<div style="text-align: justify;">Fibrosis is a common finding in chronic mastitis. Epithelial-mesenchymal transition (EMT) plays a prominent role in fibrogenesis in adult tissues. The aim of this study was to investigate whether EMT occurs in bovine mastitis by assessing the expression or localization of alpha-smooth muscle actin (alpha-SMA), S-100 protein and caspase-3. Two normal bovine mammary gland tissue samples and five mastitic samples were used in the study. Antibodies to alpha-SMA, S-100 and caspase-3 were used for immunohistochemical studies. In mastitis there was increased expression of S-100 in the alveolar epithelial cells. Alpha-SMA was highly expressed in the areas where there is fibrosis in chronic mastitis. Further caspase-3 was observed in alveolar cells in mastitic tissue. Overexpression of S-100 and alpha-SMA directly correlates to the severity of mastitis.S-100 and alpha-SMA may serve as biomarkers to know the extent of tissue structural changes in mastitis. EMT could be one of the mechanistic pathways underlying the pathogenesis of fibrosis in mastitis.&nbsp;</div>

<div style="text-align: justify;">Immunohistochemical detection of alpha-smooth muscle actin and S-100 in bovine mammary gland with mastitis</div>

<div style="text-align:justify">Distribution of CD3, CD79&aacute;cy and S-100, immunohistochemically, in the bursa of Fabricius, thymus and spleen has not been reported in turkeys. Therefore, we determined the localisation of anti-CD3 protein antibodies for mature T-lymphocytes, anti-CD79&aacute;cy antibodies for B-lymphocytes and anti-S-100 protein antibodies for follicular dentritic cells in the bursa of Fabricius, thymus and spleen, which are the lymphoid organs, in a study sample of turkeys. Triple staining method was applied to demonstrate the general structure. Moreover, in all the organs positive reactions were observed with the CD3, CD79&aacute;cy and S-100 antibodies. It was also found that similar areas had a positive reaction with CD79&aacute;cy and S-100 in all of the tested organs. It was remarkable that CD79&aacute;cy reacted positively on Hassall&rsquo;s corpuscles (strongly) and the reticular cells (weakly) in the medulla of the thymus instead of the B-lymphocyte positive areas.&nbsp;</div>

<div style="text-align:justify">Immunohıstochemıcal staınıng of cd3, cd79&alpha;cy and s-100 on bursa fabrıcıus, thymus and spleen of turkeys (Meleagrıs gallapavo)</div>

The present investigation was carried out during Rabi season of 2012-13 at Vegetable Research Farm, Department of Horticulture, JNKVV, Jabalpur (Madhya Pradesh). The experimental material for the present investigation was comprised of twelve treatments, these treatments were sown in RCBD design with three replications, to assess the influence of organic and inorganic sources of nutrients on growth, yield attributed traits and yield economic of coriander (Coriandrum sativum L.). All the treatments resulted in significantly higher values of growth attributes and seed yield of coriander. The maximum plant height recorded with vermicompost @ 5 t ha-1 + 100 % RDF, while the minimum with poultry manure @ 2.5 t ha-1 + 50 % RDF. Vermicompost @ 5 t ha-1 + 100 % RDF recorded the maximum number of primary and secondary branches, while the minimum were observed with FYM @ 10 t ha-1 + 50% RDF. Maximum number of umbels plant-1 were found with poultry manure @ 5 t ha-1 + 100 % RDF, while it was the minimum with the application of FYM @ 10 t ha-1 + 50% RDF. The maximum number of seeds umbel-1 were found with poultry manure 5 t ha-1 + 100 % RDF, while the minimum in vermicompost @ 2.5 t ha-1 +50% RDF. Interaction effect on weight of seeds umbel-1 was found to be non-significant, but the maximum weight of seeds umbel-1 was found with poultry manure @ 5 t ha-1 + 100 % RDF, while the minimum in &nbsp; vermicompost @ 2.5 t ha-1 +50% RDF. Significantly maximum number of seeds plant-1 were found with poultry manure 5 t ha-1 + 100 % RDF, while it was the minimum in FYM @ 10 t ha-1 + 50% RDF. Variation in seeds yield plant-1, seed yield plot -1 and seed yield due to interactions were found to be significant. The maximum seed yield was recorded with poultry manure 5 t ha-1 + 100 % RDF, while it was the minimum with FYM @ 10 t perha-1 + 50% RDF. The highest net return of Rs 89069.4 per ha and cost benefit ratio 1:2.98 with treatment combination T5 (Poultry manure 5 t ha-1 + 100 % RDF) followed by T1 (FYM @ 20 t ha-1 + 100% RDF) with Rs 79419.4 perha-1 and 1: 2.76 respectively estimated.

