<div>Background: Groundnut (Arachis hypogaea L.) is an important oilseed and an important food crop of the world, ranking in 4th place as an important source of edible oil and as an important source of vegetable protein in 3rd place. However, the preferred pH for growing of groundnut is a pH of (6.5-7) which is slightly acidic or neutral. So for the crop to grow in a favorable soil pH, liming is required. Groundnut being an oilseed crop requires fertilization for high crop production. The farmers though aware of the fertilization in crops, are confined mostly in NPK fertilizers and negligence especially in sulphur fertilizer is common, however sulphur in oilseed crop is one of the key elements required to produce protein, oil and flavored compounds as well as to ensure quality.&nbsp; 
 
Methods: A field experiment was conducted in the Experimental Research Farm of School of Agricultural Sciences and Rural Development (SASRD), Nagaland University during the kharif season 2018 entitled &ldquo;Effect of lime and levels of sulphur in nutrient content and uptake by Groundnut (Arachis hypogaea L.)&rdquo;. The experimental design was split plot design with three replications. The main plot treatments consisted of two lime levels: L0: lime @ 0 t ha-1, L1: lime @ 3 t ha-1 and the sub- plot treatments consisted of five sulphur levels: S0: sulphur @ 0 kg ha-1, S1: sulphur @ 10 kg ha-1, S2: sulphur @ 20 kg ha-1, S3: sulphur @ 30 kg ha-1, S4: sulphur @ 40 kg ha-1.&nbsp; 
 
Result: The study showed that application of lime and sulphur, along with recommended dose of fertilizer NPK (20:60:40) showed increased yield and an increase in N, P, K and S content in groundnut, resulting in a significant increase in the uptake of N, P, K and S by plant.</div>

Groundnut Response to Lime and Levels of Sulphur on Nutrient Content and Uptake

<div>Background: India is experiencing a severe scarcity of edible oil, owing to high demand caused by population growth, rising living standards and increased demand from oil-consuming sectors. Sesame crop cultivation is gaining traction as a way to overcome the oilseed gap. The main aim of this study is to identify the suitable high yielding cultivar of sesame and to standardize the sulphur levels to obtain higher yield and quality. 
 
Methods:&nbsp;The present investigation was carried out at S.V. Agricultural College Farm, Tirupati campus of Acharya N.G. Ranga Agricultural University during summer, 2019 in factorial randomized block design (RBD) with four varieties (YLM-66, YLM-17, YLM-11 and Madhavi) and four levels of sulphur (0, 20, 40 and 60 kg S ha-1). 
 
Result: The variety madhavi (V4) took fewer days to attain 50 % flowering and maturity and the variety YLM 66 (V1) recorded higher number of capsules plant-1, seed yield, protein content, gross returns, net returns and benefit: Cost. Application of 60 kg S ha-1 recorded higher yield and yield attributes, oil content, gross returns and net returns of sesame which was however found on par with 40 kg S ha-1. The interaction between sesame varieties and sulphur levels in influencing all the above parameters were found to be non-significant. In conclusion, the present study revealed that the variety YLM 66 (V1) with application of 60 kg S ha-1 gave higher yield and quality of sesame.&nbsp;</div>

​Effect of Varieties and Graded Levels of Sulphur on Yield, Quality and Economics of Summer Sesame

<div>Background: Phosphorus has been pointed out as one of the most important nutrient in pulse production which is responsible for vegetative growth, reproduction and consequently yield of greengram. Sulphur element is important for crop growth and development especially in pulses. At present, 42% of indian soils have been found to the sulphur deficient, sulphur is essential for synthesis of proteins, vitamins, in pulse crops. 
 
Methods: The field investigation was carried out at research farm of TCA, Dholi, muzaffarpur Bihar during summer season 2019. The treatment comprised 3 levels of phosphorus and 3 levels of sulphur along with absolute control. 
 
