The global food system is projected to experience increasing challenges over the years due to rising population and per capita consumption. Rapid population growth magnifies the effects of climate change by depleting resources and increasing exposure to climate-related risks, especially in urban areas with limited resources. Urban poor people have been proven to be more vulnerable to rising global food issues, climatic changes and unemployment rates due to unique elements of their urban life. Cities that deal with multiple urbanization challenges ultimately develop an urban sprawl which has detrimental effects on the economy, society and environment. Here comes the prevalence of urban agriculture as a form of modern agriculture that places an emphasis on its numerous goals in ensuring food security, maintaining urban ecosystem services and enhancing urban living standards. Urban green spaces are universally acknowledged as a nature-based solution that promotes social cohesion, healthy living and climate change mitigation and adaptation. Urban agriculture benefits a community in a variety of ways, from providing food and nutritional security, economic and environmental benefits and even modifying a city&rsquo;s urban form.

Urban Agriculture: An Approach Towards Creating Sustainable Smart Cities: A Review

<div>Background: Agri-Clinics and Agri-Business Centres (AC and ABCs) is a scheme implemented by the Government of India in collaboration with the National Bank for Agriculture and Rural Development (NABARD) to provide assistance for the development of entrepreneurship in agriculture, creating employment opportunities for the unemployed agricultural graduates and also providing extension services to the farmers in rural areas. The present study is a modest attempt to evaluate the progress and performance of the Agri-Clinics and Agri-Business Centres scheme in India from its inception to the present day by looking at state-by-state, training institute-by-training institute and project-by-project results.&nbsp; 
 
Methods: The study is based on the contemporary analysis of secondary data gathered from books, magazines, newspapers, reports, Publications, Research Articles and official websites from 1st April 2002 to 31st December 2021. Furthermore, the researcher acquired knowledge from both published and unpublished thesis in order to make the study interesting and beneficial.&nbsp; 
 
Result: It is found from the analysis that Maharashtra, Uttar Pradesh, Tamil Nadu and Madhya Pradesh are the leading states in implementing the scheme successfully as compared to the Hilly States. A little attention is focused on hilly states in terms of training and establishing agriventures. Hence, the government should pay special attention to the hilly states and take suitable policy measures to meet the requirements of the farmers residing in Hilly areas and also on fulfilling the goals of the scheme.</div>

Progress and Performance of Agri-clinics and Agri-business Centres Scheme in India

Background: study area is considered among the most regions affected by traditional practices, lack of credit facilities, limited startup capital, poor faming technology and absence of good strategy and policies for rural youths participations in Agriculture extension services in order to provide food security and desirable qualities that can promote for youths in Kalo, sire Berga and kito kebeles levels. The current study aimed to put solution as a recommendation of this province in order to manage and control problems. 
 
Methods: In this exploration Data were collected from Kalo, Sire Berga and Kito kebeles&rsquo; of Adea Berga district through questionnaires, focus group discussion and interviews and analyzed by the SPSS software model. 
 
Result: Most of the youths were migrate to the urban areas to search for job, employ in industries to work with, good social amenities and access to loans and enjoy high standard of living in the urban areas and Majority of the youths were attracted to invest more in their own farms rather than being employed as labour of rural youths who were participated in Agriculture Extension Service were provided with their socioeconomic needs. Furthermore, Federal and state governments in Ethiopia have not adopted capacity building on agriculture to reduce youth unemployment, restiveness and re-awake agriculture potentials and less attention was given by agriculture stake holders of the study kebeles the roles of youth&rsquo;s participation in providing agriculture extension services, food insecurity and ineffective agriculture productivities were becoming a headache to the society of the study kebeles for several years. 
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Practices and Challenges of Rural Youths Participation in Agriculture Extension Services Case of Adea Berga Woreda, West Shoa Zone, Oromia Regional State, Ethiopia

The objective of this study is to understand the dairy farmers&rsquo; perception and preparedness for flood disaster, perceived losses due to disaster and their adaptation measures. This study is based on both secondary and primary data collected through a survey of 400 dairy farming households from the Chamoli and Rudraprayag district of Himalayan region of Uttarakhand. The results of the study revealed that majority (61.50%) respondents were 36-50 years of age and among them 59 percent were female. The workforce mainly engaged in crop cultivation and animal husbandry, average land holding and livestock per house hold was just 0.46 acres and 5 animals respectively. &nbsp;About 78.6% farmers&rsquo; perceived flood as a natural phenomenon, while 21.4% perceived it an unnatural and man-made tragedy. Around (59%) respondents reported that they participated in the village disaster management planning process and 87 percent perceived that state government is prepared for disaster management any time. Very few (15%) respondents received literature about disaster preparedness from developmental agencies. About hundred percent of respondents agreed that flood caused unemployment (50.8%SA &amp; 49.2 %A) in study area whereas, 55 per cent of respondents strongly believed that flood reduced the household income. About 91% of farmers preferred to stored crop residual and forage from forest area to fulfill the fodder demand during the anticipated flood. Majority (89%) of the respondents watching television, listing radio and reading newspaper for flood management practices. &nbsp;Also to mitigate disaster, the government provided various mitigation measures, but the level of satisfaction amongst farmers is low.

