<div>Background: Rice is the major crop in India in terms of area, production and consumption. Rice occupies about 23% of the gross cropped area and 35% of the total area under food grains in the country. Rice is of one key importance to the economy as well as a staple food for Telangana people, requiring about 50 lakh tons annually to feed the state population. In recent times the area under rice cultivation has been increased and is expected to hit the one crore acre mark by rabi season 2022. In any type of crop production&nbsp; system an accountability of inputs, energy spent, yield and costs must be monitored, by that one can modify it or substitute it for obtaining the better results.&nbsp; 
 
Methods: Due to decline in the share of agriculture workers in the country, there is a need to adopt new technologies in rice cultivation. Dry direct seeding of rice refers to direct sowing of rice seeds in the dry field rather than by transplanting seedlings from the nursery. A study was conducted to compute the inputs and energy consumptions in manual transplanted rice production (MTR) and dry direct seeding rice production (DDSR) methods of paddy cultivation in the combined Nalgonda district of Telangana State, during 2020-21. Firstly, the different operations performed in these two methods were listed out, then by using suitable energy equivalents total energy consumed in two methods of operations were calculated. 
 
Result: The human energy spent in the manual transplanted rice production and dry direct seeded rice productions were 506 and 92.84 MJ/ha respectively. Specific energy noted for dry direct seeded rice production and manual transplanted rice productions were 2.10 and 2.28 MJ/kg respectively. A total saving of Rs. 16,000/- ha-1 was recorded by practicing the dry direct seeded rice production method over the manual transplanted rice production method. On comparing both the methods for overall energy consumption, manual energy consumption and cost of cultivation DDSR method was found to be more efficient than MTR method in the district.</div>

Energy Assessment of Manual Transplanting Rice and Dry Direct Seeding Rice Production Systems in Combined Nalgonda District, Telangana

<div>Background: Continuous rice cultivation has a negative effect on sustainable rice production. Crop rotation can increase the yield and soil quality. This study aimed to provide information on the morpho-physiological fingerprints of rice cultivars in different crop rotation systems. 
 
Methods: Twelve rice cultivars were evaluated in terms of their morpho-physiological in three crop rotation systems, i.e., rice-rice-rice, maize-maize-rice (M-M-R) and vegetable-vegetable-rice, at the Agrotechnology Innovation Center, Universitas Gadjah Mada at Berbah District, Sleman Regency, Special Province of Yogyakarta, Indonesia, from December 2020 to June 2021. 
 
Result: The results revealed an interaction between rice cultivars and the crop rotation system, with the effects observed on the nitrogen, phosphorus and potassium contents in the leaf tissue (NC, PC and KC, respectively), crop growth rate, total dry weight per clump, empty grain per clump (EG) and grain weight per clump (GWC). The increase in NC, PC and KC positively affected the increase in GWC. The GM 8 cultivar in the M-M-R crop rotation system showed lowest EG of 3% and highest GWC of 133.90 g clump-1.</div>

Studies on Morpho-physiological Fingerprints of Rice Cultivars in Rice Crop in Rice-Rice-Rice, Maize-Maize-Rice and Vegetable-Vegetable-Rice Cropping Systems

<div style="text-align: justify;">An experiment on response of rice to nitrogen under aerobic and transplanted conditions was conducted in split-split -plot design with two methods of rice cultivation, seven rice varieties and five nitrogen levels. The grain yield was significantly higher in transplanted rice compared to aerobic rice. Significantly higher grain yield was observed with MTU 1001 and MTU 1010 as compared to IR 64, Tella hamsa and Rajendra and the grain yield in the former two varieities was comaparable with Naveen and Erramallelu. &nbsp;Increase in grain yield with every 100 kg of N ha-1 from 100 kg to 300 kg ha-1 was significant. Significant interaction effect on grain yield was observed due to method of crop establishment, varieties and nitrogen levels. Aerobic rice received 627 mm of irrigation water as compared to 1228 mm in transplanted rice and the mean water productivity was higher under aerobic rice (0.49 kg grain m-3) as compared to &nbsp;transplanted rice (0.31 kg grain m-3).</div>

<div style="text-align: justify;">Response of Rice Cultivars to Nitrogen Levels under Aerobic and Transplanted Conditions</div>

<div>Background: In central Punjab, the primary cause of depleting underground water is early transplantation of long-duration rice varieties. Because of their growth in rainy days and early maturity, the cultivation of medium-duration varieties in the low evaporation period can help to migrate the over draft of underground water. 
 
