<div style="text-align:justify">India tops the world in aquaculture production next to China. The present Blue Revolution envisages tripling fish production of India by 2020 which necessitates effective resource utilization. The aquaculture resources of a country cannot only be limited to land and water availability but also to its species diversity, workforce and infrastructure facilities. Though Indian aquaculture has registered increased production in past few years, the productivity in terms of water and manpower resources remain very low. There is also a need for diversification of species for mariculture activities. Hence, this paper examines the status of Indian aquaculture from a global perspective to sort out ways for enhancing productivity.</div>

<div style="text-align:justify">Resources and Productivity of Indian Aquaculture &ndash; Status and Prospects</div>

<div><strong>Background:</strong> A suitable cropping system seem to be the possible solution to meet the continuous increase in demand for food, stability of income and diverse requirement of food grains. Selection of suitable cropping system for conservation of resources has prime importance now a day. The cropping systems selected in study have higher potential of production along with incorporable residues during winter. The residues of cotton, castor and mustard crops (Crops in selected cropping systems) have more potential to feed nutrients to soil as compared to burning. So incorporation of such crop residues in to soil helps to recycle the nutrients to correct their deficiencies. Farmyard manure is being used as major source of organic manure in field crops. Thus to maintain the soil health, integrated nutrient management approaches involving FYM and mineral source need to be standardized. So there is need to find out agronomically efficient and economically viable cropping system which can perform better for increasing productivity and profitability with association of conservation of natural resources.<br />
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<strong>Methods:</strong> The experiment was laid out in split plot design with three replications. Sixteen treatment combinations comprising of four cropping system treatments viz, C1 : Cotton- Summer Pearlmillet, C2 : Greengram + Kharif &nbsp;Castor (Relay), C3 : Greengram - Mustard - Summer Pearlmillet and C4 : Greengram - Rabi Castor and two residue incorporation treatments viz, R0 : No residue incorporation and R1 : Residue incorporation as well as two fertilizer doses viz, F1 : 100% RDN through inorganic fertilizer and F2 : 75% RDN through inorganic fertilizer + 25% RDN through FYM were evaluated in the study.<br />
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<strong>Result: </strong>Cotton - summer pearlmillet cropping system found significantly superior by recording higher pearlmillet equivalent yield, system productivity and system profitability while, total weed count/m2 and total weed dry weight were found the lowest under greengram- kharif castor (relay) cropping system. Residue incorporation secured top position by recording significantly the highest pearlmillet equivalent yield, system productivity and system profitability as well as lowest total weed count/m2 and total weed dry weight. Application of 75% RDN through inorganic fertilizer + 25% RDN through FYM recorded significantly highest pearlmillet equivalent yield, system productivity and system profitability. In case of weed count and weed dry weight, 100% RDN through inorganic fertilizer found significantly superior by recording lowest total weed count/m2 and total weed dry weight. &nbsp;</div>


<div>Impact of Cropping Systems and Resource Conservation Techniques on Productivity and Profitability of Systems</div>


<p>Based on the global distribution of land and soil quality and the world population, future trends in the agricultural use of land and soil resources are mainly constrained by loss of fertile land caused by insufficient soil management and through urbanization and industrialization. Due to this problem, sustainable land use for the production of food and fiber will be under threat. Due to this fact, this paper was reviewed to examine the influence of absenteeism of policy frame work of land resource management on land productivity and ecosystem. The reviewed paper showed that absenteeism of policy frame work had a significant effect on land productivity and ecosystem. Due to absenteeism of policy frame work there was inappropriate farming practices adopted at individual farmer. The adopted practices includes farming on steep slopes, deforestation and overgrazing, limited soil and water conservation measures, limited application of organic matter, burning of dung and crop residues influences. Hence, due to the above in appropriate farming practices, the land resources were faced a problem including, soil erosion by water and wind and further severe forms of soil degradation, such as loss of organic matter, contamination and loss of soil biodiversity, compaction, salinization, flooding, nutrient mining, desertification, drying of lakes, loss of biodiversity and these problems were resulted in low productivity of land and ecosystem as well. Hence, to improve land productivity and the ecosystem, appropriate technologies with to respective to land use system for the improvement of the productive capacity of the land should be implemented very well. Therefore, for effective land resources management, policy framework of land resource management should be developed and implemented for successful improvement of land productivity and ecosystem at the national level.</p>


<p>Absenteeism of Policy Framework of Land Resources Management and its Influences on Land Productivity and the Ecosystem: A Review</p>


