2.94%) and Neisseriaceae (1.47%). According to the Chi-Square Goodness-of-Fit Test, this distribution was highly significant (p &lt; 0.001). The isolated species included Aeromonas hydrophila hydrophila, Streptococcus spp., Enterobacter spp., Serratia spp., Escherichia coli, Citrobacter spp., Klebsiella spp., Plesiomonas shigelloides, Kluyvera spp., Pseudomonas aeruginosa, Pantoea spp., Chromobacterium violaceum, Salmonella choleraesuis and Vibrio spp. Susceptibility testing of the bacterial contaminants revealed variable responses among the strains, with increased resistance to &beta;-lactam antibiotics. Multidrug resistance results showed that 17 strains (25%) exhibited resistance to three to six different antibiotic classes, with Multiple Antibiotic Resistance (MAR) indices ranging from 0.28 to 0.68. The variability in MAR indices among bacterial groups was statistically significant (ANOVA, p = 0.0498). Furthermore, no growth-inhibiting substances were detected in the wastewater samples using the MTT method.

Antibiotic Resistance of Pathogenic and Bacterial Contaminants Isolated from Fish Pond Wastewater in Bechar Province, Southwestern Algeria

<div>Background: Antimicrobial resistance (AMR) is a rising concern in the global aquaculture sector due to the rampant prophylactic use of antibiotics. This study is aimed to determine the AMR pattern in freshwater ornamental fishes.&nbsp; 
 
Methods: Fish pathogens were isolated and identified from infected Guppy and Molly collected from ornamental fish farms. Antibiotic susceptibility testing (ABST) using disc diffusion with 36 antibiotics was performed following the disc diffusion method. The resistance gene cassettes such as Class 1 and Class 2 integron were also detected from resolved isolates.&nbsp; 
 
Result: Fish pathogens were isolated and identified as Aeromonas hydrophila, A. dhakensis, A. veronii, A. sobria, Bacillus subtilis, Comamonas testosteroni, Edwardsiella tarda, Enterobacter cloacae, Enterococcus faecalis, Kurthia gibsonii and Klebsiella aerogenes. Shannon Weiner diversity index of resolved isolates was found to be 1.366 and 2.101 for Guppy and Molly, respectively. ABST results showed an elevated resistance pattern for A. veronii, E. faecalis (Guppy), K. aerogenes, B. subtilis, E. faecalis, C. testosteroni (Molly) with higher multiple antibiotic resistance indexes (&gt;0.33). Meanwhile, all the recovered isolates were susceptible to sulphafurazole, enrofloxacin, norfloxacin and ciprofloxacin. Detection of class 1 integron in genomic and plasmid DNA reminds the rapid spread of the AMR gene through horizontal gene transfer.</div>

Prevalence, Antimicrobial Resistance and Resistance Gene Cassettes Detection in Bacterial Pathogens Isolated from Freshwater Ornamental Fishes

In this study, the isolation, identification and antibiotic susceptibility of bacterial agents taken from urine and sediment samples of 10 cats and 10 dogs, which were diagnosed with urinary tract infection was aimed. Each urine and sediment samples were streaked onto blood agar which contains 5 % sheep blood, Eosin Methylene Blue agar and MacConkey agar for bacterial examination. In conclusion, Staphylococcus aureus from 4 dogs, Staphylococcus epidermidis from 2 dogs, Serratia liquefaciens from 1 dog, Plesiomonas shigelloides from 1 dog, Yersinia enterocolitica from 1 cat, were isolated and identified. In conclusion of antibiogram test, 78 % of the isolates were susceptible to Amoxicillin-Clavulanic acid, 67 % of the isolates were susceptible to Ceftriaxone and Cefoperazone, 55.5 % of the isolates were susceptible to Enrofloxacin, 22.5 % of the isolates were susceptible to Lincomycin and 22 % of the isolates were susceptible to Erythromycin. The isolates were resistant to Sulfamethoxazole-Trimethoprime and Oxacillin in the ratio of 78 % and 67 % respectively. Consequently, it is concluded that the isolates obtained from dogs highlight the resistancy to antibiotics, bacterial agents play a less role in feline urinary tract infections and the appropriate antibiotic application procedure will enhance the success of therapy.

Identification of bacterial pathogens that cause urinary tract&nbsp;infections and detection of their antibiotic susceptibility

<div style="text-align: justify;">Environment is an important aspect of plant ecology and global environmental change is of major concern that is caused by natural and human activities which alter greenhouse gas concentrations in the atmosphere. The increase in concentration of greenhouse gases is foreseen to continue to raise average global temperature. Elevated concentration of carbon dioxide with increased temperature influences the plant-disease interactions. The environment has an influence over the development as well as temporal and spatial dissemination of plant diseases. The result of change in environment can either be favorable, non favorable or impartial, as these changes can either lessen, expand or have no influence on diseases as each disease may be attributed differently to these variations in accordance to an area or time of year. Variation in environmental conditions is said to be influencing plants in natural ecosystems all around the world and change in climate directly impacts crops, along with their synergy in accordance with the microbial population. The important elements governing magnification and spread of plant diseases are temperature, moisture, light and carbon dioxide concentration. Environment change causes a significant impact on germination, reproduction, sporulation, spore dispersal, along with perforation by pathogens as a vulnerable host will not be invaded by a pernicious pathogen if the environmental conditions are not facilitative for disease. The environment influences all life stages of host as well as that of a pathogen and as a result induces an opposition to various pathosystems. Resistance mechanisms of plants, including effector-triggered immunity (ETI), pattern-triggered immunity (PTI) and defence network of hormones, are particularly influenced by environmental elements. Pathogenic virulence mechanisms like fabrication of virulence proteins and toxins, and also spore germination and survival are governed by factors such as atmospheric carbon dioxide, temperature and humidity. A large number of in-vitro experiments to understand interactions between plants and pathogens rely on predetermined pathosystems by making use of ascertained environmental conditions which take into consideration relatively small part of vital plant&ndash;pathogen&ndash;environment interactions occurring in natural ecosystem. Thus, there is a need to research effectiveness of disease management strategies that is, to assess current management strategies to understand multifaceted nature of environment-pathogen interactions for production of crops that are irrepressible to environment change.</div>