Influences of organic and inorganic sources of nutrients on growth,&nbsp;yield attributed traits and yield economic of coriander&nbsp;(Coriandrum sativum L.) cv JD-1

<div>Background: Proso millet (Panicum miliaceum L.) was considered a self-pollinated annual crop that belongs to the family Poaceae. It was well adapted to many soil and climatic conditions. The productivity was low due to the use of poor quality seed, little or no use of fertilizers, traditional methods of cultivation, delay in nursery sowing and late transplanting. The Integrated Nutrient Supply System (INSS) approach involves the combined use of chemical fertilizers, organic manures and micronutrient fertilizers, which ensures higher crop productions and also helps to restore and sustain soil fertility. Therefore, the study was focused to manage the timely transplanting together with the suitable nutrient combination. 
 
Methods: A field experiment was conducted to study the &ldquo;Effect of seedlings age and different nutrient combinations on growth and yield of Proso Millet (Panicum miliaceum L.) in lateritic soils of Western Ghats&rdquo; during Kharif, 2016. The experiment was laid out in a split-plot design with four main plots and five subplot treatments. The main plot treatments composed of four ages of seedlings viz. 20, 30, 40 and 50 days. and five subplot treatments of nutrient combinations viz., 100% RDF, 75% RDF + 25% N through FYM, 50% RDF + 50% N through FYM, 25% RDF + 75% N through FYM and 100% N through FYM. Thus, there were twenty treatment combinations, replicated thrice. 
 
Result: Results revealed that the proso millet crop transplanted with 30 days old seedlings recorded significantly higher grain yield and straw yield over all other treatments. In nutrient combinations treatments, 100% RDF through chemical fertilizer recorded significantly higher mean plant height hill-1, number of functional leaves hill-1, number of functional tillers hill-1 and plant dry matter accumulation hill-1 than the other treatments and also produced significantly highest yields and yield attributing characters compared to the rest of the nutrient combinations.</div>

<div>Effect of Seedlings Age and Nutrient Combinations on Growth and Yield of Proso Millet (Panicum miliaceum L.) in Lateritic Soils of Western Ghats</div>

<div style="text-align:justify">Background: Pulses are an integral part of many diets across the globe and they have great potential to improve human health, conserve our soils, protect the environment and contribute to global food security. The United Nations declared 2016 as the &ldquo;International Year of Pulses&rdquo; (IYP) to heighten public awareness of the nutritional benefits of pulses as part of sustainable food production aimed at food security and nutrition. India is the largest producer, consumer, and importer of pulses in the world. Pigeonpea [Cajanus cajan (L.) Millsp.] is one of the major grain legume (pulse) crops of the tropics and subtropics, endowed with several unique characteristics. It finds an important place in the farming system adopted by smallholder farmers in a large number of developing countries. Although globally pigeon pea ranks sixth in area and production in comparison to other grain legumes such as beans, peas and chickpeas, it is used in more diversified ways than others. 
Methods: A field experiment was conducted at Mahatma Gandhi Chitrakoot Gramodaya Vishwavidyalaya, Chitrakoot, Satna (M.P.) during the K season of 2015-16 to evaluate the effect of organic manures and inorganic fertilizers on yield attributes, yield and economics of pigeon pea. Treatment comprised three organic manures (FYM @ 10 t/ha, Nadep compost @ 10 t/ha and vermin-compost @ 5 t/ha) and three levels of inorganic fertilizers (control, 100 and 50% RDF). Thus treatments were tested in a 3-replicated split plot design. 
Result: The result revealed that the number of pods/plant, seeds/pod, pod length, and seed yield/plant were statistically similar in all tested organic manures but the application of vermicompost @ 5 t/ha, significantly improved the 100- seed weight. It also produced a significantly maximum seed yield of 1337 kg/ha, stover yield of 6220 kg/ha and net returns of Rs. 51727/ha. Control and use of 50 and 100% RDF in organic fertilizers gave statistically equal yield attributes (pods/plant, pod length and seeds/pod), seed yield, stover yield, gross returns and net returns of pigeon pea. The seed weight/plant and 100 seed weight were maximum under 100% RDF than control.</div>