Disaster preparedness in Himalayan region: Flood disaster victim perspective 
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<div>Background: Pig rearing is the main income source for many unemployed people in India, particularly for the people in the north-east part of the country. It was found that the morbidity as well as mortality of young pigs immediately after weaning is high due to weaning stresses, mainly due to diet changes causing them to suffer from severe diarrhoea. For these reasons, providing creep feed along with dairy products during the period of pre-weaning and post-weaning is recommended. The majority of the farmers used skimmed milk powder which is commonly available in the market places, but since it is expensive, it may diminish the return for small-scale farmers. 
 
Methods: Present study was conducted to compare the growth performance of Large White Yorkshire young pigs (LWY) fed with diet containing skimmed milk and milk replacer during the pre and post weaning periods i.e., from 0 to 56 days of age. Parameters recorded were body weight in kilogram (kg), average daily gain (ADG) in gram (g), average daily feed intake (ADFI) in gram (g), feed conversion ratio (FCR) and cost of feed/kg gain (₹/kg).&nbsp; 
 
Result: Statistical analysis of all the parameters revealed non-significant (P&ge;0.05) differences between the three groups during pre-weaning, post-weaning and overall periods.&nbsp;It may be concluded that skimmed milk powder (SMP) can be replaced by milk replacer powder (MRP) in the diet of weaned pigs without any clinical complications.&nbsp;</div>

Comparative Study on Performance of Young Pigs Fed with Diet Containing Skimmed Milk and Milk Replacer during Pre and Post Weaning Periods

<div style="text-align:justify">Background: Diversification is a continuous adaptive process whereby household add new ctivities maintain existing one or drop others, thereby maintaining diverse and changing make greater contribution to general livelihood portfolios. Livelihood in rural areas is very erratic and risk hidden. The land-based livelihood of small and marginal farmers is becoming unsustainable in recent times due to continuous flood and decrease in availability of arable land. Diversification activities make greater contribution ta key strategy by which people try to improve the generate cash incomes for poor households and it is a key strategy by which people try to improve their wellbeing. 
Methods: Based on the primary and secondary data, Barbarua Development Block is finally selected for the study. In the block itself three nos Missing community dominated villages and three nos Scheduled Caste dominated villages are selected for the study. Through random sampling, 10 households of each diverse socio economic background are selected from each village. Semi structured schedules are prepared for interviewing the villagers, local village head (Gaon Burah), school teacher, unemployed youth, agricultural labour, landless people and women. 
Result: As the entire survey area is inundated by flood water in every year, a part from farm activities various income generating activities carried out under livelihood diversification. Some households end upon multiple activities. A common pattern is for every poor and the comprehensive well-off households to have most diverse livelihood. Farm income accounts for 54.0 per cent of the total household income coming from off farm activities. It is also revealed that 44 per cent households prefer livelihood diversification due to limited agricultural income. About 22 per cent reported that the availability of non-farm activities encouraged them to adopt non farm activities. Managing livelihood has always been a critical factor or challenge among the poor in everywhere.&nbsp;</div>

Livelihood Pattern of Riverine Areas of Dibrugarh District and its Prospects of Livelihood Diversification

<div>More than 10 million laborer have been displaced from their usual workplaces during the suddenly announced lockdown by the government of India in 2020 in order to prevent and control the spread of one of the deadliest diseases of our times namely; COVID 19, popularly known as Sars Corona Virus in March - June 2020; as per the official figures provided by the GOI. There has not been a single sector that remained unaffected from the devastating impacts of COVID-19, not even agriculture. The impact of lockdown on agriculture is hard to measure as it involves a complex relationship between multiple direct and indirect factors like labour availability, lack of supply of raw materials from the agro-industrial sector etc. The lockdown period created severe economic implications (negative) for farmers (small, marginal and large), landless laborer and all the other agricultural stakeholders who had to face new challenges for earning their livelihood. The direct loss to the agriculture sector was estimated to multi-corers by various government officials while the indirect losses may be many folds of the direct loss. The marginal income of laborers in the agriculture sector was believed to be coming close to zero due to lockdown conditions. In addition to this, smart investments, improved technologies and standardized model frameworks must be designed for the agriculture sector to combat the COVID 19 impact. The current analytical review is focused on all the major factors associated with the agriculture sector that have been highly impacted by the COVID-19 pandemic, ranging from production, storage to procurement and selling. The lockdown has choked off almost all economic activities. In urban areas, COVID-19 forced widespread loss of jobs and incomes for informal workers. Estimated by the Centre for Monitoring Indian Economy, unemployment shot up from 8.4% in mid-March to 23% in the first week of April 2020 further soaring to 30.9% by the end of April, 2020. We have also looked into the possible strategies that can be taken into consideration by the government as well as those associated with the agricultural-food sector. This pandemic has emerged several new challenges to the agricultural sector but has given us time to think and strategize things for better management in future. Suggestions have also been made to adopt alternate approaches and work in this newly created world with the ability of better resource handling.</div>

