<div>Background: Milk production is one of the most important goals pursued by breeders of milk-producing farm animals World Wide. Goats are one of the most important of these animals. This study sought to compare the effect of Saccharomyces cerevisiae yeast (SCY) with or without selenium and zinc on milk yield and milk nutritional composition and hormones related.&nbsp; 
 
Methods: Twenty four female Shami goats distributed into 4 equal groups (6 goats /group) control group (C) animals fed on standard concentrated diet without adding, T2(SCY)&nbsp; animal&nbsp; dosed with S.Cerevisiae at a concentration of 0.2 g/kg of body weight, T3 (Se + Zn) was fed&nbsp; on Selenium and zinc at a concentration of 0.3 and 0.2 g/kg of body weight, respectively, T4 (SCY+Sc +Zn) was represented by dosing their animals with an S.Cerevisiae 0.2g/kg body weight with selenium and zinc&nbsp; added to ratio at same as T3.&nbsp; &nbsp; 
 
Result: There was a significant increase (P&le;0.05) in the in-milk production, solid-to-fat ratio, milk density and protein level at (SCY+ Sc+Zn) among the transactions, also (SCY+ Sc+ Zn) highlighted a significant increase (P&le;0.05) in prolactin, thyroxine and cortisol hormones accompanied by a significant decrease (P&le;0.05) in estrogen and triiodothyronine levels in compared to all treated groups.</div>

The Effect of Saccharomyces cerevisiae Yeast Enriched with Selenium and Zinc on Some Physiological Traits and Milk Production of Female Shami Goats

Background: The aim of the present study was to assess the effects of silymarin (SM) and selenium-yeast (SY) on energy metabolism, growth, hematological indices and immune status of Barbari goat during cold stress. 
 
Methods: Thirty two Barbari goats (age: 6-8 months) were selected from ILFC- II, SVPUAT, Meerut (Uttar Pradesh) India. Experimental animals were randomly divided into four groups (n=8) according to body weight and age. First group (CON/C) was kept as control group giving only basal diet, second group (T1 /SM600) supplemented with 600 mg Silymarin/kg DM, third group (T2 /SeY) supplemented with 0.3 mg Selenium as Se-Yeast/kg DM and fourth group (T3 /SM600+SeY) supplemented with 600 mg Silymarin + 0.3 mg Selenium as Se-Yeast/kg DM along with basal diet for 90 days of the experimental periods. 
 
Result: Mean body weight gain (BWG) and dry matter intake (DMI) of the supplemented group was found significantly (P&lt;0.01) more than control group where as feed conversion ratio (FCR) was lower (P&lt;0.01) in the supplemented group. Plasma glucose concentration was found significantly (P&lt;0.01) lower where as plasma concentration of NEFA had no effect in the supplemented group as compare to control group. Haemoglobin and total immunoglobulin level was found significantly (P&lt;0.01) higher in supplemented group as compare to control. The results of this study indicated that supplementation of SM and SY have important role in improving growth performance, feed intake and immune status of Barbari goat during cold stress.

Effects of Dietary Silymarin and Selenium-yeast on Energy Metabolism, Growth, Hematological Indices and Immune Status of Barbari Goat during Cold Stress

<div>Background: Synthetic fertilizers and pesticides are widely used, with detrimental repercussions for soil microbial biodiversity and environmental contamination. The use of microorganisms as bio-fertilizers has been recommended as an alternative agricultural strategy. Due to their potential to safely boost plant development, yeasts can be used to make high-quality bio-fertilizers and biopesticides in a variety of ways. As a result, substantial yeast research could be promising and could provide an environmentally acceptable solution to the increasing agricultural output that would be necessary as the world&rsquo;s population grows. 
 
Methods: The study was conducted to investigate the effect of different yeast concentrations on lettuce crop production and quality. The experiment consisted of four treatments (1%, 3%, 5% and 7% w/v yeast). The measurements included chlorophyll content, plant length (cm) and plant-wet weight for shoot and root (g). The design of the experiment was a complete factorial design with five replicates for each treatment. Three doses of each yeast solution, i.e. 1%-7% w/v, were added to soil after 7, 25 and 40 days from cultivation. The plants were harvested after 52 days. 
 
