Background: Cricket feces is a potential high-quality soil amendment, but there is currently no established optimum rate for its application in paddy soils with varying moisture contents. This study therefore aimed to evaluate the effects of varied rates of cricket feces on soil properties, rice growth, and yield in paddy soils with differing moisture contents.

Methods: Two study factors were evaluated: (i) the maximum water-holding capacity (WHCmax) and flooded soils, and (ii) cricket feces applied at rates of 0 (unamended), 3.125 (low), 6.25 (medium), and 12.5 (high) t/ha.

Result: The total grain weight of rice in soil with WHCmax was 2.60, 4.33, 6.91, and 7.49 g/hill under the cricket feces from unamended to high rates, respectively, with no significant difference between the medium and high rates. Meanwhile, the total grain weight in flooded soil was 1.85, 4.02, 4.70, and 5.72 g/hill, respectively. Cricket feces increased the content of essential elements and decreased the acidity and toxicity of Al, Ca, and Na in the soil, thereby promoting rice growth and yield. The optimal application rates of cricket feces for rice in the WHCmax soil was determined to be the medium rate, while that in flooded soil was the high rate.

Application Rates of Cricket Feces Influencing Soil Properties and Rice Yield in Soils of Different Moisture Contents

Lactobacillus strains commonly used as probiotics which possess some properties such as resistance to gastric acidity and bile salts, production of antimicrobial compounds, the ability to modulate immune responses, and adhesion to gut tissues. This study aimed to isolate, identify, production and characterization of the probiotic strains. Total of 10 digestive tracts of chickens fed without antibiotics for presence of Lactobacillus spp was evaluated. All isolates were grown with different conditions like effect of temperature, pH, pepsine, bile, sodium chloride tolerance, aggregation, adhesion and antibiotic resistance test tested and then antibacterial activity was determined.In this study, 34 lactic acid bacteria were investigated as putative probiotic candidates. Based on the molecular identification using 16S rDNA sequencing the isolates belonged to &nbsp;Lactobacillus species. The strains showed potent antibacterial activity. The results on acid tolerance showed that all the strains tested survived at pH 2.0 to 5.5. L. agilis strain M18, L. salivarius strain M10, L.vaginalis strains M8 and M19, and L. crispatus strains Or2 and M10 showed the lowest sensitivity to pepsine. All the studied Lactobacillus strains were able to grow at both 15 and 45&deg;C . Five Lactobacillus strains adhered well to the Caco-2 cells. The result of antibiotic resistance test of 34 lactic acid bacteria showed that most of them were resistant or intermediate. Based on 34 Lactobacillus strains, &nbsp;L. vaginalis strain M8 and &nbsp;L. reuteri strain M6 were selected for the further in vivo assays and possible eventual use as prophylactic and therapeutic agent.

Selection and characterization of potential probiotic Lactobacilli spp isolated from chicken feces may be used as a potent antibacterial agent

<div style="text-align: justify;">Ultrasonography helps in early diagnosis of large animal digestive disorders especially in cattle with empty rectum and also to initiate early therapeutic and surgical management. The study was undertaken to elicit GI disturbances in cattle at TVCC, VCRI, Orathanadu during 2015-16. Animals with history of absence of feces and or empty rectum were selected for this study. In total twenty nine cattle were found to be affected with various GI disorders. The incidence of GI disturbances was more (65.52 %) in cross bred Jersey cow. The common clinical signs were absence of feces (65.52 %), anorexia (58.62 %), scant/tarry/mucous coated foul smelling feces (34.48 %), arched back (24.14 %) and abdominal distention (24.14 %). All selected 29 animals were subjected to abdominal ultrasonography which revealed peritonitis (31.03 %), paralytic ileus with peritonitis and pericarditis in each 10.34 %, uroabdomen, intussusceptions, caecal dilatation, abomasal dilatation and peritonitis with intussusceptions in each 6.90 % and diaphragmatic hernia, reticular abscess, omasal impaction and peritonitis with pericarditis in each 3.45 %. Based on this study, clinical and ultrasonographic examinations were found to be a useful tool for the diagnosis of GI disorders of cattle with empty rectum.&nbsp;</div>

Clinical and Ultrasonographic examinations in cattle with empty rectum

Background: Odors from livestock facilities are mainly caused by livestock manure. This causes deterioration of the health of the farm workers and the productivity of livestock. Complex additives with different actions are required to effectively reduce fecal contaminants. This study was conducted to investigate the effects of combined odor reducing additive (CORA) supplementation on the odor emission of feces and the growth performance of Hanwoo steers. 
 
