<div>The present study was conducted on 40 clinical cases of bovine (10 cattle, 30 buffaloes) to ultrasonographically evaluate the position of abomasum in relation to anatomical landmarks in cattle and buffaloes suffering from various gastrointestinal tract (GIT) affections. Animals were divided into five groups viz. foreign body syndrome (n=14), faecolith (n=6), caecal impaction (n=5), reticular abscess (n=2) and diaphragmatic hernia (n=13) as per disease condition confirmed upon ultrasonography and surgical findings. Ultrasonographically, the distance from caudal most aspect of wither at dorsal spine to dorsal most aspect of abomasum, distance from xiphoid to cranial most aspect of abomasum, distance from mid of umblicus to caudal most aspect of abomasum and distance from ventral midline to ventral most aspect of abomasum was recorded to evaluate the size of abomasum. The ultrasonographic findings were correlated with intra-operative findings. It was concluded that the size of abomasum is significantly reduced in animals suffering from caecal impaction while the size of abomasum was significantly increased in animals suffering from faecolith and was comparable in animals suffering from diaphragmatic hernia, foreign body syndrome and reticular abscess. The location of pylorus was not significantly altered in any disease condition.</div>

<div>Comparative Study of Ultrasonographic Features of Abomasum in Cattle and Buffaloes Suffering from Various Gastrointestinal Tract Disorders</div>

<div>Background: The enzymatic digestion occurs in the abomasum of sheep. A systematic comprehensive study on the embryogenesis of abomasums of sheep is lacking due to availability of sporadic information in current literature. So the current research was designed to explain the detail gross ontogenic occurrences along with scanning electron microscopic study of abomasum in sheep. 
 
Methods: From the local slaughter house, 12 healthy sheep foeti of non-descript breed were gathered and grouped into Group I (early pregnancy), Group II (mid pregnancy) and Group III (late pregnancy) having 04 foeti in every group. The abdomen of the foetus was incised and opened. The stomach was exposed and the gross observations were recorded. Then tissue samples from the abomasum were processed for scanning electron microscopic study. 
 
Result: The abomasums assumed comma shape at the gestational age of 32 to 48 days. At 67 days of foetus, the external constriction between fundus and pylorus of the abomasum was observed distinctly. In foeti of 32 to 48 days age, it was present between 13th rib and 1st lumbar vertebra. This topography changed to 8th rib and 3rd lumbar vertebra by 121 days of foetal age. The outline of the abomasal folds were noted first at 32 days of age. The height of the abomasal folds in fundus was larger than pylorus. The appearance of gastric pits on the mucosal surface was first observed at 63 days of gestation through scanning electron microscope.</div>

Gross Morphological and Scanning Electron Microscopic Study of Abomasum of Sheep (Ovis aries) during Pre-natal Life

Background: Energy is the important part of any life, the potential energy present in the tissue in the form of chemical energy. Presence of glycogen as glucose is source of energy for cell division, differentiation, delamination and maturation process as essential process in histogenesis of foetal organ. Glycosaminoglycans, also known as mucopolysaccharides, are long chains of sugar occurs in different proportion in different tissue and their distribution in compartment of ruminant stomach varied in foetus of different CRL. Copmartment of ruminant stomach abomasum , omasum, reticulum and rumen was contributed grossly in varied proportion from initial stage to full term of prenatal stage. In initial stage rumen is largest compartment with advancement of development omasum is largest compartment&nbsp; followed by reticulum and abomasum at full term.&nbsp;As per morphology and histology of varied compartment there could be probability of varied intensity of histochemical reaction in different layer of tissue as per their ebryogenesis.&nbsp;Kosali cattle is registered 36th breed of India. Kosali the native breed of Chhattisgarh, known for its compact body, disease tolerance and well maintained in agricultural waste. More than total 60% Kosali cattle are concentrated in the central plains of the C.G. state. There is paucity of Cited literature, literally no scientific documentation regarding presence and distribution of glycogen and mucopolysaccharides in rumen, reticulum, omasum and abomasum of prenatal Kosali cattle. In view importance of Kosali cattle concern with livelihood of farmers in Chhattisgarh, varied degree of development of compartment of stomach and paucity of literature regarding intensity of histochemical reaction&nbsp; from initial to final term of prenatal stage present research was undertaken. 
 
Methods: In light of above background in twenty four Kosali foeti were collected and on the basis of CR length categorizedin to four groups with six foeti in each group i.e. Group I (below 20 cm CRL), Group II (Above 20 up to 40 cm CRL), Group III (Above 40 up to 60 cm CRL) and group IV (Above 60 cm CRL) , tissue samples ofrumen, reticulum, omasum and abomasum were collected and processed&nbsp; for study of glycogen and mucopolysaccharide by PAS and&nbsp; AB-PAS method respectively. 
 