Result: The result revealed that application of 60 kg phosphorus/ha significantly increase the plant height, plant dry matter, crop growth rate and yield indices viz number of pods/plant, length of pod, number of grains/pod and 100 seed weight than 20 kg phosphorus/ha and control but was found at par with 40 kg phosphorus/ha. Sulphur levels also had significantly influenced on these growth and yield indices and recorded higher values 30 kg sulphur/ha found at par with 20 kg sulphur/ha and significantly higher over 10 kg sulphur/ha and control. Application of 60 kg phosphorus/ha significantly enhanced the grain and straw yield over 20 kg phosphorus/ha and control but was found at par to 40 kg phosphorus/ha. Among the sulphur levels grain and straw yield increased significantly up to 20 kg/ha sulphur further increase in sulphur level fail to caused significantly effect on grain and straw yields. All the phosphorus and sulphur level had significant impact on grain and straw yields over control. Similar trend was also observed with harvest index also. Optimum dose of phosphorus and sulphur for summer greengram was worked out to be 51 and 24.5 kg/ha respectively.</div>

Effect of Phosphorus and Sulphur Levels on Growth and Yield of Summer Greengram [Vigna radiata (L.) Wilczek.] in Middle Indo-gangatic Zone

<div>Background: Being an efficient N- fixer, mungbean improve the soil fertility status and can thereby serve as a useful component in any viable cropping system in the country. PROM has to be a better source of phosphate application. Indian soils are deficient in organic carbon. Sulphur is mostly applied to oilseed and pulse crops found to benefit more than one crop in a sequence due to its significant residual response. 
 
Methods: The investigation was conducted during kharif season of 2019 comprising five levels of phosphorus sources (Control, 16 kg P2O5/ha through DAP, 16 kg P2O5/ha through PROM, 32 kg P2O5/ha through DAP and 32 kg P2O5/ha through PROM) and three levels of sulphur (Control, 15 and 30 kg/ha) making 15 treatment combinations replicated three times in factorial randomized block design. 
 
Result: Application of 32 kg P2O5/ha through PROM recorded significantly higher growth, yield attributes, yields as well as net returns (<img alt="" src="data:image/png;base64,iVBORw0KGgoAAAANSUhEUgAAAA0AAAANCAYAAABy6+R8AAABOUlEQVQoFY2SMauCUBTHE/sGbaJIBdLkJBFCW4NufpOmNr+DfoRwilqcxMVZgsaWhsjBhhAqHFwU/49zefrey97jHThw7+H3u+eey+3hM6qqQhAE2G638H0fYRiy3O122Gw2SJKkQdFrVsfjEYvFAtPpFIPBABzHsZzNZjBNE+fzuUG/JKpkWcZOPBwOsCwLPM/D8zykaYo8z7vS6XTCZDKBIAiQZRnD4ZB16vf7GI1G2O/3XenxeOByueB6veL5fIJmoSs6joPb7dYKtGhnaqplWSKKIozHY8znc9D+NVqJOiiKAlVVoes6bNtGURSvPNu3EgGaprEr0Uv+Fa1EEL2eJEkQRRH3+/1X74dEVBzHrJthGKjr+q3YkYhar9dMXK1W/5eIXC6XTHRdtyO+7dRQ9Oco6V9+jw88uDdzhBmUugAAAABJRU5ErkJggg==" /> 50440) with B:C ratio 2.93 as compared to 16 kg P2O5/ha through DAP, 16 kg P2O5/ha through PROM and 32 kg P2O5/ha through DAP. With regard to sulphur levels application of sulphur up to 30 kg/ha recorded significantly higher growth, yield attributes, yields as well net returns (<img alt="" src="data:image/png;base64,iVBORw0KGgoAAAANSUhEUgAAAA0AAAANCAYAAABy6+R8AAABOUlEQVQoFY2SMauCUBTHE/sGbaJIBdLkJBFCW4NufpOmNr+DfoRwilqcxMVZgsaWhsjBhhAqHFwU/49zefrey97jHThw7+H3u+eey+3hM6qqQhAE2G638H0fYRiy3O122Gw2SJKkQdFrVsfjEYvFAtPpFIPBABzHsZzNZjBNE+fzuUG/JKpkWcZOPBwOsCwLPM/D8zykaYo8z7vS6XTCZDKBIAiQZRnD4ZB16vf7GI1G2O/3XenxeOByueB6veL5fIJmoSs6joPb7dYKtGhnaqplWSKKIozHY8znc9D+NVqJOiiKAlVVoes6bNtGURSvPNu3EgGaprEr0Uv+Fa1EEL2eJEkQRRH3+/1X74dEVBzHrJthGKjr+q3YkYhar9dMXK1W/5eIXC6XTHRdtyO+7dRQ9Oco6V9+jw88uDdzhBmUugAAAABJRU5ErkJggg==" /> 46723) with B:C ratio 2.96 over control and 15 kg S/ha.</div>