Result: In the current study, it was found that the highest chlorophyll content with a value of 44.6 was obtained at 3% w/v of yeast concentration followed by 1% w/v (39.7), 5% w/v (44.3) and 7% w/v (41), respectively. The average maximum length of plants after 52 days was 26.6 cm at 3% w/v and 26.13 cm at 5% (w/v) of yeast concentrations. The other treatments gave lower values, i.e. 24.4 cm, 22.2 cm and 19.1 cm for 1% w/v, 7% w/v and control, respectively,. The values have the same trend during the experiment time at the three stages (7, 25 and 40) days from cultivation. The optimum plant wet weight for shoot and root with 3% w/v yeast concentration were 212.2 and 33.9 g, respectively. At 5% w/v of yeast concentration, the wet weight for shoot and root were 200.1 g and 30.7 g followed by 7% w/v (196.2 g and 25.6 g) and 1% w/v (171.2 g and 26.4 g).&nbsp;</div>

Effect of Yeast Bio-fertilizer on Lettuce Growth and Productivity

<div style="text-align: justify;">The aim of this study was to investigate the effect of zinc enriched Farm Yard Manures (FYM) on zinc deficient loamy sand soil and yield of mungbean[Vigna radiata (L.) Wilczek.]. Treatments consisted of 15 combinations of three levels of FYM i.e. F0 (no FYM), F1 (FYM @ 5 t ha-1) and F2 (FYM @ 10 t ha-1) and five treatments of enrichment i.e. Zn enrichment (EnZn1, EnZn2, and EnZn3) at three levels of Zn (2.5, 5.0 and 7.5 kg Zn ha-1) @ 500 kg ha-1 FYM and without enrichment (Zn0 and Zn1) at two levels of Zn (inorganic salts) i.e. 0 kg and 5 kg Zn ha-1, replicated thrice in factorial randomized block design (FRBD)during 2012. The enrichment process was started 50 days before their use in kharif season experiment on mung bean.The average improvement in seed yield of mungbean was 1179 kg ha-1. Zinc-enriched FYM and their straight application produced (10983kgha-1) 31.86 and 22.83% higher grain yield, respectively, relative to control Zn0 (8959kg ha-1).The yield was increased due to enrichment and it was achieved by 9.04 % over straight application of zinc. Zn uptake was recorded significantly higher under the EnZn2 (143.96 g ha-1) which was at par with EnZn3 (148.23 g ha-1) followed by EnZn1 (118.50 g ha-1) all these values are significantly higher than Zn0 (92.02 g ha-1).The average improvement in total uptake of Zn by mungbean was 48.71%higher due to zinc enriched FYM than the straight application of zinc. The application of zinc enriched FYM significantly increased available N, organic carbon andDTPA-extractable Zn with increasing the level of enrichment.The application of zinc enriched FYM had non-significant effect on bulk density, saturated hydraulic conductivity and moisture retention at 1/3 and 15 bar and CEC than control.Application of 2.5 kg Zn ha-1which wascomparable to enriched with FYM,in terms of higher seed yield of mungbean.</div>

Effect of zinc enriched farm yard manures on yield of mung bean and Physico-Chemical Properties of soil

<div style="text-align: justify;">The study was conducted to determine the efficacy of organic Se produced through Saccharomyces cerevisiae from sodium selenite in the diet of Vanaraja and commercial broiler chicken. The trial was conducted in day-old Vanaraja chicks (n=160), which were randomly distributed into 4 dietary groups having 5 chicks in each of 8 replicates. The basal diet (BD) was formulated and supplemented with calculated quantity of organic Se to formulate the different experimental diets and fed up to 5 weeks. The second experiment in day-old commercial broiler chicks (n=350), which were randomly distributed into 7 dietary groups having 5 chicks in each of 10 replicates. &nbsp;The experimental birds were fed BD (diet I) with 0.2 mg/kg organic Se (diet II), 0.4 mg/kg organic Se (diet III) and 0.6 mg/kg organic Se (diet IV), and BD with 0.2 mg/kg inorganic Se (diet V), 0.4 mg/kg inorganic Se (diet VI) and 0.6 mg/kg inorganic Se (diet VII) up to 6 weeks. &nbsp;The body weight gain during 5th week was higher (P&lt;0.05) in the birds fed with diet supplemented 0.3 mg/kg of the organic Se compared to the other groups. However, feed intake and feed conversion ratio (FCR) among different groups did not vary (P&gt;0.05) throughout the experiment. The activity of glutathione peroxidase was higher (P&lt;0.01) among the groups fed the diets containing organic Se (0.2, 0.3 and 0.4 mg/kg) compared to the control diet in experiment I. In experiment II, body weight gain and FCR at the end of the experiment were improved significantly (P&lt;0.01) in the group fed 0.2 mg/kg organic Se compared to control. Alanine transaminase, Aspartate aminotransferase, triglycerides and cholesterol levels were lower in groups fed diets supplemented organic Se compared to control or inorganic Se fed groups. Whereas, glutathione reductase activity was significantly higher among the groups supplemented organic Se compared to other dietary groups. Based on the results it can be concluded that supplementing organic Se up to 0.3 mg/kg enhanced the body weight gain and anti-oxidant enzyme activity in Vanaraja and commercial broiler chicken. &nbsp;</div>

