<div>The leaf yellowing is the first visible sign of senescence, which starts at the margins of the leaf and progresses to the blade. Although, transcriptional factor family genes generally encode meticulous regulators which perform a range of functions in turns regulating the physiological and developmental mechanism of plant stature. However, the genetic relationship of TFs genes in regulating the cell death of Arabidopsis is well not understood to date. TFs family in a plant regulates various developmental and stress responses in underline pathways. In our review we observed the genetic relationship of TFs genes in regulations of cell death in Arabidopsis. Given that, programmed cell death (PCD) being an active process that includes the expression of hundreds of genes. It is speculated that many&nbsp;TFs are involved in the core elements of the regulatory network. There are only a few factors that are being demonstrated in involving the regulation of cell death, by evaluating the leaf senescence appearances of knocking of mutants and by identifying downstream target genes. In this review, we have focused on the manifold roles of TFs during genetic relationships and the regulation of cell death in Arabidopsis. We also deliberated how the transcription factors family gene regulates the cells&rsquo; death by different hormonal stress, environmental strain and their role in retrograde signaling. For deep understanding of regulatory molecular mechanisms of cell death in the plant, future research may be hypothesized to collect appropriate evidence and a detailed study may be implemented on the upstream pathway with a specific targeted gene that recognizes the stress signals involved in cell death in plants. Also, crosstalk between mitochondria and chloroplast is mainly being focused to better understand the regulations of cell death in plants. Present review concludes that regulating the cell death of Arabidopsis is very important for meeting future global food needs, crop yields. Overexpression of ERF transcription factors genes relating cell death of&nbsp;Arabidopsis confers broad-spectrum resistance to pathogens and other abiotic stresses and can also make transgenic plants resistant to drought, salinity and freezing.</div>

Genetic Relationship of Transcriptional Factor Genes in the Regulation of Cells Death in Arabidopsis: A Review

<div>Background: In agriculture, supplemental calcium was applied to alleviate plant growth and development inhibition causing by various stresses. However, calcium overload is toxic to plants, which may prevent the germination of seeds and reduce plant growth rates. Hsp90 is an important molecular chaperone distributing in all living organisms and a series of studies have shown that Hsp90 and Ca2+ have closely relationship. To better understanding the relationship between GmHsp90s and calcium stress, we conducted a series of experiments and reported in this research article. 
 
Methods: The study was performed by three techniques: 1) Quantitative RT-PCR with five GmHsp90 genes viz., GmHsp90A2, GmHsp90A4, GmHsp90B1, GmHsp90C1.1 and GmHsp90C2.1, 2) MDA, O2- and chlorophyll content assay of transgenic plants after calcium stress and 3) Phenotype analysis of transgenic plants in pod setting period after three days treatment of water or 80 mM CaCl2. 
 
Result: Quantitative RT-PCR with the five genes showed that they were all CaCl2 inducible. MDA, O2- and chlorophyll content assay showed that GmHsp90A2 and GmHsp90A4 transgenic lines significantly relieved the damage caused by CaCl2 and oxidative stress. The secondary stress damage, including the effect on plant height and pod setting rate, was also reduced in transgenic lines, especially GmHsp90B1 and GmHsp90C1.1 transgenic lines. Collectively, this study reveals the response of GmHsp90s to calcium and their potential function in coping with calcium stress.</div>

Alleviation of Calcium Toxicity in Arabidopsis thaliana by Overexpressing GmHsp90s from Soybean

Background: Identifying biomass-related genes to meet the increasing demand for food supply is important approach for agricultural and scientific efforts. In this study, we employed the Full-length cDNA Over-eXpressing gene hunting system (FOX hunting system) to identify biomass-related genes through ectopic expression of Arabidopsis thaliana full-length cDNA in bird&rsquo;s-foot trefoil (Lotus corniculatus). 
 
Methods: A total of 66 FOX superroot lines (FSLs) from Lotus corniculatus cv. Viking were transferred in vermiculite after two weeks in half-strength Murashige and Skoog (MS) medium. These FSLs were then grown in a growth chamber for four weeks, during which their plant length and root length were measured. High biomass lines were selected from this group. FSL #83 and #121 were then grown for an additional four months in a greenhouse until they reached maturity, at which point they were evaluated for their agronomic traits.&nbsp; 
 
Result: Out of the 66 analyzed FSLs, 15 displayed superior growth characteristics in plant length and total root length. Arabidopsis cDNA, categorized into genes related to various functions such as membrane transport, photosystems, phytohormone synthesis, amino acid synthesis and unknown genes, was introduced into these lines. Two lines were grown to maturity in the greenhouse and their agronomic traits were analyzed in detail. FSL #83 expressed brassinosteroid biosynthetic pathway gene (CPD) led to significant differences in internode length, number of stems, number of flowers and above-ground dry matter weight compared to non-transgenic Super-growing roots (SR). On the other hand, FSL #121 expressed Asparaginyl-tRNA synthetase (SYNC1) gene exhibited increases in plant length and the number of stem nodes.