Result: Apparently in group I PAS&nbsp; activity was either not observed&nbsp; as in reticulum or very mild in rumen, omasum and abomasum and was greater in abomasum. In epithelium, propria submucosa and serosa PAS activity increased slowly mostly from mild to moderate while in glands reaction was intense. However in tunica muscularis of rumen reaction decreased from group III to IV , in omasal tunica muscularis and omasal laminae from group II to IV. In group I PAS activity was higher in pyloric region than cardiac stomach. AB-PAS activity for neutral mucopolysaccharide was&nbsp; observed in epithelium and tunica muscularis of rumen, reticulum, omasum and abomasum in all groups, mixed mild activity for both neutral and acid mucopolysaccharide in propria submucosa in group I and II. In fundic region in group III and IV in glands intense acid mucopolysaccharide reaction was seen in patches in forerunner parietal cells.

Prenatal Histochemical Study of Stomach in Kosali Cattle

<div>Background: Vagal indigestion in cattle is an abdominal disorder resulting from mechanical or functional obstruction of the fore stomach and/or abomasum outflow. Prognosis is usually poor except in late pregnancy indigestion. A Holstein- Friesian cow in late pregnancy was presented to the Veterinary Clinical Complex with the complaint of hyporexia, papple-shaped abdomen, dyschezia and voidance of pellety or dark scanty and greenish pasty dung for 8 days.&nbsp; 
 
Methods: Physical examination revealed papple-shaped abdomen. Rectal examination revealed L-shaped rumen and dilated intestinal loops. Haemato-biochemical analysis revealed neutrophilia, hyperglobulinemia, hypocalcaemia and hypokalemia. Blood gas analysis revealed no alterations. Ultrasonogram revealed normal architecture and motility of abomasum and absence of impaction. 
 
Result: Type II vagal digestion was identified as a cause in association with functional (adynamic) ileus which was due to with hypokalemic alkalosis and hypocalcaemia. The case responded to the treatment with cholinergic drugs, fluid therapy, antibiotics, antiinflammatory drugs and oral electrolytes.</div>

Type II Vagal Indigestion and Adynamic Ileus in a Pregnant Cow with Haemato-biochemical and Blood Gas Analysis

<div>Background: In sheep, Escherichia coli infection can occur as asymptomatic entity to septicaemic episode. Chiefly, it causes heavy mortality in lambs and devastates the farm economy. With an objective of documenting the salient epidemiological and clinico-pathological observations in this naturally occurred outbreak of septicaemic colibacillosis, this communication is made herewith.&nbsp; 
 
Methods: In February 2019, sudden death in lambs was observed in three flocks of sheep. Carcasses were subjected for necropsy and histopathological examination. Swab samples from heart, abomasum, intestines, liver and lung were examined for bacteriological and molecular confirmation.&nbsp; 
 
Result: The mean (&plusmn;SE) age of lambs that were affected was 11.00 &plusmn;0.49 days (n=404). Lambs of native Malpura breed (87.5%) and other two crossbred sheep were affected. Overall mortality of lambs was 23.76%. Gross pathological observations were pulmonary edema, ecchymotic lesions in lungs, congestion in kidney and liver and presence soil-mixed ingesta in abomasum. From the morbid materials including stomach and intestinal swabs, 45 E. coli isolates were identified and they were also confirmed on polymerase chain reaction (PCR). Consequently, virulence genes for shiga toxin (stx2) and intimin (eae) were identified from the isolates. Although antibiotics were administered, only probiotics could control the new infection rate.&nbsp;</div>

<div>Soil-borne Septicaemic Colibacillosis in Neonatal Lambs: Salient Observations</div>

<div style="text-align: justify;">In histopathological study, Lung was emphysematous, showed pronounced interstitial pneumonia followed by severe thickening of alveolar septa and bronchial wall, haemorrhages with connective tissue proliferation and infiltration of leucocytes around the bronchial wall. Bulla formation was also evident in some places. Liver showed mild haemorrhages of hepatocytes and congestion in sinusoidal space. In abomasum, adult parasites were embedded in mucousa and sectioning of adult parasites were seen with full of eggs. In large intestine, there was necrosis and degeneration of colonic villi and lost of normal architecture. There was also evidence of hyperactivity of acinar cells, fibrous tissue proliferation with polymorphonuclear cell infiltration. An apical tip shows degenerative changes, adhesion with mild fibrous tissue proliferation. In small intestine, there was congestion, oedema with thickening of sub mucousa as well as erosion of intestinal villi in certain areas, adhesion and fibrous tissue proliferation. In spleen, there was depletion of spleenic venule, congestion of spleenic pulp, haemorrhages surrounding the spleenic venule.</div>

<div style="text-align: justify;">Pathological Studies of Mecistocirrus digitatus Infection in Naturally Infested Mithun and Phere (Cross Bred of Mithun)</div>

<div>Background: Haemonchosis is one of the major parasitic infestations in small ruminants. Haemonchus contortus is a highly pathogenic parasite that localises in the abomasum of affected animals and exerts its pathogenicity by blood-sucking activity, adversely affecting the health and productivity of animals.&nbsp; In recent years, there is widespread development of anthelmintic resistance against Haemonchus spp. Therefore, a sustainable strategy needs to be implemented to effectively control haemonchosis in goats. The aim of the present study was to find out the efficacy of herbal anthelmintic drug (Carica papaya aqueous seed extract) and haemato-biochemical alterations in Haemonchus infection. 
 