Methods: The field experiment entitled &ldquo;Effect of date of transplanting on growth and productivity of the rice (Oriza sativa L.) cultivars&rdquo; was conducted at Research Farm of University College of Agriculture, Guru Kashi University, Talwandi Sabo, Bathinda to study the impact of date of transplanting on growth and productivity of the rice cultivars during kharif season in 2019. The trail was laid out in split plot design with three dates of transplanting (June 15, June 25 and July 5) in main plot and three rice cultivars (PR 122, PR 126 and PUSA 44) in sub plot, replicated thrice. 
 
Result: Transplanting on 15 June crop recorded significantly higher plant height at 30, 60 DAT and at harvest viz. 67.4, 110.0 and 122.6 cm respectively; number of tillers at 30, 60 DAT and at harvest viz. 59.4, 58.2 and 46.2 respectively; leaf area index (LAI) at 60 DAT (3.1); dry matter accumulation (DMA) at&nbsp; 30, 60 DAT and at harvest viz. 8.5, 26.7 and 132.6 q/ha respectively; number of days taken to panicle initiation (57.6); number of days taken for 50 per cent flowering (64.1); effective tillers per meter row length (38.6); panicle length (26.1 cm); panicle weight (6.1 g); number of grains per panicle (177.9); 1000-grain weight (31.0g); grain yield (72.2 q/ha); straw yield (161.1 q/ha); harvest index (33.4%). The grain yield was at par with June 25. Among the cultivars, PUSA 44 recorded significantly higher plant height at 30, 60 DAT and at harvest viz. 70.6, 117.4 and 128.6 cm respectively; number of tillers at 30, 60 DAT and at harvest viz. 65.0, 60.3 and 50.4 respectively; leaf area index (LAI) at 60 DAT (3.4); dry matter accumulation (DMA) at&nbsp; 30, 60 DAT and at harvest viz. 9.5, 31.3 and 153.4 q/ha respectively; number of days taken to panicle initiation (65.2); number of days taken for 50 per cent flowering (68.7); effective tillers per meter row length (43.2); panicle length (27.5 cm); panicle weight (6.5 g); number of grains per panicle (195.7); 1000-grain weight (34.7g); grain yield (80.1 q/ha); straw yield (181.2 q/ha); harvest index (34.1%). June 15 transplanting produced significantly higher grain yield which was 1.5 and 6.4% higher than June 25 and July 5 transplanting respectively. PUSA 44 produced significantly higher grain yield which was 27.3 and 17.4% higher than PR 126 and PR 122 respectively. All the interaction effect of date of transplanting and rice cultivars recorded non-significant results.</div>

Effect of Date of Transplanting on Growth and Productivity of Rice (Oryza sativa L.) Cultivars

<div style="text-align:justify">A field experiment was conducted to study the effect of dates of transplanting under different methods of cultivation on productivity of winter rice (Oryza sativa L.) and their effect on rice-niger (Guizotia abyssinica) relay system at Regional Agricultural Research Station, Shillongani Nagaon, Assam during kharif-rabi seasons in the year 2014-15 and 2015-16. &nbsp;Rice transplanted on 20 June recorded significantly higher yield attributes and grain yield of rice (59.19 q/ha) as compared to the later dates of transplanting, and it was followed by 5 July- transplanted rice. Transplanting on 20 June resulted in higher values in respect of yield attributes, yield of relayed niger, rice equivalent yield (REY) of rice- niger relay system (75.68 q/ha), NPK uptake by rice and niger as well as soil fungal and bacterial population after harvest of rice and niger. System of Rice Intensification (SRI) recorded significantly higher value of yield attributes and grain yield of rice (60.34q/ha) as compared to conventional method. In case of relayed niger, yield attributes, seed yield and REY were found higher under SRI method of rice cultivation. Under SRI method, higher uptake of NPK by rice and niger and higher soil fungal and bacterial populations after harvest of rice and niger were observed as compared to conventional method. However, conventional method of rice cultivation recorded significantly higher values of soil available N, P2O5 and K2O content at the end of two year-crop cycle over that of SRI.</div>

<div style="text-align: justify;">Effect of dates and methods of winter rice (Oryza sativa L.) transplanting on relayed niger (Guizotia abyssinica) and soil health</div>

<div>Background: With growing fertilizer prices and fertilizer-related environmental concerns, Basmati 370 holds a unique position in the rice world due to its price, fragrance, quality and low fertilizer demands as compared to hybrid varieties; thus, shifting this crop to an organic or integrated nutrient management system is a feasible option.&nbsp; 
 
Methods: A field experiment was carried out at Jammu (J&amp;K) during the Kharif season of 2014 to evaluate the performance of Basmati 370 transplanted at three different dates with five integrated nutrient sources. 
 
