<div style="text-align: justify;">The present study held to investigate the relationship between azurophilic granules in the peripheral blood leukocytes and bovine theileriosis. A total number of 100 adult cattle of different sexes were subjected to this study. Whole blood, blood and lymph smears were collected from each animal under study. Theileria annulata was confirmed by both conventional and molecular methods. The obtained results revealed that the percentages of interaerythrocytic stage (Signet Ring), azurophilic granules and Koch&rsquo;s blue bodies in the samples of the examined cattle were 28%, 42% and 39%, respectively. Evaluation of the reliability of azurophilic granules occurrence in peripheral blood leukocytes as novel method for diagnosis of tropical theileriosis revealed that the occurrence of these granules should be considered as an easy, inexpensive and rapid method for diagnosis of bovine theileriosis.</div>

New Approach to Use Blood Smears for Diagnosis of Bovine Theileriosis &nbsp;

Background: Pigeonpea, Cajanus cajan (L.) is a vital pulse crop in South Asia, with India accounting for 90% of it&rsquo;s global production. Its protein content (21-25%) is essential for nutrition and plays significant role in improving food security and nutrition in regions with limited resources. The insect pest attacks in Pigeonpea cause significant amount of grain loss in field and storage, the research was carried out to investigate the carryover of pest from field to storehouses and to study the efficacy of oils on C. maculatus management in which literature available is scarce. 
 
Methods: This study was carried out at Sardar Vallabhbhai Patel University of Agriculture and Technology Meerut, U.P., India during the year 2020-2022. Pigeonpea seeds were collected from research farm threshing floor of ICAR-IIFSR, Meerut. Infestations of pulse beetle carried from field to storage was studied on basis of mean no. of eggs laid and mean seed damage caused by beetle. To study efficacy of oils, the seeds were subjected to linseed, mustard, soybean, rice bran, safflower, castor, mahua and neem oil each at concentrations of 0.20, 0.50 and 1.00 ml per 100 g of seeds and five pair of beetles of same age were released into each container and removed after 5 days to study the damage incurred. 
 
Result: In the carryover study, maximum oviposition (16.88 eggs) was recorded on freshly harvested seeds that were kept open in storehouse for infestations which witnessed field as well as storage egg laying. Oils application on seeds showed 1ml oil per 100 g seed as most suitable dosage and neem oil, castor, mahua as most successful oil providing beetle control in terms of oviposition, damage and adult survival. Residual action of oil on seed surface after 3 months revealed different oil treatments showed significant reduction in the number of eggs laid, adult emergence and seed damage due to C. maculatus in pigeonpea seeds in comparison to control. Mean reductions in the number of eggs, adult emergence and seed damage were relatively higher in all the oil treatments.

Carryover of Callosobruchus maculatus (Fab.) in Pigeon Pea Seeds from Field to Storage and its Management by Smearing Oil on Seeds

Background: The research work was undertaken to investigate the efficacy of various diagnostic tests by using conventional microscopic examination, rapid Ab detection test and molecular technique, haemato-biochemical changes, Abdominal organs changes using ultrasonography, and therapeutic efficacy of different treatment protocols on Canine Monocytic Ehrlichiosis (CME) infected dogs from in and around Navsari, Gujarat, India.

Methods: 69 dogs suspected of ehrlichiosis based on clinical signs and hematological values and then subjected to blood and buffy coat smear examination, rapid Ab detection test&nbsp;and PCR based assay targeting 16S rRNA gene. The pre and post-treatment haematology and biochemical analysis of treatment groups along with all the positive dogs were performed. Further, all the treatment group dogs were subjected to ultrasound for evaluating organ abnormalities. Modified Clinical Sign Grading (MCSG) score for CME-infected dogs was carried out to evaluate therapeutic responses based on minimizing the clinical score. Descriptive statistics along with Student t-test and One-way analysis of variance (ANOVA) followed by DMRT was performed to compare differences between means wherever applicable.