Methods: In this study, goats were screened for Haemonchus spp. by the FAMACHA technique. Hemato-biochemical examination was done before and after the therapeutic trial. Herbal anthelmintic drug was prepared from Papaya seed. In-vitro and in-vivo trial were carried out to test the efficacy of prepared herbal anthelmintic drug.&nbsp; 
 
Result: The present study showed that FAMACHA can be used for the early screening of Haemonchus spp. in a herd. Significant improvement in haemato-biochemical examination was found in the group treated with the prepared herbal anthelmintic drug. Thus, the herbal anthelmintic (Carica papaya seed extract) can be a good alternative for controlling Haemonchosis in goats.&nbsp;</div>

Clinico-therapeutic Studies on Haemonchosis in Goats

<div>Background: Peste des Petits Ruminants (PPRV) is one of the major notifiable diseases of the world organization for animal health (OIE) and its existence can have a catastrophic. So far, the epidemiological situation of the virus a in Saudi Arabia is not clear. The study was designed to assess the viral infection in indigenous sheep and goats.&nbsp; 
 
Methods: A herd was struck by the virus. Clinical signs were recorded and postmortem examination was carried out on dead animals. Tissue samples from oral cavity, abomasum, small and large intestine, spleen and mesenteric lymph nodes as well as lungs were fixed in 10% neutral buffered formalin and processed routinely. Paraffin wax-embedded sections were stained with haematoxylin and eosin. Similarly tissues were also collected and stored at -80&deg;C for PCR test.&nbsp; 
 
Result: PPRV was detected by RT-PCR and the fragment size of the amplified products was 191 bp of M gene. The clinical signs were a sudden onset of fever with excessive salivation associated with mucopurulent discharges from the nose and eyes. At necropsy, fibrinonecrotic stomatitis associated with hepatized lung especially in the cranioventral lobes. The large intestine showed streaks of congestion &ldquo;zebra stripes&rdquo;. Histologically, lungs showed interstitial pneumonia characterised by thickening of alveolar septa and presence of syncytial cells. Small and large intestine revealed fibrinonecrotic enterocolitis characterized by massive necrosis of mucosa accompanied by mononuclear cell infiltration as well as severe congestion of the submucosal blood vessels.</div>

​​Clinical, Pathological and Molecular Diagnosis of Peste des Petits Ruminants in Saudi Arabia

Background: Haemonchus contortus is a blood sucking parasite whose habitat is the abomasum of ruminants, which poses a significant threat to the health and production of sheep and goats in warm temperate and tropical regions. H. contortus leads to anemia, hypoproteinemia, reduced exercise tolerance and edema subcutaneous tissue that can result in the death of animals. In acute infection, animals suddenly become anemic and many are found dead. Even in the chronic phase, the condition is accompanied by a mild but persistent parasitic burden and is characterized by weight loss, widespread malaise and, in some individuals, anemia. The objective of this study was to identify the anthelmintic activity of Croton tiglium seeds extract against Haemonchus contortus and comparison with some drugs used against internal and external parasites.

Methods: A study was performed to evaluate the anthelmintic activity of the methanolic extract of Croton tiglium seeds&nbsp; against Haemonchus contortus using an adult worm motility test. Six graduated concentrations of extract (25, 50, 75, 100, 125 and 150 mg/ml), were tested at different periods and changes over time in the viability of worms were registered for 2, 4 and 6 hr. Normal RPMI-1640 medium and ivermectin 0.1% were used as negative and positive control, respectively. Also, a histological study was conducted on the the integumentary tissue of the H. contortus and the changes that occur in it were observed.

Result: At 2 and 4 h post treatment, the concentrations of C. tiglium seeds extract (100, 125, and 150 mg/ml) have caused significantly higher mortality compared to the other concentrations, while, similar to ivermectin that caused death for nematodes within 6 h. The lower concentration (25 mg/ml) was significantly more lethal than the negative control (RPMI-1640 medium) at 2, 4 and 6 h of exposure. Each concentrations damages the cuticle and muscles of H. contortus. The increase in concentration is proportional to the increase in damage to the integumentary. The present study indicated that all concentrations of methanolic extract of C. tiglium seeds produced anthelmintic activity.