<div><strong>Background: </strong>Lentil occupy a unique place in India&rsquo;s nutritional food security as it&rsquo;s a major source of proteins for vegetarians, supply twice protein as compare to rice and wheat. India ranked second in terms of production followed by turkey producing 1.06 million tonnes (Annual Rreport DPB, 2016-17). Still lentil production far from its actual position because of farmer&rsquo;s negligence in terms of fertilizer, irrigation, weeding, plant protection etc. Based on above mention criteria experiment was conducted to find out the production components for optimization of growth and yield of lentil under resource constraints.<br />
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<strong>Methods: </strong>Experiment was conducted during winter season of 2016-17 and 2017-18 at the District Seed Farm, Kalyani, under Bidhan Chandra Krishi Viswavidyalaya, Nadia, West Bengal with a view to identify the most appropriate production components of lentil under resource constraints situation.&nbsp;&nbsp;<br />
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<strong>Result: </strong>Fertilizer and weeding components were more noticeable effect on plant height and escaping these two components markedly reduce the plant height in all the growth stages. Skipping of individual component like irrigation only did not vary the dry matter production significantly but when it was combined with fertilizer and weeding components the dry matter production reduced significantly. Among the individual component escaping of fertilizer component greatly reduce the number pods plant<sup>-1</sup> followed by weeding and irrigation components. Escaping of irrigation either as single component or in combined with weeding and plant protection did not reduce the 1000 seed weight significantly. Yield reduction was significantly noticed with escaping of production component either in single or in combination. 26-28% of yield reduction was found when component like fertilizer was escaped followed by 25-27% when weeding was escaped from full package. But no significant yield reduction was recorded under the FP-Irrigation and FP-Plant protection. The yield reduction was more pronounced (27-32%) when fertilizer along with weeding components was escaped. Weed growth and density increased with increased the crop age and number of weeds m-2 was found maximum at 45 DAS Highest BCR was found under the treatment FP-(weeding + PP).</div>


<p>​​Effect of Production Components of Lentil (<em>Lens culinaris </em>Medik.) under Different Resource Constraints Practices</p>


<p><strong>Background:</strong> Lentil, a popular pulse in the daily diet on Indian population, is a highly potential crop in the rice fallow. In Manipur, a large part of the rice area remains fallow after harvest of kharif rice. Lentil has a very good potential for increasing farm income as well as cropping intensity in these areas. It is obvious that the resources found in rice fallows give a chance to introduce a pulse crop. Those fallow lands can be effectively transformed into productive ones if the location-specific constraints are effectively managed. In addition to increasing system production, it will also improve soil quality, enhance farmers&rsquo; income and most importantly, guarantee farmers nutritional security. Since the system uses the residue moisture for growth and development, crop productivity can be even doubled or tripled under rice fallow conditions. Keeping these in mind, these demonstrations are thoughtfully planned, with objectives to boost productivity and production by ICAR-Krishi Vigyan Kendra Chandel.<br />
<br />
<strong>Methods:</strong> The study was conducted in Chandel district of Manipur state during 2022-23, 2023-24 and 2024-25 to maximise the productivity of lentil under rice fallow. Sample consisted of randomly selected 75 farmers who were growing lentil under Cluster Front Line Demonstrations with an area of 30 hectares with all the scientific package of practices.<br />
<br />
<strong>Result:</strong> The results revealed that improved technology recorded a mean yield of 952 kg/ha which was 22.38 per cent higher than the mean yield obtained under farmers&rsquo; practice (675 kg/ha). The mean technological and extension gap were 448 kg/ha and 276 kg/ha respectively. The study also showed that reduction in technology index from 34.29 per cent during 2022-23 to 29.64 per cent during 2024-25 exhibited the feasibility of demonstrated technology. The lower the value of technology index, the more is the feasibility of technology. The average benefit cost ratio of 2.62 was obtained under demonstration, while it was only 1.93 under farmers&rsquo; practices. Hence, for maximizing productivity, profitability and resource conservation there is a need to disseminate the improved technologies amongst the farmers with effective extension methods like training and demonstrations and also by using High Yielding Verities of seeds and proven technologies in farmers&rsquo; field. The farmers should be encouraged to adopt the recommended package of practices for realizing higher returns.</p>


<p>Lentil Cultivation in Rice Fallow for Maximizing Productivity, Profitability and Resource Conservation</p>


<div>A field experiment was conducted at Instructional Farm of ICAR- Krishi Vigyan Kendra, Tura during kharif, pre-rabi and rabi season of 2011-12 to 2013-14 to determine the suitable production potential, profitability, resource use efficiency and sustainability of diversified maize-legumes cropping system. The five cropping sequences viz., CS1: Maize + Blackgram (1:2) &ndash; green gram + maize (2:1) &ndash; tomato, &nbsp;CS2: maize + green gram(1:2) &ndash; green gram + maize (2:1) &ndash; tomato, CS3: maize + groundnut(1:2) &ndash; green gram + maize (2:1) &ndash; tomato, &nbsp;CS4: maize + Ssybean(1:2) &ndash; tomato and CS5: maize sole &ndash; green gram &ndash; tomato were replicated four times using a randomized block design on sandy loam soil with low to medium fertility level and slightly acidic in reaction. The cropping system &ldquo;Maize + Green gram(1:2) &ndash; green gram + maize (1:1) &ndash; tomato&rdquo; was found to be most remunerative and sustainable with system productivity (175.49 q/ha), net return (Rs.3,38,725/ha), profitability (Rs. 928.01 /ha/day), benefit cost ratio (4.40), sustainable yield index (1.00), production efficiency (Rs.58.30/ha/day), relative economic efficiency (162.72%), except land use efficiency(LUE) which was the highest (85.75%) in &nbsp;&ldquo;maize + groundnut(1:2) &ndash; green gram + maize (1:1) &ndash; tomato&rdquo; cropping system. The lowest system productivity, net returns, profitability, production efficiency, land use efficiency etc was found in maize+ soybean (1:2)- tomato followed by maize-greengram-tomato cropping system. Hence, the cropping sequence maize + green gram(1:2) &ndash; green gram + maize (1:1) &ndash; tomato &nbsp;and maize + groundnut(1:2) &ndash; green gram + maize (1:1) &ndash; tomato were found to be the productive, profitable, remunerative, resource use efficient and sustainable &nbsp;in the mid hills sub-tropical regions of India.</div>