Studies on the Effect of Organic Manures and Inorganic Fertilizers on Yield Attributes, Yield and Economics of Pigeon Pea [Cajanus cajan (L.) Millsp.]

<div style="text-align: justify;">A field investigation was carried out in farmer&rsquo;s field at Pudhupalayam, TNAU, Coimbatore, during 2015, to improve the productivity of groundnut variety TMV 13 under drip and micro sprinkler fertigation system. The experiment was laid out in randomized block design (RBD) with three replications comprising of 11 treatments. Results indicated that maximum pod yield (3495 kg ha-1), haulm yield (6452 kg ha-1), harvest index (0.351) and shelling per cent (73.95 per cent) were obtained with drip irrigation at 100% PE with fertigation at 100% RDF as WSF (T1). &nbsp;The water saving achieved under drip irrigation was 40.08% and 55.06% at 100% and 75% PE, respectively, whereas, under micro-sprinkler, it was 25.10% and 43.83% at 100% and 75% PE, respectively over surface irrigation. Higher WUE of 19.28 kg/ha-mm recorded under drip irrigation at 75% PE with fertigation at 100% RDF as WSF (T2) followed by drip irrigation at 100% PE with fertigation at 100% RDF as WSF (T1: 15.88 kg/ha-mm). Highest NUE (23.30 kg kg-1 NPK ha-1) was recorded in drip irrigation at 100% PE with fertigation at 100% RDF as WSF (T1). Drip irrigation at 100% PE with fertigation at 100% RDF as WSF (T1) recorded higher gross return (Rs. 254353 ha-1) and net return (Rs.134712 ha-1). Whereas, the benefit cost ratio was highest in micro sprinkler at 100% PE with fertigation at 100% RDF as WSF (T6: 2.41). The margin benefit cost ratio (MBCR) was recorded highest under micro sprinkler at 100% PE with fertigation at 100% RDF as WSF (T6: 2.53) as compared to all other treatments.</div>

<div style="text-align: justify;">Improving productivity of groundnut (Arachis hypogaea L.) under drip and micro sprinkler fertigation system</div>

Background: The field experiment was conducted to check the optimization of fertilizer requirement for napier grass and cowpea intercropping system at the farm of Lovely Professional University, Phagwara, Punjab during kharif season 2022.&nbsp; 
 
Methods: Study was conduct on total twelve treatment combinations, I1 (Sole napier with 100, 75 and 125% RDF), I2 (Sole Cowpea with 100, 75 and 125% RDF), I3 (Napier grass + cowpea intercropping in 1:2 ratio with 100, 75 and 125% RDF) and I4 (Napier grass + cowpea intercropping in 1:3 ratio with 100, 75 and 125% RDF) replicated thrice in Factorial RBD design.&nbsp; 
 
Result: All the growth parameters and yield in intercropping with cowpea were found significantly superior over sole napier grass. Maximum plant height (253.6 cm) and number of leaves (16.13) of napier were seen in intercropping with cowpea I4F3 (1:3 ratio + 125% RDF) which were at par with I3F1 (1:3 ratio + 100% RDF) and I3F2 (intercropping in 1:2 ratio + 125% RDF). There was a significant main effect of intercropping on green fodder yield of Napier grass with a higher yield in (75.69 t ha-1 in mixture and 60.65 t ha-1 sole) recorded in the intercropping ratio of 1:3 with 125% RDF (I4F3). The minimum yield of 24.41 t ha-1 was found in I1F2 (sole napier with 75% RDF) followed by 29.41 t ha-1 in I1F1 (Sole napier + 100% RDF) in 1st cutting. Intercropping napier with cowpea enhanced the overall growth and green fodder yield as compared to sole napier.