Exploration of Biomass-related Genes in the FOX-superroot Lines of Lotus corniculatus and its Impact on Agronomic Traits

The GRAS transcription factor family is a plant-specific regulatory proteins that play fundamental roles in various biological processes. The acronym &ldquo;GRAS&rdquo; stands for &ldquo;Gibberellic Acid Insensitive, Repressor of GA1-3 and Scarecrow,&rdquo; representing three of its founding members. Additionally, GRAS members are instrumental in orchestrating symbiotic interactions, stress responses and other vital physiological functions. The N-terminal of GRAS protein is very diverse, but the C-terminal GRAS domain is conserved. The GRAS proteins&rsquo; C-terminal conserved domain directly influences how they work. For instance, in the Arabidopsis plant, alterations to the phenotype of the slender rice 1 (SLR1) and Repressor of GA (RGA) proteins result from mutations in this domain. More than 30 plant species have been found to have GRAS proteins, which have been classified into 17 subfamilies so far. This review focused on the structural characteristics of GRAS proteins, their growth and diversity in plants, GRAS-interacting protein complexes and their function in biological processes. Moreover, GRAS proteins also mediate responses to phytohormones, such as gibberellins and strigolactones and regulate phytochrome signaling, which is crucial for light perception and plant growth. It also discussed the significance of GRAS proteins throughout various biological processes in plants. Additionally, we outlined recent studies that used CRISPR-Cas9 technology to modify GRAS genes in a plant for various features. Additionally, there have been discussions of using GRAS genes in agricultural enhancement efforts.

Role of GRAS Transcription Factor in Plant Growth, Development and Various Stresses: A Review

Background: Phosphatidyl ethanolamine binding protein (PEBP) plays an important role in the formation of flowers. To identify the PEBP gene family of alfalfa in blossom, the PEBP gene family was selected from the transcriptome database of alfalfa with bioinformatics analysis, for their protein properties, functional domains, evolutionary relationships and expression patterns. 
 
Methods: &nbsp;A BLASTP search using Arabidopsis PEBP sequences as a query was performed against alfalfa proteome with a minimum identity of 75% and E-value of 1E-5. BLASTP search resulted in 17 protein candidates. Finally, we obtained a consensus list of ten proteins from the HMMER and BLASTP search. Redundant sequences were removed using CD-HIT which resulted in a total of nine PEBP candidates in alfalfa. 
 
Result: The results showed that there was a total of nine PEBP candidates in alfalfa, which could be divided into three sub-gene families, such as TFL1-like, MFT-like and FT-like groups. Chromosomal location analyses showed that nine PEBP members are distributed on five of the eight alfalfa chromosomes with chromosome 7 having the largest number of PEBP members (four members) while only three alfalfa PEBP proteins were annotated as MsFTa1, MsFTa2 and MsFTc. In addition, the motifs of this gene family were conservative with few differences in the number and types of conservative motifs. MsFTa1 and MsFTa2 are two strong candidates for florigen in alfalfa, while MsG0480024000.01 is a candidate which functions as a floral repressory.

Identification and Analysis of Phosphatidyl Ethanolamine Binding Protein (PEBP) Family Gene in Alfalfa

Background: This study was carried out for an understanding of the antioxidant mechanisms of field pea varieties under osmotic stress conditions caused by a lack of water. The activities of antioxidant enzymes such as superoxide dismutase (SOD), catalase (CAT), ascorbate peroxidase (APx) and glutathione reductase (GR) were examined and analyzed. The gene expression levels of Cu/Zn SOD, cAPx and GR genes were also examined. 
&nbsp; 
Methods: Osmotic stress was stimulated using PEG 6000 with the osmotic potential of -0.1 MPa in 10 days old plant seedlings. The activity of the antioxidant enzymes was measured in the shoots and roots of pea seedlings. The gene expression levels of genes coding antioxidative enzymes were examined by the reverse transcription polymerase chain reaction (RT-PCR) technique. Arabidopsis 18S rRNA was used as endogenous control. 
&nbsp; 
Result: Osmotic stress changed the activities of antioxidant enzymes in the shoots and roots of pea seedlings. Varieties more tolerant to osmotic stress showed a significant increase in antioxidant activities in shoots and roots, while sensitive varieties showed a significant decrease. The results of the analysis of the expression of genes, coding for antioxidant enzymes, showed that the reaction of the tested cultivars to ROS was the result of increased expression of the tested genes in tolerant cultivars, i.e. decreased expression in sensitive cultivars.