Growth and Productivity Augmentation of Greengram (Vigna radiata) through Phosphorus Sources and Sulphur Levels

<div style="text-align:justify">Background: In India pulses have been considered as the poor man&rsquo;s only source of protein. Blackgram is one of the important pulse crops grown throughout the country. Balanced and site-specific nutrient management is essential to improve the productivity of blackgram. Effective use of phosphorus and sulphur fertilizers requires knowledge about their interaction effect on other nutrients and releasing pattern. The information on combined effect of phosphorus and sulphur on availability of nutrients, yield and uptake of blackgram is rather limited in Tamil Nadu. Keeping in mind the above information a field trial was conducted to study the interaction effect of phosphorus and sulphur on improving the growth and productivity of blackgram.&nbsp; 
 
Methods: The field experiment was carried out in Madurai district, during Kharif season 2017. The experiment was laid out in a factorial randomized block design with three replications having 25 treatment combinations viz. five levels of phosphorus (0, 20, 40, 60, 80 kg P2O5 ha-1 applied through Di ammonium phosphate) as factor A and five levels of sulphur (0, 20, 40, 60, 80 kg S per ha-1 applied through elemental sulphur) as factor B. The growth and yield parameters were recorded as per standard procedures.&nbsp; &nbsp; 
 
Result: Experimental results revealed that the application of P2O5 upto 60 kg ha-1 and increasing levels of sulphur upto 40 kg ha-1 proved to be the best in improving the growth and yield characters of blackgram. Higher dose of phosphorus and sulphur did not increase the parameters further and showed a negative impact. Thus, interaction of phosphorus and sulphur exhibited a strong synergistic relationship at P60S40 kg ha-1 on growth and yield of blackgram (variety VBN 4) with grain yield of (1118 kg ha-1) and halum yield of (1683 kg ha-1) in Vylogam soil series (Typic Rhodustalf) of Madurai District.&nbsp;</div>

<div style="text-align:justify">&nbsp;</div>

Influence of Various Levels of Phosphorus and Sulphur on Growth and Yield of Blackgram in Vylogam Soil Series (Typic Rhodustalf)

A field experiment was carried out during rabi 2010-11 to study the growth, yield and quality of gram as influenced by irrigation and sulphur levels. Irrigation and sulphur have shown significant influence on growth, yield, quality, moisture extraction pattern and water use efficiency. Among four irrigation schedules, irrigation scheduled at 0.9 IW/CPE ratio recorded higher values for all the growth parameters at various stages, yield attributes, grain and stover yield, quality parameters as well as net return and BCR while, 0.7 IW/CPE ratio remained on par. Amount of moisture extracted from surface layers was more irrespective of irrigation treatment. Depletion of soil moisture increased and water use efficiency decreased with increasing frequency of irrigation. Application of 40 kg S ha-1 recorded higher grain yield, protein content and protein yield, net return and BCR and remained on par with 20 kg S ha-1. However interaction between sulphur and irrigation levels, 20 kg S ha-1 and 0.7 IW/CPE has reported higher seed yield, net returns and BCR.

Effect of irrigation based on IW/CPE ratio and sulphur levels on yield and quality of gram (Cicer arietinum L.)

<div style="text-align: justify;">A field experiment was conducted at Agronomy research farm, S.K.N. College of Agriculture, Jobner during kharif, 2015 in order to evaluate the performance of groundnut (Arachis hypogaea L.) under varying levels of sulphur and its sources. Results of experiment revealed that CGR of crop during 0 - 35 DAS registered significant increase upto application of sulphur at 45 kg/ha. However, at later stages of growth the significant increase was noted upto 60 kg S/ha only. Application of sulphur at 60 kg/ha recorded a significant increase of 6.1 per cent in RGR over 15 kg/ha during 70 DAS &ndash; at harvest stage. Likewise, application of 60 kg S/ha also significantly enhanced the number of total and effective nodules as well as fresh and dry weight of nodules/plant and produced significantly higher pod and biological yields of groundnut (1832 and 5361 kg/ha) than 45, 30 and 15 kg/ha. Application of sulphur through gypsum recorded significant increase in plant height and dry matter accumulation/m row length at all the stages of crop over SSP and elemental sulphur treatments. The maximum CGR at all the stages of crop was recorded when sulphur was applied through gypsum. Sulphur application through SSP registered 13.9, 9.8 and 21.4 per cent increase in CGR over elemental sulphur at these stages, respectively. On the other hand, SSP and gypsum increased the RGR by 7.2 and 6.3 per cent, respectively over elemental sulphur. &nbsp;Gypsum as a sources of sulphur fertilization recorded the highest number of 62.30 total and 55.00 effective nodules/plant and as well as fresh and dry weight of nodules (229.87 and 102.00 mg/plant) thereby increasing to the extent of 22.1, 27.6, 23.9 and 18.9 per cent over elemental sulphur. Sulphur application through gypsum produced 13.1 and 10.2 per cent higher pod and biological yield of groundnut over elemental sulphur.&nbsp;</div>