​Impact of COVID-19 Lockdown on Indian Agriculture: A Review

<div>Background: A healthy and varied diet plays a fundamental role in supporting balanced physical development, maintaining overall health, and mitigating the risk of chronic diseases. Understanding dietary habits is essential for designing effective interventions and promoting nutritional well-being. This study investigates the dietary habits of individuals in the Rabat-Sal&eacute;-K&eacute;nitra region, with a focus on sociodemographic and anthropometric characteristics, meal consumption patterns and food choices. The findings aim to highlight gender-specific trends and general dietary behaviors within the population. 
&nbsp; 
Methods: A prospective cross-sectional observational study design was employed to evaluate dietary habits. Data were collected using a structured questionnaire in two phases: the first phase focused on sociodemographic and anthropometric information, while the second captured detailed dietary habits. A total of 1,012 participants were recruited, comprising 60.4% females and 39.6% males. Statistical analyses were conducted using SPSS software (version 22) and Chi-square tests were applied to identify significant relationships between variables. Body Mass Index (BMI) categories were calculated and dietary habits were analyzed by gender. 
&nbsp; 
Result: The study population was predominantly female (60.4%) and included a higher proportion of younger individuals, with 45.4% aged 18-30 years. Most participants (85.9%) had university-level education and civil servants represented the largest professional group (52.9%). Females were overrepresented among unemployed participants, while married individuals comprised the majority (54.8%) of family statuses. BMI analysis indicated that overweight and obesity were more prevalent among females, whereas males dominated the underweight category (p = 0.0005). Regarding dietary habits, 53.6% of participants consumed four meals daily, with 80.7% consuming bread and pastries daily and 60.2% consuming fruits and vegetables 4-5 times weekly. Frequent consumption of meat and poultry was observed, with females showing higher intake levels. No significant gender differences were found in fish/seafood, cereals, or dairy product consumption and snack and sweet product consumption patterns were consistent across genders.</div>

Assessment of Dietary Habits and Sociodemographic Profiles in the Rabat-Sal&eacute;-K&eacute;nitra Region

<div style="text-align: justify;">A society&rsquo;s prosperity critically depends upon the level of success, prosperity and growth opportunities available to its people. Entrepreneurs serve as the catalyst in the economy&rsquo;s engine, triggering and stimulating all economic activity. The present study is based on primary and secondary data collected from various sources and primary data collected from Dahanu district of the Indian state of Maharashtra India during 2017-18. Qualitative data collected from different stakeholders including rural entrepreneurs concluded that agriculture is predominant occupation in Dahanu district of Maharashtra. Seasonal migration is common due to seasonal nature of rice farming, leading to high rate of school dropouts. Entrepreneurial ventures available in Dahanu categorized into two categories viz. Agriculture based and non-agriculture based ventures. Prospective entrepreneurial ventures in the study area are warli painting, poultry farm, clothes, handicrafts and handlooms, floriculture and perfumery, rice processing unit, ice factory, Sapota processing unit, Bidi making which can operate on commercial basis. There is scope to scale up existing ventures as well. Entrepreneurship helped certain individuals to reduce migration and to continue the education of their children. Hence, rural entrepreneurship can help in mitigating the complex challenges caused by migration.</div>

Urban Agriculture: An Approach Towards Creating Sustainable Smart Cities: A Review

Progress and Performance of Agri-clinics and Agri-business Centres Scheme in India

Practices and Challenges of Rural Youths Participation in Agriculture Extension Services Case of Adea Berga Woreda, West Shoa Zone, Oromia Regional State, Ethiopia

Disaster preparedness in Himalayan region: Flood disaster victim perspective

Comparative Study on Performance of Young Pigs Fed with Diet Containing Skimmed Milk and Milk Replacer during Pre and Post Weaning Periods

Livelihood Pattern of Riverine Areas of Dibrugarh District and its Prospects of Livelihood Diversification

Impact of COVID-19 Lockdown on Indian Agriculture: A Review

Assessment of Dietary Habits and Sociodemographic Profiles in the Rabat-Salé-Kénitra Region

Impact of rural entrepreneurship on migration- A case study of Dahanu (Maharashtra), India