Methods: Ninety-six Hanwoo steers were randomly assigned to the following four groups: control group fed with CORA-unsupplemented formula feed; T0.05 group fed with 0.05% CORA-supplemented formula feed; T0.1 group fed with 0.1% CORA-supplemented formula feed and T0.2 group fed with 0.2% CORA-supplemented formula feed. The CORA comprised 88% zeolite, 3% Bacillus licheniformis, 3% Bacillus polyfermenticus and 6% saponin. 
 
Result: The fecal NH3-N gas emission was significantly lower in the T0.2 group than in the control group (P&lt;0.05). The fecal H2S gas emission at 20 d of incubation was lower in the T0.2 group than in the control group (P&lt;0.05). The fecal NH3-N concentration was lower in proportion in all the groups with different supplementation levels of CORA than in the control group after 7 d of incubation (P&lt;0.05). The number of fungi in feces was lower in the treatment groups than in the control group and the lowest was for T0.2 group (P&lt;0.05). The results of this study indicated that CORA supplementation can reduce the emission of harmful gases (NH3-N and H2S) and odor-causing substances in feces and inhibit mold growth.&nbsp;

Effects of the Combined Odor Reducing Additive on Fecal Fermentation Characteristics and Growth Performance in Hanwoo Steers&nbsp;

Increase in production of free radicals causes damage in lipids of cell membrane, weakening in functions of cell proteins and DNA damage. The aim of the present study was to determine the oxidative status, level of oxidative DNA damage and treatment effectiveness on these parameters on diarrheic calves. The study was conducted using 10 clinically holstein calves from 2-3 months of age. Antidiarrheic treatment containing Amonium sulphate &nbsp;(30mg/kg/day, Gabbrocol, Ceva Inc.), a mixture of Bismuth subcarbonate, kaolin, pectin (10g/day, Bismol, Bioteknik Inc.), vitamin and mineral mixture (105g/day, Sky High Energy, Egevet Co.Ltd) as drugs orally administered to all calves for 3 days. Body temperature, feces and blood samples were taken before and after treatment. Dry matter measured (%) in feces, DNA damage level and some hematologic parameters, total oxidant status (TOS), total antioxidant status (TAS) and some biochemical parameters were measured from blood samples. HB, ALT, TP levels did not differ before and after treatment. However, body temperature (p&lt;0.01), WBC (p&lt;0.01), HCT (p&lt;0.05), GGT (p&lt;0.01), TOS (p&lt;0.05), DNA damage (p&lt;0.05) were decreased, dry matter in feces (p&lt;0.01), RBC (p&lt;0.05), AST (p&lt;0.01), Albumin (p&lt;0.01) and TAS (p&lt;0.05) were increased after treatment. The results of the study indicate that oxidative DNA damage increases with degenerative diseases such as diarrhea and decreases to the normal range after effective treatment. It can be suggested from these results that oxidative DNA damage might be a good indicator to reveal the degeneration level of diarrhea in animals and a good parameter to evaluate the effectiveness of the treatment in terms of cellular form.

Determination of pre and post treatment oxidative status and oxidative&nbsp;DNA damage in diarrheic calves

Background: Gastrointestinal infection of small ruminants is becoming a real problem due to the resistance against anthelmintic treatment. These parasitic infections are prevalent among grazing ruminants and result in significant economic losses by reduced production. The aim of the study was to evaluate and estimate the total loud of parasitic infection is small ruminants, sheep&rsquo;s and goats from different farms located in Kor&ccedil;a district. 
 
Methods: This study investigates parasitic infections in sheep and goats across 40 farms situated in Kor&ccedil;a district in southeastern Albania. The primary objective is to assess the prevalence of gastrointestinal parasites within feces samples from mature sheep and goats. In total, 121 feces samples were meticulously collected. Samples were analysed and processed using the Mini-FLOTAC technique in order to identify eggs and oocysts in each herd. 
 
Result: The results of the investigation revealed the presence of Strongyloides papillosus in 45.45% of samples, Ostertagia spp. eggs in 40.9% of samples, Monezia expansa eggs in 27.2% of samples, Dictiocaulus filaria in 22.3% of samples, Nematodirus spathiger eggs in 13.2% of samples, Haemonchus contortus eggs in 13.3%, Cooperia spp. eggs in 9% of samples, Trichostrongylus axei in 9% of samples, Coccidian oocysts in 4.1% of samples and Trichuris ovis in 1.6% of samples.

