<div style="text-align: justify;">India is enzootic for bluetongue (BT), a predominant disease of small ruminants. The most important task in the control of disease is rapid and sensitive detection of virus. The present study was undertaken to standardize immunofluorescence (IFT) and immunoperoxidase tests (IPT) employing BTV serogroup specific VP7 monoclonal antibodies (MAbs), polyclonal homologous, and polyclonal heterologous antisera against specific serotypes of BTV for detection of BTV antigen. Serial tenfold dilutions of BTV-9 were tested for limit of detection (LoD) of IFT, IPT, and molecular assays by using MAbs against VP7, homologous anti-BTV-9 serum, and heterologous anti-BTV-16 serum. LoD of IFT was found to be 101 TCID50/mL using MAbs against VP7, anti BTV-9 serum, and anti BTV-16 serum. LoD of IPT was found to be 101 TCID50/mL, 102 TCID50/mL, and 102 TCID50/mL using MAbs against VP7, anti BTV-9 serum and anti BTV-16 serum, respectively. LoD of RT-PCR was 101 TCID50/mL and that of real time PCR was 100 TCID50/mL. This standardized assay was then applied for BTV detection in BTV suspected field samples collected from BT outbreaks followed by confirmation with virus isolation and NS3 group specific PCR. The current study shows that IFT and IPT are specific tests for group specific BTV identification. For IFT, monoclonal and polyclonal (homologous and heterologous) source of antibodies had similar sensitivity in the ability of BTV detection; whereas the most sensitive mode of detection by IPT was with MAbs.&nbsp;</div>

Standardization and application of immunofluorescence and immuno- peroxidase tests for detection of bluetongue virus antigen<br />&nbsp;

<p>This study investigated the Bovine viral diarrhoea(BVD) virus antiviral effect of Aleurites fordii &nbsp;(tung tree) extract. &nbsp;First, a cytotoxicity test on MDBK (Madin-Darby bovine kidney) cells took place at &nbsp;various n-Hexane and ethyl acetate extract concentrations. Each of the extracts&rsquo; cytotoxicity test results had 0.03mg/ml of n-Hexane and 0.06 mg/ml of ethyl acetate. In the tissue culture infectious dose (TCID50) assay, 0.03 mg/ml of the ethyl acetate extracts decreased the BVD virus by 1.4 log, whereas the other extracts did not show any antiviral activity. The results suggest that ethyl acetate extracts and fractions of Aleurites fordii can replace chemical antivirus substances.&nbsp;</p>


<p>Bovine viral diarrhoea(BVD) virus antiviral activity &nbsp;of Korean Tung Tree&nbsp;(Aleurites fordii) extracts in vivo</p>


<div style="text-align: justify;">This study was designed to investigate anti-virus action of the swainsonine (SW) extract of Astragalus strictus Grah. Ex Bend on bovine viral diarrhea virus (BVDV). Using cell culture techniques, and combining cytopathic effect (CPE) observation method and methyl thiazolyl tetrazolium (MTT) method to detect the toxicities of different concentrations of SW in bovine kidney primary cells (Madin-Darby Bovine Kidney Cells, MDBK), determine the drug safety concentration and TD50, Testing the comprehensive effect of different concentrations of SW for BVDV by adding swainsonine after virus-and-swainsonine added. The results showed that the TCID50 of BVDV is 10-4.7; there is no toxicity to MDBK when the concentration of SW below 0.256,mg&middot;mL-1, and TD50 is 2.512mg&middot;mL-1; Under the way of comprehensive action, IC50 is 0.782mg&middot;mL-1, TI is 3.21. it showed that the comprehensive effect on BVDV of SW (65.29%, P&lt;0.01) is good. The anti-BVDV effect of swainsonine in vitro is good and the antiviral mechanism of SW was speculated to SW inhibit the replication of BVDV proliferation or directly inactivate free BVDV.</div>

<div style="text-align: justify;">Study on the anti bovine viral diarrhea virus effect of swainsonine extract of <em>Astragalus strictus Grah Ex Bend in vitro</em></div>

Standardization and application of immunofluorescence and immuno- peroxidase tests for detection of bluetongue virus antigen

Bovine viral diarrhoea(BVD) virus antiviral activity of Korean Tung Tree (Aleurites fordii) extracts in vivo

Study on the anti bovine viral diarrhea virus effect of swainsonine extract of Astragalus strictus Grah Ex Bend in vitro