Effect of supplementing selenized yeast on performance and anti-oxidant responses in Vanaraja and commercial broiler chickens &nbsp;

<div>Background: The uncertainty of groundnut productivity in the rainfed areas could be minimized by in situ conserving the soil moisture received through precipitation during the cropping period and improving the nutrient status.&nbsp; 
 
Methods: A field experiment was conducted at the Department of Agronomy, Agricultural College and Research Institute, Tamil Nadu Agricultural University, Madurai, Tamil Nadu during 2014-2015 rabi season to find out the effect of charred rice husk and other organic materials enriched with or without fertilizer nutrient on the moisture retention and nutrient supply during the deficit period of crop growth. The treatment consists of charred rice husk, biochar, lignite and farm yard manure alone and enriched with the recommended dose of nitrogen (10 kg ha-1) and phosphorus (10 kg ha-1) fertilizer and compared with the absolute control and recommended dose of fertilizer (10:10:45 kg NPK ha-1). 
 
Result: The structural morphology of organic materials was studied using Scanning Electron Microscope (SEM) showed that the particles of charred rice husk were uneven and the diameter varied from 3-4 &igrave;m with clod and block appearance, the particles of biochar were irregular in shape, uneven sized and diameter varied from 2-3 &igrave;m with block appearance and the lignite particles found spherical and aggregated. The chemical composition of organic manure with nutrient examined under SEM-EDAX revealed that the charred rice husk contains 64.31% carbon, 28.42% oxygen and 5.96% silica. Results of the study revealed that, application of enriched FYM at 5 t ha-1 recorded significantly higher pod yield (2190 kg ha-1). The enriched biochar and charred rice husk produced comparable pod yield of 2010 kg ha-1 and 1983 kg ha-1, respectively.</div>

<div>Enriched Charred Rice Husk to Improve the Nutrient Management in Rainfed Groundnut</div>

<div style="text-align: justify;">Background: Foam fractionation technology works on the adsorptive bubble separation principle. This technique involves adsorption of the surface-active substances on to a gas-liquid interface and separation of these components from the liquid along with bubbles as foam. The foam separation technology has been successfully utilized in the recovery of proteins from solutions containing either a single protein or binary mixtures. To develop a foam fractionation technology for selective enrichment and recovery of whey proteins, it is essential to investigate the effect of different feed and process variables that affect the foam fractionation process. The aim of the current study was to investigate the effect of two important feed variables, such as pH and initial protein concentration on recovery and enrichment of total whey proteins as well as &alpha;-lactalbumin and &beta;-lactoglobulin. Methods: All the experiments were conducted in Agriculture and biosystems engineering lab and Alfred Dairy Science lab at South Dakota State University, Brookings, South Dakota during 2011-2013. The experiments used four levels of initial protein concentration and five levels of feed pH. Yield and enrichment ratios were determined for total whey proteins, &alpha;-Lactalbumin (&alpha;-La) and &beta;-Lactoglobulin (&beta;-Lg).&nbsp; Result: Whey protein yields ranged from 51.58 to 90.92%, while the enrichment ratios were between 1.2 to 5. The yield of &alpha;-La varied from 59 to 94% and the highest enrichment ratio of 8.45 was obtained with the treatment combination of initial protein concentration of 109 mg/L and pH of 5.1. Selective enrichment of &alpha;-La over &beta;-Lg was observed at a pH of 4.65 with &alpha;-La to &beta;-Lg ratio of 0.49. These findings will be helpful in selective enrichment and recovery of valuable proteins from Cheddar cheese whey using the foam fractionation process.</div>

<div style="text-align: justify;">Foam Fractionation Technology for Enrichment and Recovery of Cheese Whey Proteins</div>

