Background: Acid lime being the nutrient exhaustive fruit crop and requires regular annual application of macro and micronutrients and there was a need to study the response of foliar application of Urea and Nano urea as a source of nitrogen to assess its impact on Kagzi lime trees. The reason to undertake this research was based on response of foliar Urea and Nano urea on nutrient supplementation, rapid nutrient uptake, improved nitrogen utilization along with enhanced nutrient mobility and its effect on growth and yield attributes in acid lime cv. Kagzi plants. 
 
Methods: A field experiment was conducted at the Fruit Instructional Farm, Department of Fruit Science, College of Horticulture and Forestry, Jhalawar during June 2022 to December 2022 in established Kagzi lime orchard of 14 years age. The experiment was laid out in Randomized Block Design with three replications. The experiment consisted of foliar application of nine treatments comprising Urea and Nano urea. 
 
Result: On the basis of results obtained in the present investigation, the foliar application of T4 treatment (Urea @ 2.0%) was found beneficial in the improvement of growth and yield attributes in acid lime cv. Kagzi. The foliar feeding response through T4 treatment (Urea @ 2.0%) resulted in enhancement of plant height (m), plant spread [E-W and N-S (m)], canopy volume (m3), number of fruits plant-1, yield plant-1 (kg) and estimated yield (kg/ha) in acid lime cv. Kagzi trees.The overall maximum percentage increase in growth attributes viz. plant height (6.46%), E-W plant spread (6.09%), N-S plant spread (6.27%) and canopy volume (20.34%) were found in T4 treatment consisting (Urea @ 2.0%). The application of T4 treatment (Urea @ 2%) resulted in enhancement of number of fruits plant-1 (480.33), fruit weight (67.90 g), yield plant-1 (27.87) and estimated yield (77.21 q/ha).

Foliar Impact of Urea and Nano Urea Application on Growth and Yield Attributes of Acid Lime (Citrus aurantifolia Swingle.) Cv. Kagzi

Background: In context of oilseeds like Sesamum nitrogen is an important major or primary nutrient which is essential specifically for plant height, dry matter accumulation plant-1, development of pod and seed. Deficiency of Nitrogen in sesame results in lower vegetative growth, yield and dry matter partitioning. Along with this it also increase the photosynthetic rate and total chlorophyll content and application of nitrogen fertilizers through nano urea increases nitrogen use efficiency. Nano Urea is low cost technology and required in small quantities. Nano urea produces less hazardous effect on environment. It will also help in decreasing the amount of greenhouse gasses production and their release into the atmosphere. Even though the several research works are already available on effect of foliar spray in Sesame, scope of spray nano urea with different nitrogen levels in Sesame enabled us to take up this experiment. 
&nbsp; 
Methods: The present field experiment was carried out during Kharif season of 2022 at Agronomy Research Fields, School of Agriculture, Lovely Professional University, Phagwara, Punjab. Nitrogen is applied to sesame through soil as mineral nitrogen and foliar spray. The data pertaining to growth characteristics, yield characteristics, gross monetary returns and net monetary returns of sesame (kharif) was collected at regular interval in 2022-23 which was analyzed statistically in SPD (Split Plot Design) with 12 treatment combinations replicated thrice. 
&nbsp; 
Result: Significantly higher plant height (cm), no. of functional leaves plant-1, stem girth (cm) and dry matter accumulation (g plant -1) were registered with application F3&nbsp;-100% RDN through soil application of mineral nitrogen to sesame over rest of treatments&nbsp; at 40 DAS, 60 DAS, 80 DAS and at harvest. Among the foliar application of nano-urea to sesame, treatment F4- 25% N&nbsp; recorded significantly higher plant height (cm), no. of functional leaves plant-1, stem girth (cm) and dry matter accumulation (g plant -1) over lower levels of treatments and found at with treatment F3-20% N at 40 DAS, 60 DAS, 80 DAS and at harvest.However at harvest higher number of dry capsules plant-1, number of seeds capsules-1, seed yield (q ha-1), straw yield (q ha-1) and oil content (%) were obtained by F3&nbsp;-100% RDN through soil application of mineral nitrogen to sesame over all other treatments to sesame. Foliar application of&nbsp; F4&nbsp;- 25% N&nbsp; and&nbsp; F3- 20% N&nbsp; to Sesame both being at par with each other and&nbsp; registered&nbsp; significantly higher number of dry capsules plant-1, number of seeds capsules-1, seed yield (q ha-1), straw yield (q ha-1) and oil content (%) over remaining levels of foliar applications of nano urea.