Drought-induced Changes in the Antioxidant System in Pisum sativum L.

Background: The advancement in gene tagging and mapping in model crops such as Arabidopsis, rice andmaize has outpaced progress in major legume crops like groundnut, chickpea, redgram, greengram andsoybean, even in the post-genome release period of legume databases. To address this gap, a study investigated the transferability of gene tagged markers (GTMs) associated with rice yield, grain size andmicronutrient content (Fe and Zn) to groundnut.&nbsp; 
 
Methods: This study utilized 17 diverse groundnut genotypes for molecular analysis, targeting 45 GTMs spanning 24 known functional genes. 
 
Result: Remarkably, 31 out of the 45 markers (76%) demonstrated high transferability to groundnut, indicating significant conservation in functional regions across species. The amplification efficiency of rice GTMs varied among groundnut genotypes, ranging from 79.17% to 91.67%. Notably, 17 markers targeting 14 rice genes showed amplification across all 17 groundnut genotypes (100%) studied. These findings underscore the potential of leveraging knowledge from functionally characterized genes in molecular model crops and annotated orthologous genes in &lsquo;Omics&rsquo; databases to enhance gene tagging efforts in crops like groundnut. By harnessing this approach, there is an opportunity to expand the molecular-level tagging of genes and improve crops like groundnut, which have seen limited progress in gene tagging. This strategy opens avenues for pyramiding desirable genes with precision, thereby enhancing crop traits with greater accuracy.

Possibility for Exploitation and Identification of Rice Yield and Seed Quality Orthologs in Peanut (Arachis hypogaea L.)

<div style="text-align: justify;">Plants are affected by an extensive range of microbes, such as fungi, bacteria, viruses, viroids, and protozoa. Over the advancement, plants have evolved to defend against pathogens by developing numerous defense mechanisms in the plant cell that respond to chemical and physical barriers, These are present in plants locally or integrally. Plants have an unacquired immunity system to battle against pathogens, such as microbe-associated molecular patterns (MAMPs) are recognized through pattern recognition receptors in a primitive immune system which intermediates the defense response. Pattern recognition receptors (PRRs) they play a major role in plant innate immune system. They encode host sensors of PRRs, they can able to detect molecules of the pathogens such as macrophages, dendritic cells, neutrophils and epithelial cells containing proteins that are present in plant immune system. In this system, they identify two classes of molecules such as pathogen-associated molecular patterns (PAMPs), which are conjoined with microbe associated molecular patterns (MAMPS), and damage-associated molecular patterns (DAMPs). These are correlated with host cells released during cell damage or cell death, these are evolved before adaptive immunity. These extracellular receptors of Pattern Recognition Receptors were first identified in plants and many plant PRRs have been identified by using genomic analysis (rice and Arabidopsis). There are six classes of R-proteins, playing the major role of plant innate immunity which help to activate a defense mechanism from different microbes. Many of plant R genes encode proteins which are nucleotide-binding site and leucine-rich repeats (NB-LRR) region that contact with pathogen effectors to cause defense responses. Pathogen infection in plants is usually limited by an accomplished defense response activated by resistance genes.</div>

Role of resistant-proteins in plant innate immunity- A review

Background: The study investigated codon usage bias in Medicago ruthenica transcriptome coding sequences, aiming to lay the foundation for optimizing codon composition and enhancing heterologous gene expression in Medicago ruthenica. 
 
Methods: In this research, Medicago ruthenica was used as the research material and 11,581 high-quality transcript gene sequences were selected from transcriptome data. Codon usage patterns and preferences were analyzed using software such as CodonW, R and Excel. 
 
Result: The study revealed that the effective number of codons (ENC) ranged from 28.8 to 61.0. The average GC content of codons in expressed genes of Medicago ruthenica was 0.40 and the average GC content of the third nucleotide position of synonymous codons (GC3s) was 0.33. Analysis through ENC-plot, neutrality plot and bias analysis suggested that codon usage bias in the Medicago ruthenica transcriptome may be the result of a combination of factors including selection and mutation. Fifteen optimal codons were selected, with ten ending in &lsquo;A&rsquo; and five ending in &lsquo;U&rsquo;, indicating a preference for &lsquo;A/U&rsquo; ending codons in the Medicago ruthenica transcriptome. The frequency of codon usage in Medicago ruthenica was compared to five other organisms, including Arabidopsis thaliana, Glycine max, Nicotiana tabacum, yeast and Escherichia coli, revealing significant differences with E. coli and relatively smaller differences with Nicotiana tabacum.