<div>Background: Yeast (Saccharomyces cerevisiae), widely used probiotics, was found to increase the utilization of fiber and improve the production in ruminants. The concept of chromium (Cr) supplementation has also received a great deal of attention since past decade, as Cr could have supra-physiological benefits for domestic livestock. The present in vitro experiment was conducted to investigate the effect of dietary chromium and yeast supplementation on in-vitro dry matter degradability and rumen fermentation by rumen simulation technique.&nbsp; 
 
Methods: The yeast (Saccharomyces cerevisiae) (Y) (5 x 109 CFU /kg) and chromium (Cr) (1.5 mg/kg) supplementation to sorghum stover based complete diets (Basal diet: 10.58% CP) either alone or in combination on in vitro nutrient degradability and rumen fermentation was assessed by rumen simulation technique. 
 
Result: Chromium supplementation alone did not affect the cumulative degradability and effective dry matter degradability in vitro compared to BD. Yeast supplementation enhanced (P&lt;0.01) in vitro DM degradability on 12, 24 and 48 h, effective DM degradability and lowered (P&lt;0.01) ammonia nitrogen level in comparison to control. When compared to control, combination of yeast and Cr positively affected rumen fermentation pattern and in vitro nutrient degradability but no further improvement was observed compared to only yeast supplementation in diet.</div>

Effect of Dietary Supplementation of Chromium and Yeast on in vitro Dry Matter Degradability and Rumen Fermentation Pattern

<div>Background: A reliable method for controlling the sex of farm animals has the potential to revolutionize dairy farming. This can only be achieved by use of a method capable of separating X and Y chromosome bearing spermatozoa at lower cost and causing no significant damages to sperm viability. Realizing significance of buffaloes in Indian dairy farming, present study was aimed to develop appropriate density gradient model for enrichment of X chromosome bearing spermatozoa population in semen of Murrah buffalo bull.&nbsp; 
 
Methods: Density gradient centrifugation (DGC) technique was employed for enriching X chromosome spermatozoa in buffalo bull semen using four gradient media viz., Percoll, Optiprep, Ficoll and Sucrose. Percentage enrichment of X chromosome bearing spermatozoa in all the DGC models was determined by SYBR green based Real Time PCR. 
 
Result: Our investigations revealed that number of layers and centrifugation speed (g) factors in a density gradient centrifugation model, have significant effect on the percentage enrichment of X chromosome content in semen samples.Three layers, four layers and five layers density gradient centrifugation models showed significant differences (P&lt;0.05) in the sex ratio towards X spermatozoa population in semen (61.72%&plusmn;0.81, 64.55%&plusmn;0.26 and 67.31&plusmn;0.33%) respectively. Density gradient centrifugation models with centrifugation speed (g) 200x g and 300x g also showed significant differences (P&lt;0.05) in the sex ratio towards X spermatozoa population in semen (66.36%&plusmn;0.25 and 62.69&plusmn;0.22%) respectively. Out of all DGC models, Optiprep density gradient model with 5 layers and centrifugation at 200xg (O3) yielded maximum enrichment (72.4%&plusmn;1.38). In conclusion, O3 poses to be a promising model for enrichment of X spermatozoa in buffalo bull semen.</div>

<div>Five Layered Optiprep based Density Gradient Model is a Promising Model for Enrichment of Viable X Chromosome Bearing Spermatozoa in Bubalus bubalis</div>

<div>The flowering process at single plant level in soybean is a continuous dynamic system. Whether a flower can survive to mature depends on where it is located and when it is initiated. A field experiment was conducted to analyse the effect of flowering asynchrony on single flower survival and response of flowers or pods distribution to light enrichment. Our data suggest that early flowers (number 1-5) definitely survive and develop into mature pod because they don&rsquo;t encounter fierce assimilates competition from other flowers or pods. Later flowers are usually prone to abortion, especially when five or more flowers at the same node in two soybean cultivars (Glycine max L. Merr. namely, Heinong35 and Kennong18). The flowers on sub-raceme frequently fail to develop into pods. Compared with the flowers on main-raceme, that on sub-raceme maybe have weak competitive ability to assimilation. Most flowers on bottom branches successfully develop into pods due to the strong supply of assimilation from the leaves of branches. Light enrichment significantly increase the number of flowers or pods across the main axis. However, the rate of flower abortion is still relatively high by observing the distribution curves of flowers or pods under light enrichment. Soybean plant has the characteristic of excessive flower production and flower abscission is more likely to be expression of biological adaptability. &nbsp;</div>