Response of Soil Applied Urea and Foliar Applied Nano Urea on the Growth, Yield and Quality of Kharif&nbsp; Sesame (Sesamum indicum) under the Central Plain Agro-climatic Zone of Punjab

<div>Green revolution dramatically change the nitrogen application in paddy cultivation and day by day its demand increased but excessive and imbalanced use of nitrogen fertilizer has raised certain global concerns, also its low nitrogen use efficiency. Nitrogen is required in huge amounts for rice and supply of N in the right amount, at the right rate and at right time throughout the growing season is most important to increase the yield. Approximately 90% of the N-fertilizer applied worldwide is in the NH4+ form, which is rapidly oxidized to NO3- by soil nitrifier bacteria. Whereas, NCU temporarily delays the bacterial oxidation of the ammonium-nitrogen by depressing over a certain period of time the activity of Nitrosomonas bacteria in the soil. So far more than 75 studies have been conducted to study the performance of NCU in increasing the yield of rice and several other crops. In rice more than 30% of the urea consumed in India is applied, the mean increase in grain yield by replacing urea with NCU is 5 to 6%. NCU has been observed to improve nitrogen use efficiency and subsequently grain yield of rice. Possibly, applying NCU following the site-specific nutrient management principles will lead to paddy production of higher levels as observed with ordinary urea but with lower fertilizer application rates.</div>

<div>Neem Coated Urea (NCU), An Efficient Nitrogen Source for Paddy Cultivation: A Review</div>

<div style="text-align:justify">Neem coated urea not only increase crop yield but also lower input cost to the farmer. Cost of neem coated urea is only 3-4% higher than ordinary urea. Urea constitutes about 82% of the fertilizer nitrogen (N) used in India. Neem coated urea has been observed to improve nitrogen use efficiency and subsequently crop yield, especially in rice and wheat. Nitrification inhibitors when applied along with urea reduce losses of applied N thereby resulting in an improved yield of crops. In rice and wheat more than 50% of the urea consumed in India is applied, the mean increase in grain yield by replacing urea with NCU or NOCU is 5 to 6%. &nbsp;More than 75 studies have been conducted to compare the performance of urea coated with neem cake (NCU) or neem oil (NOCU) in increasing the yield of rice, wheat, and several other crops via uncoated urea. In 2015, the Government of India directed that all fertilizer urea manufactured in the country or imported will have to be coated with neem oil at the rate of 0.5 kg per tonne. This decision was motivated not only by the better performance of NOCU via uncoated urea but also by an expectation that it will lead to reduced consumption of urea. Increasing nitrogen efficiency means-reducing the nitrogen losses through leaching, immobilization and reducing groundwater pollution by nitrates as well as ammonia gas pollution in the air. It also reduces import of costly fertilizers as well as reduces ground, water, and soil pollution.</div>

Impact of neem coated urea on rice yield and nutrient use efficiency (NUE)

<div>Background: Acacia pods are non-conventional protein rich feed resources that could be harnessed as a feed ingredient in sheep production. Though many workers have observed the utility of raw Acacia nilotica pods as a noteworthy feed for small ruminants, the information on nutritive value of urea treated pods is lacking.&nbsp; Hence the present study was undertaken to evaluate the nutritional potential of urea treated Acacia nilotica pods at different dietary levels for supporting growth and nutrient utilisation in lambs. 
 
Methods: Acacia nilotica pods were collected, sun dried and ground in a hammer mill. The ground pods and seeds were treated in bulk with urea. Then the urea treated pods (UTP) was incorporated in three experimental concentrate mixtures @ 0, 15 or 30 per cent (R1, R2, R3) replacing deoiled rice bran. The concentrate mixtures were made isoproteinic and isocaloric. Napier Bajra hybrid grass (CNCO4) was provided as the basal roughage component in the rations. The ingredient and proximate composition of concentrate mixtures. Fifteen ram lambs of native Kilakarsal breed of about six months of age and with an average initial body weight of 9.39 kg were divided on the basis of body weight into three groups with five lambs per dietary group in a completely randomized design. Daily record of feed consumption was maintained. The lambs were weighed at fortnightly intervals. At the end of the feeding experiment, digestion trial was conducted using the same ram lambs. The samples were analysed for proximate composition and the digestibility of nutrients in the three experimental rations were determined.&nbsp; 
 
