<div style="text-align: justify;">Diplotaenia &nbsp;turcica is widely utilized in conventional treatment in the east of Turkey. Due to the insufficient data on the safety profile, the acute and &nbsp;sub acute toxicity of Diplotaenia turcica was determined. Furthermore, total phenolic content, flavonoid content and antioxidant activity of the extract were determined. The acute toxicity of hydroalcoholic root extract of Diplotaenia turcica (HREDT) was evaluated in mice after administration of single oral dose at the 5000 mg/kg (acute model) and rat after 28 days orally administration at the dose range of 250, 500 and 1000 mg/kg (subacute model). According to result, the LD50 value of HREDT was found to be greater than 5000 mg/kg. In sub acute toxicity study, no statistically significant differences were observed in the values of hematological and pathological parameters in comparison with control group. It was determined that the glucose, triglyceride, cholesterol and LDL levels exerted a significant effect depending on the HREDT doses. The results from the present study found out that HREDT did not produce any toxic effects or deaths in animals for both single and chronic administration. Additionally, HREDT showed moderate antioxidant activities and exhibited relatively notable total phenolic content.</div>

Activity, acute and Sub-acute toxicity and safety assesment of the hydroalcholic root extract of Diplotaenia turcica

Background: The study aimed to measure canine thyroid-stimulating hormone (cTSH) levels and their relationship with total triiodothyronine (TT3), total thyroxine (TT4) and free thyroxine (fT4) in healthy and hypothyroid dogs. 
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Methods: The study involved 77 dogs, with 67 healthy and 10 hypothyroid. The serum concentration of cTSH was measured using a canine-specific TSH-ELISA kit, while TT3, TT4&nbsp;and fT4&nbsp;were measured using RIA kits. 
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Result: The Mean serum concentration of cTSH, TT3, TT4&nbsp;and fT4&nbsp;in healthy dogs was 2.03&plusmn;0.01 &micro;IU/ml, 0.85&plusmn;0.04 nmol/l, 20.81&plusmn;0.79 nmol/l and 12.59&plusmn;0.35 pmol/l, respectively. Mean cTSH, TT3, TT4&nbsp;and fT4, concentration of hypothyroid dogs was found to be 2.16&plusmn;0.03 &micro;IU/ml, 0.93&plusmn;0.07 nmol/l, 9.01&plusmn;0.69 nmol/l and 5.87&plusmn;0.82 pmol/l, respectively. Interquartile range (i.e. 25th&nbsp;to 75th&nbsp;percentile) for thyroid hormone (cTSH, TT3, TT4&nbsp;and fT4) in healthy dogs (n = 67) were 1.96-2.11 &micro;IU/ml, 0.64-0.96 nmol/l, 16.73-25.00 nmol/l and 11.00-14.40 pmol/l, respectively and for hypothyroid dogs (n = 10) were 2.09-2.22 &micro;IU/ml, 0.73-1.12 nmol/l, 7.50-10.29 nmol/l and 4.35-7.45 pmol/l, respectively.&nbsp; A significant difference (P&lt;0.05) was recorded in healthy and hypothyroid dogs in cTSH, TT4&nbsp;and fT4. 
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Studies on Canine Thyroid-stimulating Hormone (cTSH), Total Triiodothyronine (TT3), Total Thyroxine (TT4) and Free Thyroxine (fT4) in Healthy and Hypothyroid Dogs

<div>This study aims to investigate the effects of glycosaminoglycan (GAG) from Urechis unicinctus on the P2Y12 receptor signaling pathway in rat platelets. The concentrations of cyclic adenosine monophosphate (cAMP), thromboxane B2 (TXB2) and glycoprotein IIb/IIIa (GPIIb/IIIa) in rat platelets were determined using enzyme-linked immunosorbent assay (ELISA) kits. The phosphorylation levels of protein kinase A (PKA) and vasodilator-stimulated phosphoprotein (VASP) in rat platelets were detected through Western blot. The expression of P2Y12 gene in rat platelets was analyzed via real-time fluorescence quantitative PCR and reverse-transcription PCR. It was observed that GAG significantly increased the cAMP content (p &lt; 0.05, p &lt; 0.01) and decreased the TXB2 and GPIIb/IIIa concentrations (p &lt; 0.05, p &lt; 0.01) in rat platelets. GAG significantly enhanced the phosphorylation levels of PKA and VASP in rat platelets (p &lt; 0.01) and had a synergistic effect with the P2Y12 receptor blocker. GAG significantly reduced the expression level of P2Y12 gene in rat platelets (p &lt; 0.01). We speculated that GAG from U. unicinctus inhibited platelet aggregation in rats through the P2Y12 receptor signaling pathway.</div>

<div>Effects of Glycosaminoglycan from Urechis Unicinctus on the P2Y12 Receptor Signaling Pathway in Rat Platelets</div>

<div>Background: An understanding the mungbean mutant lines with the check varieties can help in identifying mutants in better adoption. The present experiment was conducted to assess the genetic variation and morpho-metric characteristics of mungbean mutants in M4 and M5 generation.&nbsp; 
 
Methods: A set of 7 M3 progenies along with parent Pratap and 5 check was evaluated for M4 and M5 generation using randomized complete block design with three replications during kharif 2018 and summer 2019 in the experimental area of Instructional cum Research Farm, College of Agriculture, Assam Agricultural University, Jorhat, Assam. 
 