Result: CME incidence among the 69 suspected cases was 49.28%. Out of 69 suspected dogs, Ehrlichial inclusions or morulae in the monocytes could be identified in only 4.35% of blood smears and 10.14% of buffy coat smears examined by Giemsa and or Field-stained and 15.94% of dogs were found positive for Ehrlichia genus by PCR. 72.5 per cent of dogs were found positive for antibodies to E. canis, out of 40 dogs. The sensitivity of blood smear examination, buffy coat smear examination, and thrombocytopenia was 10.34%, 24.14%&nbsp;and 89.66%, respectively. The specificity of all the diagnostic tests was 100%. The anemia along with leucopenia, were the most significant hematological alteration recorded while ALP, creatinine, and BUN were elevated and albumin was significantly decreased in CME-infected dogs. Significant improvement of haemato-biochemical parameters towards normalcy in both treatment groups. However, a higher percentage of reduction was observed in the clinical score of imidocarb treated CME affected dogs than in the oxy-doxycycline therapy after 14 days.

Clinico-diagnostic and Therapeutic Management of Ehrlichiosis in Dog

<div>Background: Haemoprotozoan infections are common in canine in tropical countries. The present work was based on retrospective study of 11,000 blood smears of dogs received over a period of nine years (2010 to 2019) in and around Chennai at Madras Veterinary College Teaching Hospital.&nbsp; 
 
Methods: The year-wise incidence, percentage increase year-wise, season-wise, breed-wise and age-wise prevalence and spatial distribution were recorded from the case reports. Diagnosis was made by whole blood and buffy coat smear examination using Geimsa&rsquo;s stain, wet film examination was done for cases suspected for Trypanosoma sp. and PCR for ruling out Babesia, E.canis and Trypanosoma sp. The collected data were entered into Excel sheets, which were imported and analyzed using Descriptive statistics (frequency and percentage). 
 
Result: On blood smear examination 3,844 blood smears were found to be positive for various Haemoprotozoan diseases. Among the recorded positive Haemoprotozoan diseases, the highest incidence was of Ehrlichia canis of 2167 cases (56.37%) followed by Babesia gibsoni with 837 cases (21.77%), Hepatozoan canis with 399 cases (10.37%), Babesia canis with 350 cases (9.10%), Trypanosoma sp. With 46 cases (1.19%), Microfilaria with 45 cases (1.12%). The prevalence of Canine Haemoprotozoan diseases were highest in Non-descript Dogs (ND) with 1948 cases (50.67%), Labrador retriever 1665 cases (43.31%), Spitz 909 cases (23.64%), German Shepherd &nbsp;543 cases (14.12%) and others 219 cases (5.69%) respectively. Maximum number of cases reported were 43.7% in the age group of 2-6 years followed by 38% cases in 0-2 years, 10.58% cases in 6-10 years and 7.51% cases above 10 years of age. Maximum number of cases were recorded during Monsoon season (June to September) with 1337 cases (34.78%) followed by 1001 cases (26.04%) during Summer season (March to May), 838 cases (21.80%) during winter season (December to February) and 668 cases (17.37%) Autumn season (October and November). The percentage change in occurrence of Canine Haemoprotozoan diseases follow the pattern of 2012 (-31.9%), 2013 (-23.11%), 2014 (+19.3%), 2015 (+39.06%), 2016 (+12.05%), 2017 (+104.11%), 2018 (+22.64%) and 2019 (+16.81%). The spatial distribution of the same diseases was plotted in Chennai geographical map. The epidemiological study would help the veterinary physician to identify the trends in occurrence of disease and clinical pattern followed by the protozoa, which helps in treatment and control of haemoprotozoan diseases in dogs.</div>

<div>Epidemiology of Canine Haemoprotozoan Diseases in Chennai, India</div>

<div>Background: Equine piroplasmosis (EP) is a tick-borne disease of horses caused by the intraerytrocytic protozoan parasites. The infected animals remain carriers of these blood parasites for long periods and spread the disease. The introduction of carrier animals into areas where competent tick vectors are prevalent can lead to an epizootic spread of the disease. 
 