Result: The results of this investigation indicated that the rice transplanted on June 30 produced significantly higher dry matter accumulation (857.61 g/m2) with a concomitant increase in the grain yield (3.3 t/ha) over July 15 (3.0 t/ha) and July 30 (2.8 t/ha). The application of 100% RDF in the form of inorganic fertilizer recorded significantly higher grain yield (3.3 t/ha) and straw yield (5.6 t/ha) being at par with VC+FYM+NOC and GM+VC. The highest net returns were recorded on June 30 transplanting (₹80,501) with a benefit-cost ratio of 2.8. In the case of nutrient sources, higher net returns were fetched with 100% RDF (84,892) with a benefit-cost ratio of 3.4.</div>

Evaluation of the Performance of Basmati Rice (Oryza sativa) Transplanting at Different Dates with Nutrient Sources under the Method of SRI

Background: Uncontrolled weed growth reported to reduce rice yields by 33 to 45%, while manual weeding is labor-intensive, time-consuming and costly. Pre-emergence herbicides prevent weed establishment and post-emergence herbicides target established weeds, offering effective and less costly weed control. However, an integrated approach to weed management is crucial to ensure long-term agricultural sustainability and minimize environmental impacts and weed resistance development. 
&nbsp; 
Methods: An experiment was conducted at Post Graduate Research farm, M.S. Swaminathan School of Agriculture, Centurion University, Paralakhemundi, Odisha during the kharif season of 2023 in randomized block design with fourteen treatments viz., Pyrazosulfuron ethyl 10% WP @ 200 g/ha at 1-3 DAT(T1), Bispyribac sodium 10%SC @ 250 ml/ha at 25 DAT(T2), Penoxsulam 21.7%SC @ 166 ml/ha at 25 DAT (T3), Metsulfuron methyl 10% + Chlorimuron ethyl 10%WP @ 4 g/ha at 25 DAT (T4), Florpyrauxifen-benzyl 1.31% + Penoxsulam 2.1% @2027ml/ha at 25 DAT (T5), Pyrazosulfuron followed by Bispyribac sodium at 25 DAT (T6), Pyrazosulfuron followed by Penoxsulam at 25 DAT (T7), Pyrazosulfuron followed by Florpyrauxifen-benzyl + Penoxsulam 25 DAT (T8), Pyrazosulfuron followed by Metsulfuron methyl 10%+ Chlorimuron ethyl 10% 25 DAT (T9), Triafamone20%+ Ethoxysulfuron 10% WG@ 225 g/ha at 20 DAT (T10), Pyriftalid 31.0% + Bensulfuron methyl15.7% @375ml/ha 20 DAT (T11), Pyrazosulfuron followed by one hand weeding at 25 DAT (T12), Hand weeding twice at 25 and 45 DAT (T13) and Weedy check (T14) which were replicated thrice. 
&nbsp; 
Result: At 30 and 60 DAT, the total weed density and dry weight was significantly low in hand weeding twice at 25 and 45 DAT over all other treatments. At 30 DAT, the weed control efficiency was higher in the treatment Hand weeding twice at 25 and 45 DAT (T13) followed by T8&nbsp;and T12&nbsp;where the efficiency was more than 90%. At 30 DAT, the dry matter was significantly higher with T13&nbsp;and T8 over all other treatments.The grain yield observed with T13&nbsp;was on par with that of T8&nbsp;and T10&nbsp;and significantly superior over all other treatments. For getting higher yield and net returns in transplanted rice, application of T8, T10, or T13&nbsp;is recommended for transplanted rice during kharif season. This paper is aligned with UN SDG 14.

Pre and Post Emergence Herbicides Influence on Productivity of Transplanted Rice

<div>Background: The date of transplanting which is related to the climatic condition is one of the major factor affecting the growth and yield of black rice. Weeds also pose serious threat to rice in SRI condition if not controlled during critical period of weed competition. Therefore, efficient integrated weed management practices are required in SRI. The experiment was carried out to assess the effect of date of transplanting and integrated weed management on black rice. 
 
Methods: The experiment was conducted in the experimental farm of SASRD, NU, Medziphema campus during kharif season of 2019 and 2020. The experiment was laid out in split plot design with three dates of transplanting in the main plots and five integrated weed management treatments in the sub-plots with 15 treatment combinations and three replications. 
 