Result: Significant differences were observed for most of the traits in both M4 and M5 generation. High heritability estimate coupled with high genetic advance as per cent of mean was documented for numbers of branches per plant, pods per plant, percentage of disease incidence, 100 seeds weight and seed yield per plant in both the generation indicate the pre-ponderance of additive gene action. Seed yield per plant was found to be significantly and positively correlated with numbers of pods per cluster, seeds per pod, pod length and 100 seeds weight at genotypic and phenotypic level in both M4 and M5 generation. The traits 100 seeds weight and branches per plant had showed positive direct effect on seed yield in both the generations; hence these two traits might be most effective for selection of higher yield mutants in mung bean.</div>

Characterization of Mungbean Mutants [Vigna radiata (L.) Wilczek] in M4 and M5 Generations

<div>Background: Among enterobacteria E. coli and Klebsiella spp. are of great concern in health care settings, as these bacteria sometimes may contaminate the milk due to unhygienic practices and poor udder condition which have been associated with various illnesses. Therefore, this study aimed to detect the carbapenem resistant E. coli and Klebsiella spp. of bovine milk origin with regard to the risk of human transfer via the food chain in community. 
 
Methods: Total 240 samples were collected from Ayodhya and Sultanpur districts of Eastern Plain Zone of Uttar Pradesh (India). Confirmation of E. coli and Klebsiella spp. isolates was done by using species specific uidA and 16S rRNA gene, respectively. Then, carbapenemase positive E. coli and Klebsiella spp. were confirmend by DDST, MBL E-strip test and PCR analysis by targeting (bla-NDM, bla-OXA-48 and bla-KPC). Antibiogram of all carbapenemase positive isolates was performed against 20 antibiotics of 12 different classes. 
 
Result: In the present study, total 74(30.83%) isolates were identified including 55(22.92%) E. coli and 19(7.92%) Klebsiella spp. by PCR, out of which 12(16.21%) isolates were confirmed as carbapenemase producers comprising 7(12.72%) E. coli and 5(26.31%) Klebsiella spp by DDST and E-strip. All carbapenemase positive E. coli were found 100% sensitive to polymyxin-B and chloramphenicol, while all Klebsiella spp. were 100% sensitive to amikacin and polymyxin-B. Resistance against imipenem, meropenem, cefotaxime, cefpodoxime, ceftazidime, ceftriazone, aztreonam and ampicillin ranged between 80.0%-100%. All carbapenemase positive isolates were found multidrug resistant. Carbapenemase genes bla-NDM and bla-KPC were detected in E. coli while bla-OXA-48 and bla-KPC were detected in Klebsiella spp.</div>

​Detection of Carbapenemase Genes (bla-NDM, bla-KPC, bla-OXA-48) in Escherichia coli and Klebsiella species, Isolated from Milk Samples of Bovine in Eastern Plain Zone of Uttar Pradesh

<div>Background: Induction of mutation plays an important role in the breeding programme among modern methods of plant breeding. Genetic variability is prerequisite for crop improvement and through induced mutation it was found to be very effective for creating variability in the quantitative and qualitative characters. Hence, the present study was aimed to induce genetic variability within short time. In the present investigation positive as well as negative impact on quantitative traits were recorded. 
 
Methods: The experiment material comprised of seeds of horsegram [Macrotyloma uniflorum (Lam.) Verdc] variety Paiyur 2 which was subjected to ethyl methane sulphonate (02, 0.3, 0.4 and 0.5%), gamma radiation (100, 200, 300 and 400 Gy) and combination treatments. The mutations affecting gross morphological changes in growth and yield characters such as plant habit, flowering, pod morphology, maturity and seed yield were scored as quantitative characters. The micro mutations at population level can be easily detected in the form of increased variations for quantitative traits in the segregation of mutagen treated populations. Micro mutations can alter morpho-physiological characters hence they are of a particular interest to the plant breeders. ANOVA test was performed to determine the significant differences and duncan&rsquo;s multiple range test (p=0.05) to compare the differences among treatment means.&nbsp; 
 