Environment-Pathogen Interaction in Plant Diseases

Background: Paddy straw mushroom is widely cultivated in Odisha for their unique aroma, texture and growth habit. Bacterial diseases contributed to low production and storability of Volvariella sp. So the present study was carried out to identify the pathogen and undertake suitable measures. 
 
Methods: A study was undertaken on the bacterial disease of Volvariella sp. incited by bacterium. Different types of symptoms associated with marketable mushroom buds of Volvariella sp. leading to rotting of the buds within 24-48 hours of harvest were recorded. Fourteen plant extracts and twelve antibiotics were tested against the bacterium infecting Volvariella sp.&nbsp; 
 
Result: Serratia marcescens found to be first report causing bacterial rot. Among the plant extracts evaluated, Trigonella foenum and Aloe barbadensis were found to be most effective in inhibiting the growth of bacterium with a 15 mm zone of inhibition in each case. Among the 12 antibiotics tested, Ciprofloxacin and cefaclor inhibited the growth of the bacterium with 50.3 mm and 65.6 mm zone of inhibition, respectively. Rest of the antibiotics differed in their action against the bacterial pathogen.

Bacterial Rot of Paddy Straw Mushroom and its Management

Background: Ornamental fishkeeping is a widely embraced hobby globally. In India, Kolathur, Chennai Tamil Nadu is an important ornamental fish hub involved in trading of ornamental fishes. As a lucrative industry, the ornamental fish trade faces significant challenges due to diseases caused by various pathogens, impacting market value and causing economic losses.&nbsp; 
 
Methods: A surveillance study was conducted in Kolathur, Chennai, from December 2022 to August 2023. Ornamental fish samples exhibiting clinical signs of bacterial diseases were collected from the farms and retail outlets. Bacterial isolation and identification techniques, including conventional and PCR detection, were employed to isolate and identify bacterial strains from infected fish samples. 
 
Result: Out of 196 fish samples, 51 (29.4%) were found infected with bacterial pathogens. The prevalent bacterial pathogens included Aeromonas veronii (47%), A.caviae (17%), Pseudomonas aeruginosa (15%), Streptococcus sp. (11.3%), Mycobacterium fortuitum (5.6%) and Shewanella sp. (3.7%). Different fish families exhibited varying susceptibility to bacterial diseases, with cyprinids being the most affected (56.6%). The findings stress the importance of adhering to health regulations to prevent transboundary spread and suggest the development of targeted management strategies to sustain the health of ornamental fish populations.

Prevalence of Bacterial Diseases in Ornamental Fish Rearing Units of Kolathur, Tamil Nadu, India

Background: Studies on the bacterial diseases from the Andaman and Nicobar Islands are scanty and have only two reports recorded during 1996 and 1999. A case of emaciation and abdominal dropsy caused by different strains of Aeromonas hydrophila was recorded by earlier workers in the Andaman, Islands. In the present work, a similar disease syndrome was recorded in Barbonymus gonionotus and Cyprinus carpio var. Koi. The present study served to investigate the disease&rsquo;s cause and the pathogen associated with it. 
 
Methods: This study details the isolation, biochemical and molecular characterization of three bacterial pathogens associated with emaciated, tail rot syndrome (ETS) and big belly syndrome (BBS) in B. gonionotus and C. carpio var. Koi&nbsp; respectively. Histology and re-infectivity study was also done for the infected host tissues and with Catla catla fingerlings. 
 
Result: This study constitutes the first report of three bacterial pathogens from the Andaman Islands, India viz., Aeromonas veronii, Aeromonas sp. and Pseudomonas alcaligenes causing emaciation and abdominal dropsy, with biochemical, molecular, histopathological and experimental challenge study evidence.

Transmission of Novel Bacterial Pathogens through Pigs Transported from Myanmar to Mizoram

Incidence of bacterial blight pathogen Pseudomonas syringae pv. pisi in pea seeds grown in Rajasthan, India

A Necropsy based Investigation on Concurrent Infection of PPR and Emerging Opportunistic Bacterial Pathogens in Sheep and Goat

Antibiotic Resistance of Pathogenic and Bacterial Contaminants Isolated from Fish Pond Wastewater in Bechar Province, Southwestern Algeria

Prevalence, Antimicrobial Resistance and Resistance Gene Cassettes Detection in Bacterial Pathogens Isolated from Freshwater Ornamental Fishes

Identification of bacterial pathogens that cause urinary tract infections and detection of their antibiotic susceptibility

Environment-Pathogen Interaction in Plant Diseases

Bacterial Rot of Paddy Straw Mushroom and its Management

Prevalence of Bacterial Diseases in Ornamental Fish Rearing Units of Kolathur, Tamil Nadu, India

First Report of Two Bacterial Diseases from the Freshwater Fishes of the Andaman Islands, India