Epidemiological Data Regarding the Distribution of Gastrointestinal Parasites in Albanian Small Ruminants

<div>Background: Improvement of nitrogen use efficiency (NUE) of chemical fertilizers and N-rich-organic amendments using natural mineralization inhibitors, like neem extract, was recommended to minimize nitrogen (N) loss. This study hence aimed to evaluate the effects of combined uses of neem seed extract with cricket feces on soil N mineralization and plant NUE. 
 
Methods: The treatment combinations included i) amending materials involving unamended (Un), chemical fertilizer at a recommended rate of 312.5 kg N ha-1, 100 kg P ha-1 and 100 kg K ha-1 (CF) and three rates of cricket feces (CrF) [3.125 (CrFlow), 6.25 (CrFmedium) and 12.5 (CrFhigh) Mg ha-1], ii) in combination without (-Nm) and with (+Nm) neem seed extract. Amaranth (Amaranthus tricolor) was employed to assay the plant&rsquo;s NUE. 
 
Result: Neem seed extract inhibited the N mineralization under the Un (74%) and CF (84%) treatments, but not in any of the CrF treatments (-102%, -99% and -2% for CrFlow, CrFmedium and CrFhigh, respectively. In addition, the neem extract significantly decreased NUE parameters, including N recovery efficiency and agronomy NUE, only in CF treatment. Neem seed extract could only function as an N inhibitor in unamended and chemically fertilized soils.</div>

Inhibitory Effect of Neem Seed Extract on Soil Nitrogen Mineralization under Chemical and Organic Amendments

<div style="text-align:justify">The objective of the present study was to determine the prevalence of gastrointestinal (G.I.) parasitic infections in cattle and swamp buffalo of Assam, India. A total of 3597 fecal samples of cattle (2339) and buffaloes (1258) were examined for presence of parasitic infections. Examinations revealed an overall prevalence of 58.35% and 29.80% infections in cattle and buffalo, respectively. In cattle, Strongyle sp. (18.76%) was predominant followed by Eimeria sp. (11.97%), Amphistome sp. (8.72%), Strongyloides sp. (3.76%), Moniezia sp. (2.65%), Toxocara vitulorum (1.32%), Buxtonella sulcata (0.81%), Trichuris sp. (0.72%), Fasciola gigantica (0.47%) and Bunostomum sp. (0.38%). In buffalo, Amphistome sp. (8.90%) was predominant followed by T. vitulorum (5.64%), Strongyle sp. (5%), Eimeria sp. (4.53%), Strongyloides sp. (1.35%) and Trichuris sp. (0.47%). Mixed infections with more than one species were recorded in 8.76% and 3.89% cattle and buffalo, respectively. The egg per gram (EPG) of feces in cattle and buffalo was 582.44&plusmn;8.13 and 475.86&plusmn;11.29, respectively while oocyst per gram (OPG) of feces was 425.00&plusmn;20.37 and 251.75&plusmn;22.35, respectively. Correlation of rainfall and temperature with EPG/OPG of cattle and buffalo was highly significant (P&lt;0.01) while correlation of relative humidity (Av.) with EPG of cattle and buffalo was significant (P&lt;0.05). Multiple linear regressions explained about 98.10% of total variance in EPG of cattle with environmental variables. 89.10% of total variance in EPG of buffalo was explained in multiple linear regressions due to environmental variables. This shows that the climate in this region is exclusively conducive for the development and propagation of parasites.</div>

Gastrointestinal parasitic infections in cattle and swamp buffalo of Guwahati, Assam, India

Background: The epidemiology of parasitic infections is common in rabbit flocks and poses a significant threat to public health. And the most famous and influential of these causes are coccidia parasites, Coccidiosis in rabbits is an infection caused by intracellular protozoan parasites belonging to Eimeria, which is considered a major cause of significant morbidity and mortality. 
 
Methods: A total of 210 fresh feces samples of adult domestic rabbits (Oryctolagus cuniculus) were collected from Riyadh City, Al Kharj and ADilam in Saudi Arabia to examine the incidence of the Eimeria infection of microscopically. Feces concentrated by the floatation technique. After that, freshly collected non-sporulated oocysts were suspended in 2.5% (W/V) potassium dichromate, placed in Petri dishes in the air, and allowed to sporulate at room temperature (25&plusmn;3oC). The morphometric and specific characteristics of sporulated oocysts were studied by an Olympus microscope (BX51ggTF, OLYMPUS, Tokyo, Japan) using the oil immersion lens. Specimens were taken from all parts intestine and liver, and the tissues were kept in 10% formalin immediately and make tissue sections and that to study the histopathological change under light microscopic. 
 