Growth and productivity of groundnut (Arachis hypogaea L.) under varying levels and sources of sulphur in semi-arid conditions of Rajasthan

<div>Sunflower is an important crop cultivated all over world owing to its versatile nature of adaptation to different agro-climatic and soil conditions. In India sunflower gains momentum as an edible oil and ranks fourth substantially by reducing the shortage of vegetable oil. Nutritionally sunflower oil benefits human due to presence of high linoleic acid content and absence of linolenic acid content. The productivity is lower due to different factors among which nutrient management especially sulphur that plays pivot role in governing the growth, yield and quality of sunflower. Sulphur contains aminoacids viz., cystein, methionine, cystine, vitamins B, biotin and thiamine. The protolytic enzymes aids in improving the oil content, protein content and quality of seeds by sulphur supplement. Extensive investigations of research scientist on sulphur levels were critically reviewed. Application of sulphur at 40 to 60 kg ha-1 was found to increase the growth and yield attributes, yield, quality as well as higher benefit cost ratio sustaining the livelihood of sunflower growers.</div>

Effect of Sulphur Levels on Growth, Yield Parameters, Yield, Nutrient Uptake, Quality and Economics of Sunflower: A Review

<div>Background: Linseed is an annual herbaceous plant belonging to the family of Linaceae, having well developed fibrous root system with several lateral roots. It has been grown since ancient times for fibre (flax) and seed, which is rich in oil. The crop has narrow leaves and alternate with shiny yellow or light brown colored seeds. The current investigation was carried out to determine the suitable level of nitrogen and sulphur and their interaction effect on growth and yield of linseed. 
 
Methods: A field study was conducted in the experimental site of SASRD, NU during the rabi season with four levels of nitrogen (0,20,40 and 60 kg ha-1) and sulphur (0,20,40 and 60 kg-1) under three replications following RBD, five random plants were tagged from each plot for field observation. 
 
Conclusion: Application of 60 kg N ha-1 resulted in highest plant height, number of branches &nbsp;plant-1, bolls plant-1, seed (799.87 kg ha-1) and stover yields (1619.87 kg ha-1), similarly, incorporation of 40 kg S ha-1 recorded significantly higher plant height, number of branches plant-1, bolls plant-1, seed boll-1, yield (797.54 kg ha-1) and stover yields (1557.58 kg ha-1). The combination of 60 kg N and 40 kg S recorded highest plant height, number of branches plant-1, bolls plant-1, seeds boll-1, seed weight plant-1, seed (840.72 kg ha-1) and stover yields (1713.3 kg ha-1)</div>

<div>Effect of Nitrogen and Sulphur Levels on Growth and Yield of Linseed (Linum usitatissimum) Under Rainfed Condition of Nagaland</div>

Background: Groundnut, a well-recognized oilseed crop belonging to the Leguminosae family, faces several challenges in India that results in lesser productivity compared to the global average. The principal underlying cause of India&rsquo;s diminished groundnut production lies in the irregular and inadequate utilization of essential nutrients. Given its status as a leguminous oilseed crop, it exhibits a heightened demand for phosphorus, calcium and sulphur, which often remains unmet, further exacerbating the problem.&nbsp; 
 
Methods: In a field experiment, split-plot design was employed to investigate the impact of four phosphorus levels (Control, 40, 50 and 60 kg P2O5 ha-1) and four sulphur levels (Control, 25, 50 and 75 kg S ha-1) on the growth parameters of groundnut.&nbsp; 
 
Results:&nbsp;The findings demonstrate that the utilization of phosphorus and sulphur fertilizers yielded significant improvements in various aspects of groundnut growth parameters. These improvements encompassed increased plant height, root length, improved root-to-shoot ratio on a length and weight basis, greater numbers of root nodules per plant and dry weight of root nodules per plant.