Result: Among the twenty-five treatments studied both the mutagens, gamma radiations and Ethyl Methane Sulphonate proved to be very effective to induce variability in quantitative traits in M2 and M3 generations. The results of Duncan&rsquo;s multiple range test analysis revealed that the treatment of mutagens in combinations induced more positive effects as compared to that of using alone. The combined treatments were found positive for improvement of primary branches per plant, no. of pods per plant, pod length, no. of seeds/pod and seed yield per plant in M2 and M3 generations whereas the treatment of gamma irradiation imparted its significant role for improvement of plant height, days required for 50% flowering, days to maturity and 1000 seed weight in both M2 and M3 generations whereas the treatment with Ethyl Methane Sulphonate is useful for improving no. of pods per plant and no. of seeds/pod in M2 generation alone.</div>

Studies on Effect of Mutagens on Quantitative Characters in M2 and M3 Generation of Horsegram [Macrotyloma uniflorum (Lam.) Verdc]

Alkalinity is one of the main limiting factors of seed germination in alkaline soils. The aim of this study was to evaluate the effects of Na2CO3 levels (0, 5, 10, 15, 20 and 25 mM) on seed germination, seed reserve utilization and seedling vigour of three local bitter vetch cultivars (Buinzahra, Shahreza and Tarom). The results indicated that increasing Na2CO3 concentrations caused a decrease in germination percentage (GP), germination rate (GR), seedling length, seedling dry weight (SLDW) and seed reserve utilization efficiency (SRUE). The rate of reduction in shoot length in comparison with the control in different concentrations of Na2CO3 was detected from Buinzahra as 30-92%, Shahreza 39-97% and Tarom 13-83%. Decrease in root length was more than shoot length in all the cultivars at each Na2CO3 level, as compared to the control. The weight of mobilized seed reserve (WMSR) and seed reserve depletion percentage (SRDP) decreased with increasing Na2CO3 levels up to 10 mM in Buinzahra and Tarom cultivars and up to 15 mM in Shahreza. WMSR and SRDP then rapidly raised with higher alkalinity levels. These results suggest that reduction of seed germination and decline in seedling dry weight in response to alkalinity stress is a consequence of decline in seed reserve utilization efficiency. 
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Effects of Na2CO3 on seed germination, seed reserve utilization&nbsp;and seedling growth in bitter vetch (Vicia ervilia L.)

Industrial use of nanoparticles and their accumulation during the recent decade have created an urgent need to assess their environmental implications. The current study deals with the evaluation of acute toxicity of copper oxide nanoparticles (CuO-NPs) in the albino mice (Mus musculus). Lethal dose of these nanoparticles in albino mice injected via intravenous route were found to be 550 mg/kg body weight (BW). Exposure of the albino mice to sub-lethal concentrations of these nanoparticles resulted in altered hematological parameters such as a significant increase in white blood cells (WBCs), a significant decrease in red blood cells (RBCs), hemoglobin (Hb) and platelets count. NPs significantly elevated the levels of alanine aminotransferase (ALT), aspartate aminotransferase (AST), urea and creatinine. Histopathological examination of liver and kidney showed that sub-lethal doses of CuO-NPs, in liver, led to rupture of hepatocytes, dilation of sinusoid space, hemorrhaging in hepatic tissues, and congestion of the central vein with red blood cells leading towards ultimate rupture. On the other hand, the kidney showed ruptured renal capsule, loss of urinary space, swelling in glomerulus, degeneration in podocysts, and cytoplasmic vacuolization

Evaluation of acute toxicity and effects of sub-acute concentrations of copper oxide nanoparticles (CuO-NPs) on hematology, selected enzymes and histopathology of liver and kidney in Mus musculus