Result: An investigation was conducted in three cities in the Riyadh area (Riyadh, Al Kharj and Adilam) to determine the incidence of Eimeria species that parasitize local rabbits (Oryctolagus cuniculus). The overall frequency of these coccidial illnesses in rabbits in Riyadh City was 45.7%, in Adilam City it was 44.2% and in Al Kharj City it was 37.1%, respectively. There were five different species of Eimeria: E. magna, E. flavescens, E. exigua, E. striedae and E. coecicola, respectively. More than one species of Eimeria oocyst was obtained in the same examined sample. single-infection 13/90 (14.4%), dual-infection 39/90 (43.3%) and triple-infection 38/90 (42.2%). E. magna; E. flavescens; E. exigua; E. stiedae and E. coecicola, respectively. Significant differences (p&lt;0.05) in prevalence were observed between the rabbits. Eimeria infection that affects the liver was confirmed by histopathological changes that were noted through the development of parasitic stages in the jejunum, ileum, cecum, end cecum and liver. It is possible to conclude that the current research offers pertinent information that aids in determining potential infection and future preventative measures against rabbit coccidiosis to lessen financial losses in the rabbit industry.

A Comparison in Terms of Prevalence, Morphological and Histopathological Changes between Eimeria spp. that Infect Local Rabbits (Oryctolagus cuniculus) in Some Regions of Saudi Arabia

Background: Cryptosporidium species and Giardia duodenalis are important protozoan parasites due to their wide host range and potential as zoonotic diseases. These parasites, responsible for Cryptosporidiosis and Giardiasis, are significant health concerns and have garnered attention from both the public and veterinary fields. Pets, such as dogs and cats, are susceptible to these infections and play a crucial role in transmitting these protozoans to humans. This study was conducted to determine the prevalence, species, genotypes and zoonotic significance of Cryptosporidium and Giardia in asymptomatic adult stray cats and dogs.&nbsp; 
 
Methods: Fecal samples from 75 adult stray animal, 42 dogs and 33 cats, were collected in Diyarbak&yacute;r city, southeastern Anatolia, Turkey. Direct immunofluorescence test was used to confirm the presence of G. duoenalis cysts and cryptosporidium spp. oocysts in collected fecal samples. Microscopic analysis was used to count the number of cysts/oocysts per gram as specified by the manufacturer. Molecular confirmation was done with Polymerase chain reaction (PCR) using Giardia SSU-rDNA and Cryptosporidium spp. SSU rRNA gene. The secondary PCR products of all positive samples were sequenced in one directions on an automated sequencer. Nucleotide sequence analysis was performed by BLAST alignment using the National Center for Biotechnology Information database.&nbsp; 
 
Result: The prevalence of Cryptosporidium was 7.14% in 42 cats and 9.09% in 33 dogs. The prevalence of G. duodenalis was 23.80% in cats and 54.54% in dogs. The average number of Cryptosporidium spp. oocysts per gram of cat and dog feces was 1866.3 and 1813.3, respectively. The average number of G. duodenalis cysts per gram of cat and dog feces was 1011.6 and 4786, respectively. All Cryptosporidium isolates were determined as C. canis in dogs and C. felis in cats. C. canis and C. felis isolates identified in the study, MT329018.1 and MN696800.1, AF159113.1 and KM977642.1 showed similarity with Genbank number, respectively. Assemblages A, E, C, D were found in dogs and assemblages A and E in cats in the result of the sequence of 130 bp gene fragments obtained from G. duodenalis isolates. This study sequence analysis of G. duodenalis cat isolates identified assemblages A (50%/10) and E (50%/10). In this study, assemblage E was the most common genotype isolated in dogs (38.8%), followed by Assemblage C (27.7%), Assemblage D (16.6%) and Assemblage A (15.5%). Assemblage A, which has zoonotic importance, was detected in cats and dogs, while assemblage E in cats and dogs was reported for the first time in Turkey.&nbsp;

Molecular Characterization and Zoonotic Significance of Cryptosporidium spp. and Giardia duodenalis in Asymptomatic Adult Stray Cats and Dogs in Turkey