Result: Based on the data analyzed the DMI worked out to be 64.90, 65.84 and 65.43 g/kg W0.75 in lambs fed with rations containing 0, 15 and 30% UTP in the concentrate mixture respectively. The corresponding values for ADG in the present study were 48.14, 47.43 and 48.57 g. The feed efficiency in terms of DMI required to gain one kg body weight were 8.28, 8.58 and 8.35 kg which did not vary between the treatment groups. DCP of experimental rations increased significantly (P&le;0.05) as the level of UTP in the concentrate mixture increased which could be attributed to the increased crude protein digestibility. The TDN decreased significantly (P&le;0.05) at 15% and level and was unaffected thereafter. Hence, it was concluded that Acacia nilotica pods treated with 5% urea at 40% moisture and stored for 14 days could safely be included up to 30 per cent level in the concentrate mixture of growing lamb ration.</div>

Evaluation of Urea Treated Acacia nilotica Pods as a Feed for Grower Lambs

<div style="text-align: justify;">The effect of some factors on relationships between milk urea concentrations, milk production, negative OEB diet and fertility of 74 cows were analyzed. Diets were calculated using the French PDI system and SPSS 20 package was used for statistical analysis. Milk urea concentrations ranged from 31.7&plusmn; 1.6 mg/dl &nbsp; in low-producing cows (17.3 &plusmn; 2.3 kg milk) to 32.3 &plusmn;2.0 mg/dl in high-producing cows (25.1 &plusmn; 4.4 kg milk). The increase of milk urea concentrations was found to increase interval between calving and conception (p&lt; 0.00), number of inseminations per conception (p &lt;0.01) and interval between two successive calvings (p&lt;0.00). Increasing of urea in milk in relation with feeding diets characterized by negative OEB &nbsp; might decrease milk production and fertility in dairy herd. Therefore, dairy breeders may find it advantageous to monitor milk urea, which could help to improve nutritional status and cow&rsquo;s fertility.</div>

Evaluation of milk urea concentrations and their relationship with milk production, rumen degradable proteins imbalance, and cow&rsquo;s fertility in a dairy farm in Haouz, central Morocco

Background: Peatlands are marginal lands that have low soil pH, easy to experience nutrient retention and leaching. If this land is used for oil palm cultivation, it will affect its growth and production. These obstacles can be overcome by using fertilizer technology (Biochike+). Biochar Tankos is an organic fertilizer made from agricultural waste, which when combined with biochar chicken manure can be a highly nutritious organic fertilizer, plus Urea which can increase the total N of the soil. This study aims to examine the application of biochike+ fertilizer technology in peatlands to the growth of oil palm seedlings and the availability of N, P and K nutrients in peat soils. 
 
Methods: The research was conducted in polybags with 6 levels of Biochike+ (B1, B2, B3, B4, B5 and B6) and 5 replications so that there were 30 polybags. The parameters observed were the height and number of leaves every month for 3 months and the chemical properties of the soil after an incubation period of 1 month including pH, N, P and K of available soil. The design was completely randomized design (CRD).&nbsp; 
 
Result: The data obtained were analyzed statistically by analysis of variance (ANOVA) with a 5% significant difference test. showed that the application of Biochike 1 fertilizer (25% biochar Tankos: 75% biochar chicken manure: 100% Urea) gave the highest value to height growth and the availability of N,P,K nutrients in the soil. From an economic analysis, sales of Biochike+ at a price of 1.6 USD per kilogram at the biochar producer level, have provided a profitable value. There are 2 things that benefit from applying Biochike+ fertilizer, namely increasing crop yields and reducing the need for chemical fertilizers.

Effect of Combination of Biochar Tankos and Urea-enriched Chicken Manure (BIOCHIKE+) on Growth Oil Palm Seedling