Background: The pulse known as &ldquo;Blackgram&rdquo; is a significant component of the Indian diet since it provides vegetable protein and balances the diet centered on cereals. Mungbean Yellow Mosaic Virus (MYMV) outbreaks on a regular basis completely destroy crops, causing farmers to suffer enormous losses. Mutation breeding can be an effective strategy for developing crops with desirable traits, such as high yield and resistance to diseases like the Mungbean Yellow Mosaic Virus (MYMV) in blackgram. 
&nbsp; 
Methods: This experiment was laid out to study the variability pattern of mutant population in M4&nbsp;and M5&nbsp;generation of blackgram variety CO 6 treated with the Gamma rays at 200 Gy, 300 Gy and 400Gy and isolation of viable mutants for Mungbean Yellow Mosaic virus resistance. Significant variability was observed among the different treatments in M4 generation and twenty MYMV resistant mutants ((PKT-BG-200Gy-P07; PKT-BG-200Gy-P24; PKT-BG-200Gy-P29; PKT-BG-200Gy-P35; PKT-BG-200Gy-P36; PKT-BG-200Gy-P45; PKT-BG-300Gy-P13; PKT-BG-300Gy-P16; PKT-BG-300Gy-P28;&nbsp; PKT-BG-300Gy-P33; PKT-BG-300Gy-P41; PKT-BG-300Gy-P4; PKT-BG-300Gy-P43; PKT-BG-300Gy-P76; PKT-BG-300Gy-P81; PKT-BG-300Gy-P88; PKT-BG-300Gy-P93; PKT-BG-400Gy-P15; PKT-BG-400Gy-P21; PKT-BG-400Gy-P23)&nbsp; were selected and evaluated in a randomized block design with three replications under natural conditions.&nbsp; Scoring was done by the modified scale of All India Coordinated Research Project on MuLLaRP. 
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Result: Incidence ranged from scale 0.01 (PKT-BG-300Gy-P41and PKT-BG-300Gy-P42) to 5.30 (PKT-BG-300Gy-P28). The mutants PKT-BG-300Gy-P41 and PKT-BG-300Gy-P42 recorded with maximum yield of 1500 kg/ha and 1445kg/ha were found to be observed as high yielding and MYMV resistant lines for summer season&nbsp; in the Cauvery delta region.

Evaluation and Isolation of Mungbean Yellow Mosai Virus Resistant Mutants in M4 and M5 Mutant Generations of Blackgram (Vigna mungo)

Background: Thiamethoxam is a synthetic organic insecticide belong to The most significant new class of pesticides created in the last thirty years is neonicotinoids. This study&rsquo;s objective was to determine the effect of thiamethoxam, lambda cyhalothrin and their combination on biochemical parameters, the levels of free radicals and enzymes activities liver of male. 
 
Methods: Forty Rats (150-170 g) were used animals were separated into four groups, each with ten rats. The Gp1 was used as control, the Gp2 was used to study the effect of thiamethoxam for 3weeks, the Gp3 was employed to examine the impact of&nbsp; lambda cyhalothrin&nbsp; for 3 weeks and the Gp4 was used to research the impact of thiamethoxam and lambdacyhalothrin for 3 weeks.&nbsp; 
 
Result: Treatment with thiamethoxam (TMX), lambda cyhalothrin (LC) and their combination (TMX+LC) lowered the activities of glutathione s-Trasferase , Superoxide Dismutase, Catalase, Glutathione Peroxidase , Glutathione Reductase and decreased glutathione concentration. increased liver thiobarbituric acid reactive compounds and hydrogen peroxide of liver as compared to control. Rats treated with both TMX and LC showed more pronounced effect. Rats given the treatment showed a substantial drop in protein levels TMX, LC and their combination as compared to control.&nbsp; Treatment with TMX, LC and their combination generated a considerable rise in lactate dehydrogenase and a significant reduction in the activities of alkaline phosphatase, aspartate aminotransferase and alanine aminotransferase in rat liver homogenates. Histological examinations showed changes and this proved the Biochemical disruptions happened as a result of to TMX and/or LC toxicity in rat liver.

Activity, acute and Sub-acute toxicity and safety assesment of the hydroalcholic root extract of Diplotaenia turcica

Studies on Canine Thyroid-stimulating Hormone (cTSH), Total Triiodothyronine (TT₃), Total Thyroxine (TT₄) and Free Thyroxine (fT₄) in Healthy and Hypothyroid Dogs

Effects of Glycosaminoglycan from Urechis Unicinctus on the P₂Y₁₂ Receptor Signaling Pathway in Rat Platelets

Characterization of Mungbean Mutants [Vigna radiata (L.) Wilczek] in M₄ and M₅Generations

Detection of Carbapenemase Genes (bla_-NDM, bla_-KPC, bla_-OXA-48) in Escherichia coli and Klebsiella species, Isolated from Milk Samples of Bovine in Eastern Plain Zone of Uttar Pradesh

Studies on Effect of Mutagens on Quantitative Characters in M₂ and M₃ Generation of Horsegram [Macrotyloma uniflorum (Lam.) Verdc]

Effects of Na₂CO₃ on seed germination, seed reserve utilization and seedling growth in bitter vetch (Vicia ervilia L.)

Evaluation of acute toxicity and effects of sub-acute concentrations of copper oxide nanoparticles (CuO-NPs) on hematology, selected enzymes and histopathology of liver and kidney in Mus musculus

Evaluation and Isolation of Mungbean Yellow Mosai Virus Resistant Mutants in M₄and M₅ Mutant Generations of Blackgram (Vigna mungo)

Hepatotoxicity of Oral Sub-chronic Exposure to Thiamethoxam and Lambda Cyhalothrin in Rats