The Effect of Cowpea Intercropping and Different Fertilizer Levels on Growth and Yield of Napier Grass

Field experiments were conducted at Agricultural College and Research Institute, Coimbatore during August to February of 2011-12 and 2012-13 to study the effect of drip irrigation, fertigation levels and frequencies on seed yield and nutrient uptake of pigeonpea. Three fertilizer levels (75 %, 100 % and 125 % recommended dose fertilizer (RDF) through water soluble fertilizer and conventional fertilizers), three irrigation levels (50 % computed water requirement of crop (WRc), 75 % WRc and 100 % WRc) and surface irrigation (IW/CPE ratio 0.6 with 100 per cent RDF through conventional fertilizer) were included as treatments in this study. Application of 100 per cent of RDF (WSF) once in 7 days along with 100 % WRc (T9) recorded significantly higher uptake of total nitrogen, phosphorus and potassium. The lowest plant nutrient uptake was recorded by surface irrigation with application of 100 % RDF (T14) applied as basal. The results revealed that application of nutrients through fertigation once in seven days with 125 % RDF (WSF) + irrigation 100 % WRc recorded higher total nutrient uptake (nitrogen, phosphorus and potassium) than surface irrigation with conventional fertilizer. &nbsp;

Effect of drip fertigation on nutrient uptake and seed yield of pigeonpea [Cajanus cajan (L.) Millsp.] under westeren agroclimatic zones of tamil nadu

<div>Background:&nbsp;Groundnut (Arachs hypogeae) is a prominent legume vegetable oil seed crop in India and it&rsquo;s lower productivity is a matter of concern attributed to the major constraints of inefficient irrigation and nutrient management in rabi season. Fertigation is the recent innovative gearing up technology in which the nutrients are applied in pr&eacute;cised quantity along with drip irrigation at regular intervals throughout the crop growth matching with their requirement, resulting in enhanced resource use efficiency and crop yields. Liquid formulations of biofertilizers can be diluted sufficiently and applied through drip irrigation uniformly to the root zone of crop. Humic acid is widely used as fertilizer synergist and hence in combination with inorganic fertilizers can enhance their use efficiency and improve root zone activity. The present experiment was conducted to develop an integrated nutrient management practice in combination of chemical fertilizers with organic sources i.e., co inoculation of liquid biofertilisers and humic acid under fertigation for rabi groundnut under fertigation.</div>

Methods: The experiment was comprised of seven treatments of integrated nutrient management practices viz., T1- Soil application of 100% RDF(30-40-50 kg N,P2O5 and K2O haˉ&sup1;) + Drip irrigation ; T2- 75 % RDF + Liquid biofertilizers @ 3.75 l haˉ1 ; T3- 75% RDF + Humic acid @ 12.5 l haˉ1 ; T4- 50 % RDF + Liquid biofertilizers @ 3.75 l haˉ1 ; T5&ndash;50 % RDF + Humic acid @ 12.5 l haˉ1 ; T6- 100 % RDF + Liquid biofertilizers @ 3.75 l haˉ1 ; T7- 100 % RDF+Humic acid @ 12.5 l haˉ1 which were laid out in randomised block design with three replications.