Result: Minimum weed population and dry weight were recorded with transplanting black rice on 15th June. It also gave significantly highest growth attributes and yield of black rice. Among the integrated weed management, Pretilachlor 0.75 kg/ha t 3 DAT fb handweeding at 40 DAT recorded significantly lowest weed population and dry weight and highest plant height, number of green leaves plant-1, dry matter accumulation and yield of black rice.</div>

Date of Transplanting and Integrated Weed Management Effects on Growth and Yield of Black Rice (Oryza sativa L.) under SRI

<div style="text-align:justify">
<div style="text-align:left">Background: The major area under black gram are cultivated as rice fallow crop to harness the available soil moisture and other resources without application of any inputs as that of other input intensive crops. Weeds are one of the important biotic factors which affect the growth and yield of black gram. The weeds can be effectively managed in black gram by the herbicide applied in the previous crop viz., transplanted rice. Since, the black gram has quick ground cover, hence initial weed management is very much important. In order to manage the weeds in rice fallow black gram crop evaluation of Triafamone herbicide applied to the transplanted rice crop was carried out in succeeding black gram crop in terms of the growth and yield of black gram.&nbsp;</div>

<div style="text-align:left"> 
Methods: Field experiments were conducted during Kharif, 2019 (July to August) and Rabi 2019-20 (November to January) at Wetland farm of Tamil Nadu Agricultural University, Coimbatore to study the residual effect of herbicides applied in transplanted rice on succeeding black gram growth and productivity. The experiment was laid out in a randomized complete block design with three replications. The treatments consisted of four doses (30, 40, 50 and 100 g/ha) of new rice herbicide Triafamone 20% SC each as pre emergence and early post emergence, along with check herbicides Pretilachlor 50% EC 750 ml/ha and Pyrazosulfuron ethyl 10% WP 15 ml/ha as early post-emergence along with farmers practice (two hand weedings), weed free and weedy checks.&nbsp;&nbsp;</div>

<div style="text-align:left"> 
Result: The weed flora of the experimental field consisted of weed complex including grasses, sedges and broad leaved weeds. Among the different dose of herbicides applied, Triafamone 20% SC at 100 g/ha markedly suppressed the weeds growth. There were no phytotoxic effects of herbicides on succeeding black gram. Different doses and time herbicides applied in transplanted rice did not affect the germination of succeeding black gram. Higher weed control efficiency, growth and yield component and yield of black gram were recorded with the Triafamone at 40 g/ha as pre emergence and early post emergence application.</div>
</div>

Growth and Productivity of Black Gram (Vigna mungo L.) as Influenced by Residual Effect of Triafamone Herbicide Applied for Transplanted Rice (Oryza sativa L.)

Background: Weeds pose a significant biotic threat to the production of rice, hindering its growth and yield. An experimental study was carried out at Lovely Professional University, Phagwara, Punjab, India during the 2023 kharif season to investigate the impact of different planting patterns in relation to weed control treatments on weed dynamics and paddy yield of transplanted rice under unpuddled conditions. 
&nbsp; 
Methods: The experiment was laid out in Split Plot Design comprising of four planting patterns,&nbsp;viz. transplanting two rows/ridge, transplanting two rows/ridge + one in furrow, flat transplanting (unpuddled), flat transplanting (puddled) in main plots and four weed control treatments,&nbsp;viz. pendimethalin 0.75 kg/ha as pre-em. f.b. bispyribac 10 SC at 25 g/ha as post-em., pendimethalin 0.75 kg/ha as pre-em. f.b. penoxsulam 240 SC at 24 g/ha as post-em., pendimethalin 0.75 kg/ha as pre-em. f.b. fenoxaprop 6.7 EC at 67 g/ha, post-em., unweeded (control) in sub-plots with four replications. 
&nbsp; 
Result: The investigation&rsquo;s outcomes revealed that the highest paddy yield (67.6 q/ha) was achieved by transplanting two rows per ridge and one in the furrow, significantly outperforming other planting patterns. Conversely, the paddy yields from flat unpuddled (60.2 q/ha) and flat puddled (59 q/ha) treatments were statistically at par. Among the weed control treatments, the sequential application of pendimethalin (0.75 kg/ha) as a pre-emergence and bispyribac sodium 10 SC (25 g/ha) as a post-emergence significantly inhibited the growth and biomass accumulation of diverse weed types, such as grasses, sedges and broad-leaved weeds resulting in significantly higher paddy yield (77.9 q/ha) in comparison to all other weed control treatments. 
&nbsp;