Methods: Total 295 blood smears from diseased and healthy horses were examined and 295 serum samples were analyses by cELISA for the presence of antibodies against T. equi and B. caballi whereas 90 DNA samples from seropositive horses were screened by PCR for presence of parasite&rsquo;s DNA.&nbsp; 
 
Result: In present study, 1.35% horses were found positive for T. equi by means of blood smear examination. Using c-ELISA, it was found that 03 (1.02%) horses had antibodies against B. caballi and 182 (61.69%) against T. equi, while none of the sample showed mixed reactions. Ninety (90) seropositivehorses screened for T. equi and B. caballi by PCR method, out of which, only Nine (09) horses werefound positive indicating an overall prevalence rate of T. equi was 10.00% by PCR. None ofthe horses found positive for B. caballi through blood smear examination and PCR method.</div>

<div>Prevalence of Theileria equi and Babesia caballi Infections in Horses in South Gujarat, India</div>

<div>Background: The present study aims to evaluate the therapeutic action of Sepia pharaonis ink extract in experimentally induced polycystic ovary syndrome (PCOS) rat model and perform Immunohistochemistry to confirm the findings. 
 
Methods: The female rats were grouped into 5 consisting of six animals each. Only water was given to the control group. For inducing PCOS, Letrozole 1mg/kg.b.wt was administered to the subsequent four groups for 21 days. To the third group, an allopathic drug, clomiphene citrate 1mg/kg was given for 19 days after PCOS induction. The SPIE was subjected to lyophilisation to make a black powder and next two groups were administered orally with two different dosages of SPIE (100mg and 200mg respectively) mixed with water after PCOS induction. Vaginal smears were taken from all groups till 21 days and then treatment was started with clomiphene citrate (CC) and SPIE. After 21 days, vaginal smears were taken from all groups till ovulation was induced. The test drug effects were studied using ovary weight both right and left, body weight, hormonal levels, histopathology of ovary and Immunohistochemistry.&nbsp; 
 
Result: PCOS group showed rapid increase in the ovarian weight when compared to control and was reduced by CC and SPIE treatment. The levels of progesterone and estradiol were found lower and testosterone levels were found higher in PCOS rats which were favourably altered. Vaginal smears coincided with the histopathology and immunohistochemistry findings. SPIE can be used as a therapeutic drug for PCOS in future, reduce infertility complaint of females and prevent early inception of diabetes mellitus.</div>

Determine Cyp17a1 and Ki67 Expressions in Pcos Induced Rat Model Treated with Sepia pharaonis Ink Extract Proves Effective

<div style="text-align: justify;">Transmissible Venereal Tumor (TVT) is one of the most uncontrolled spreading tumor via mating between dogs observed in both sexes. The clinical findings are less remarkable and are usually located in the caudal part of the penis and may include preputial discharge, licking of the region, dysuria, phimosis or paraphimosis (occasionally). In this study, the incidence of TVT and the relations of tumor with some factors were investigated in 145 male dogs, in Eski&ordm;ehir, Turkey. TVT&rsquo;s diagnosis was based on location of the tumor mass and mainly exfoliative cytological findings. Smears of caudal part of the penis were painted with Giemsa staining method. The cells in the smears were identified as typical transmissible venereal tumor cells, polymorphnuclear leukocytes (PMN), erythrocyte, parabasal, intermediate, nucleated and anuclear superficial cells. In exfoliative cytological examinations, TVT cells were observed in the smears of 17 dogs (11,72 %), but only four of them (2,76 %) had TVT lesions clinically. Thirteen (8,97 %) of dogs had TVT cells but not having TVT lesions . It was found that the ages, weights and breeds of dogs had no effect on the TVT lesions and TVT cells. TVT positive animals were determined to have more erythrocyte and intermediate density than negatives and no association with other cells were found. PMNs were significantly different and high in the TVT cell positive cases compared to the negatives. In dogs with negative TVT cells, parabasal, intermediate, nuclear/anuclear superficial cells were more than those positives. As a result, the male dogs having no lesions could be infected with TVT. Dogs should be examined not only clinically, but also cytologically, to determine whether TVT cells are present. This method can be an easy way to find and treat TVT lesion-free but infected dogs at an early time.</div>