Result: The integrated nutrient management practice with application of 100% RDF (30-40-50 kg N,P2O5 and K2O) + Liquid biofertilizers @ 3.75 l ha-1 (Rhizobium, Phosphorus solubilising bacteria and Potassium solubilising bacteria each @ 1.25 l ha-1) through fertigation recorded tallest plants (49.9 cm), highest LAI(2.05), SCMR value(34.5), highest number of nodules plant -1(60.2), pods plant-1(11.2), 100 pod weight(125.7 g), kernel weight (52.9 g) which resulted in the highest pod (3902 kg ha-1), kernel (2666 kg ha-1), haulm yied (4363kg ha-1 ), higher nutrient uptake and net returns (Rs.130818 ha-1) of groundnut, which were comparable to 100% RDF + Humic acid @ 12.5l ha-1 . However 75% RDF + Liquid biofertilizers @ 3.75 l ha-1 through fertigation recorded growth and pod yield (3988 kg ha-1) of groundnut on par with the best treatment of 100% RDF + Liquid biofertilizers @ 3.75 l ha-1 with a saving of 25 per cent of RDF and net returns of (Rs.130818 ha-1) and higher B:C ratio (2.31).

Performance of Groundnut (Arachis hypogaea L.) as Influenced by Integrated Nutrient Management Under Fertigation

<div>Background: The field experiment was conducted to check the optimization of fertilizer requirement for napier grass and cowpea intercropping system at the farm of Lovely Professional University, Phagwara, Punjab during kharif season (2022).&nbsp; 
 
Methods: Three replications of factorial RBD design with 4 cropping patterns (I1, I2, I3 and I4) and 3 fertilizer levels (F1, F2 and F3) were set up. Study was conducted on total twelve treatment combinations, I1 (Sole napier with 100, 75 and 125% RDF), I2 (Sole Cowpea with 100, 75 and 125% RDF), I3 (Napier grass+cowpea intercropping in 1:2 ratio with 100, 75 and 125% RDF) and I4 (Napier grass+cowpea intercropping in 1:3 ratio with 100, 75 and 125% RDF). 
 
Result: The results showed that in the interaction effect of intercropping and fertilizer levels the the highest value of pH and EC was found to be in I1F2- Sole Napier+75% RDF (8.04 and 0.42 mhos cm-1, respectively). Higher OC was found in I4F3- Napier+cowpea (1:3)+125% RDF (18.23%) as compared to sole napier. However, sole cowpea plots recorded highest OC (18.60 %) in I2F3- Sole Cowpea+125% RDF but lowest pH and EC. The lowest N, Pand K in soil were seen in I1F2- Napier grass+75% RDF (90.00, 10.93 and 124.4 kg ha-1, respectively) in interaction of intercropping and fertilizer levels among treatment combinations of napier grass. I2F3- Sole cowpea+125% RDF recorded (225, 20.68 and 214.93 kg ha-1) N, P and K, respectively, which was highest among all the treatment combinations. Highest net returns and B: C ratio of 3.37 was recorded from intercropping ratio 1:3 and 125% RDF which was followed by 100% RDF (3.13) and 75% RDF (2.77).</div>

Immunohistochemical detection of alpha-smooth muscle actin and S-100 in bovine mammary gland with mastitis

Immunohıstochemıcal staınıng of cd3, cd79αcy and s-100 on bursa fabrıcıus, thymus and spleen of turkeys (Meleagrıs gallapavo)

Influences of organic and inorganic sources of nutrients on growth, yield attributed traits and yield economic of coriander (Coriandrum sativum L.) cv JD-1

Effect of Seedlings Age and Nutrient Combinations on Growth and Yield of Proso Millet (Panicum miliaceum L.) in Lateritic Soils of Western Ghats

Studies on the Effect of Organic Manures and Inorganic Fertilizers on Yield Attributes, Yield and Economics of Pigeon Pea [Cajanus cajan (L.) Millsp.]

Improving productivity of groundnut (Arachis hypogaea L.) under drip and micro sprinkler fertigation system

The Effect of Cowpea Intercropping and Different Fertilizer Levels on Growth and Yield of Napier Grass

Effect of drip fertigation on nutrient uptake and seed yield of pigeonpea [Cajanus cajan (L.) Millsp.] under westeren agroclimatic zones of tamil nadu

Performance of Groundnut (Arachis hypogaea L.) as Influenced by Integrated Nutrient Management Under Fertigation

The Effect of Napier Grass+Cowpea Intercropping and Different Fertilizer Levels on Soil Characteristics and Economics