Background: There is no doubt that the enormous increase in global food production is a direct result of greater use of inorganic fertilizers. However, a number of research studies indicate that the rising use of conventional fertilizers has resulted in major environmental risks, including soil and water body contamination. Nanotechnology and nano-fertilizers have recently been used in agriculture to create healthier solutions. Therefore, there is a pressing need to improve the N availability for plants, while reducing its harmful effects to the soil and environment. 
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Methods: Keeping this point of view, the pot culture experiment was carried out to study the &ldquo;Impact of nano-urea (Liquid) on blackgram (VBN 8) (Vigna mungo L.) Productivity&rdquo; with an objective of study the influence of Nano-Urea on growth and yield attributes of Blackgram. The experiment was conducted at Vanavarayar Institute of Agriculture, Pollachi during the Kharif (June-September) season of 2022 and 2023. The treatment includes application of various level of nano urea (1.25 litres ha-1) as foliar spray and soil application along with recommended dose of P and K in comparison with RDF and control (without any nutrient). The treatments were replicated three times in a completely randomized block design. 
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Result: Among the different treatment combination, application of nano-urea (Liquid) 1.25 litres ha-1&nbsp;as Foliar Spray (FS) (IFFCO) + P and K RDF (T2) resulted in higher pod weight (4.1 and 6.2 g plant-1) and seed weight (3.2 and 3.6 g plant-1) in 2022 and 2023, respectively. Application of nano-urea (Liquid) 1.25 litres ha-1 as Foliar Spray (FS) + PandK RDF responded equally with RDF + Urea 1% foliar spray on better growth and development of blackgram. At the critical juncture, adequate nitrogen from nano-urea would have ensured a steady supply of nitrogen, stimulating meristematic activity and cell elongation in plants and improving the crop performance.

Influence of Nano Urea on Growth Yield and Nutrient Uptake of Blackgram

<div>Background: Fertilizer application combined with successive foliage cuttings can positively affect plant growth, yield and quality. The objective of this study was to evaluate the response of chipil&iacute;n to successive foliage cuttings and nitrogen and phosphate fertilizer application under greenhouse conditions.&nbsp; 
 
Methods: During 2018, an experiment was carried out in a greenhouse under a completely randomized design, with six replications of each treatment. The treatments were as follows: control, 100 kg ha-1 N as urea and 60 kg ha-1 P2O5 as triple superphosphate. The fertilizers were applied one month after planting (MAP). Two MAPs, uniform cuttings were performed, followed by three successive cuttings, with one every 30 days. At each cutting, the traits evaluated included the number of new shoots; the length, diameter, leaf area and dry biomass of the new shoots by component (leaves and stems); the relative growth rate (RGR) of the biomass of the shoot leaves, the chlorophyll (a, b and total) and carotenoid content and NDVI.&nbsp; 
 
Result: Cutting foliage every 30 days increased (p&lt;0.05) the number of new shoots, leaf biomass, total biomass and leaf area, but reduced the length and diameter of the shoots. There was no effect (p&gt; 0.05) of cutting on root biomass or nodulation, but there was an effect of fertilizer application, with both variables decreasing with nitrogen addition.</div>

<div>Chipil&iacute;n (C. longirostrata Hook. and Arn.) Capacity for Regrowth and Leaf Area Production in Response to Nitrogen and Phosphorus Fertilizer Application&nbsp;</div>

An aerobic composting experiment was conducted for 91 days in the laboratory of the Department of Soil and Environment Sciences, Faculty of Agriculture, University of Khartoum, Sudan to investigate the effects of three levels of C/N ratio on some physico-chemical properties of final compost from sheep manure (C/N 15.9), groundnut straw (C/N ratio 25.9) and their mixture (C/N ratio 18.3). Increase in C/N ratio of materials had consistently resulted in an increase in pH, increase of the final compost and the increase was 5, 36 and 68%, respectively. Total N, P, K, Mg, pH, WHC and bulk density were increased in final compost whereas organic C, lignin, polyphenol and C/N ration showed variable reduction. Characterization of final compost generally depends on initial C/N ratio of the materials used.

Foliar Impact of Urea and Nano Urea Application on Growth and Yield Attributes of Acid Lime (Citrus aurantifolia Swingle.) Cv. Kagzi

Response of Soil Applied Urea and Foliar Applied Nano Urea on the Growth, Yield and Quality of Kharif Sesame (Sesamum indicum) under the Central Plain Agro-climatic Zone of Punjab

Neem Coated Urea (NCU), An Efficient Nitrogen Source for Paddy Cultivation: A Review

Impact of neem coated urea on rice yield and nutrient use efficiency (NUE)

Evaluation of Urea Treated Acacia nilotica Pods as a Feed for Grower Lambs

Evaluation of milk urea concentrations and their relationship with milk production, rumen degradable proteins imbalance, and cow’s fertility in a dairy farm in Haouz, central Morocco

Effect of Combination of Biochar Tankos and Urea-enriched Chicken Manure (BIOCHIKE+) on Growth Oil Palm Seedling

Influence of Nano Urea on Growth Yield and Nutrient Uptake of Blackgram

Chipilín (C. longirostrata Hook. and Arn.) Capacity for Regrowth and Leaf Area Production in Response to Nitrogen and Phosphorus Fertilizer Application

Characterization of compost as affected by manipulation of C/N ratio