<div style="text-align: justify;">Investigation of Transmissible Venereal Tumor in Male Dogs by Cytological Examination</div>

Background: A 2.5-month-old puppy was presented to the Veterinary Clinical Complex of the College of Veterinary Sciences and AH, Jalukie, Nagaland with a complaint of emesis for one week, inappetence, icterus of the lower abdominal area and other visible mucous membrane. Detailed clinical history was collected and clinical examination was conducted.&nbsp; 
 
Methods: 4 ml blood peripheral blood was collected from the cephalic vein in the Lev-Lock blood clot activator vacutainer to harvest serum for biochemical analysis. Another 2 ml of whole blood was also collected in Lev-Lock K3 EDTA vacutainer for complete blood count, blood smear examination for blood parasites, morphological changes in the RBC and IDEXX SNAP 4Dx Plus test kit was also used for diagnosis of the blood parasites test. 
 
Result: Peripheral blood smear examination and IDEXX SNAP 4Dx Plus test were found to be negative for blood parasites, but spherocytosis could be observed in the blood smears. A complete blood count (CBC) examination revealed severe anaemia of macrocytic normochromic type, neutrophilic leucocytosis and thrombocytopenia. Serum biochemistry revealed a decrease in blood urea nitrogen (BUN) and creatinine with normal alanine transaminase (ALT). Treatment with whole blood transfusion, corticosteroid and other supportive therapy was successful in this case. Based on the clinical presentation, laboratory findings and its response to the treatment with prednisolone, it was diagnosed as an idiopathic immune-mediated haemolytic anaemia (IMHA) with an extravascular mechanism of haemolysis. A follow-up review after 1 year and 4 months post-treatment reported that the dog was still alive and healthy.&nbsp;

Idiopathic Immune Mediated Haemolytic Anaemia (IMHA) in a 2.5-Month-old Puppy: A Case Report

<div>The organic agriculture approaches for the betterment of food security at a global position. It is a disputed subject for discussion. Although, there are several types of research on the different factors in different aspects of organic farming. Most of the given data come from the deep suffering crisis in Sri Lanka. How organic farming implemented in Sri Lanka and how it performed till now in the context of farmers having small holdings remains poorly understood. Additionally, we found that somehow organic agriculture is responsible for the crisis in Sri Lanka. The major challenges for the rapid collapse of Sri Lanka were limited capacity, lack of suitable inputs and market access. Organic farming gives the impression of being one of the center stages of the crises. Some commentators have blamed Sri Lanka&rsquo;s decision to go organic as the root cause of this crisis. Additionally, the event was used to smear the regenerative agriculture movement.&nbsp;</div>

Reliance on Organic Farming Resulted in Food Crises in Sri Lanka: A Review

<div style="text-align: justify;">This study was designed to determine the prevalence and endemic status of Anaplasma marginale in cattle in the province of Konya. A total of 700 cattle were randomly selected, categorized in different age groups (i.e. 0&ndash;6, 7&ndash;12, 13&ndash;24, 25&ndash;36 and &gt;36 months) and examined in Kadinhani, Cumra and Beysehir provinces and in Konya city center. The presence of A. marginale was diagnosed by microscopic examination of blood smears and competitive ELISA (cELISA). Parasites were observed in 11.29% of blood smears, and 31.86% of animals were positive for antibodies against A. marginale. The rates of seropositivity in successively older age groups were 19.1, 24.39, 33.14, 44.21 and 37.36% respectively. The endemic status of the disease was determined by calculating the inoculation rate (h) of cattle in each age group. The h value was detected to be lower than 0.005 and the endemic status of A. marginale was found to be unstable. If the cattle in Konya province were vaccinated when they are 9 to 12 months of age, they could be protected during the seasons when the disease is prevalent.</div>