<div>Sustainable diversification of maize (<em>Zea mays</em> L.) -legumes cropping systems for productivity, profitability and resource-use efficiency in West Garo Hills of Meghalaya, India</div>


<div style="text-align: justify;">Continuous adoption of Pearl millet-Wheat cropping system led to reduction in productivity which put a serious threat to its sustainability in semi-arid eastern plain zone of Rajasthan, India. Crop diversification with wider choice with a variety of crops is being promoted as an alternative to profit maximization with enhanced soil fertility status. Therefore, a long term experiment was initiated to evaluate the production potential, sustainability, resource-use efficiency and economics of nine Pearl millet based cropping systems. Result revealed that system productivity in terms of pearl millet equivalent yield (PMEY) was highest (30488 kg ha-1) with groundnut-wheat-cluster bean-onion crop rotation. Moreover, groundnut-wheat-cluster bean-onion recorded the highest SYI and land use efficiency (0.65 and 73.97%) followed by pearl millet-wheat-cluster bean-barley sequence (0.63 and 65.75%). The groundnut-wheat-cluster bean-onion also generated highest number of man days/ha/year (405). The highest values of organic carbon were found under green gram-mustard-pearl millet-lentil and cluster bean-pea-pearl millet-lentil. The maximum value of available P was recorded with cluster bean-mustard-green gram-garden cress followed by the groundnut-wheat-cluster bean-onion sequence. Available K decreased significantly from their initial values in all the cropping systems except groundnut-wheat-cluster bean-onion crop rotation. Among the various systems, groundnut-wheat-cluster bean-onion realized the highest net returns ( 213000 ha-1), followed by pearl millet-wheat-cluster bean-barley ( 163254 ha-1). Overall, it can be concluded that under the semi-arid agro climatic conditions of Rajasthan, groundnut-wheat-cluster bean-onion, followed by pearl millet-wheat-cluster bean-barley, were more productive, sustainable, resource use efficient and remunerative than other cropping systems.</div>

Crop diversification of predominant Pearl millet based cropping system for higher productivity, resource-use efficiency and profitability in Semi-Arid Rajasthan

<div><strong>Background: </strong>Cotton is one of the important commercial crops cultivated in India for fibre and oil. The average cotton productivity of India is lower compared to other countries. Among the improved agronomic practices, important yield contributing agro techniques are crop geometry and fertilizer application. Drip irrigation and use of water soluble fertilizers (WSF) by drip system is a recommended practice to increase both water and nutrient use efficiency. Taking this aspect, a field investigation was carried out to find the resource use efficiency, productivity and profitability of inter specific Bt cotton hybrid with different levels crop geometry and drip fertigation.<br />
<br />
<strong>Methods:</strong> A field experiment was conducted at TNAU, Coimbatore during 2013 and 2014 for two consecutive years. The experiment was laid out in a strip plot design with three replications. The treatments in main plot consisted of four crop geometry levels (120 x 60 cm, 120 x 90 cm, 150 x 60 cm and 150 x 90 cm) and sub plots consisted of four nutrient levels viz., 75 %, 100 %, 125 % of recommended dose as water soluble fertilizer (WSF) through drip system and as conventional practice. Resource use efficiency (water, nutrient), seed cotton yield and profitability of the system were recorded.<br />
<br />
<strong>Result:</strong> The experiment revealed that the fertilizer use efficiency and the efficiency of individual nutrient (partial factor productivity) for the crop geometry of 120 x 90 cm and 75% RDF were higher in both the years. &nbsp;The crop geometry of 120 x 90 cm in combination with 125% RDF effectively utilized the water as indicated by its water use efficiency and comparable results was also obtained with 100% RDF. &nbsp;The mean (2012-13 and 2013-14) seed cotton yield of 2,713 kg ha<sup>-1</sup> in 120 x 90 cm kg ha<sup>-1</sup> for 125% RDF was 41.5 per cent higher compared to their lower counterpart. Their interaction was significant, consequently the treatment M<sub>2</sub>S<sub>3</sub> (120 x 90 cm and 125% RDF) recorded higher mean (both years) seed cotton of 3,176 kg ha<sup>-1</sup> which was nearly 93.7 per cent increase over conventional irrigation and fertilizer application (M<sub>4</sub>S<sub>4</sub>). Here M<sub>1</sub>S<sub>2</sub> could be considered as alternate option as it maintained similarity with the best treatment. The gross and net return was estimated to be higher with spacing of 120 x 90 cm with 125 % RDF and however the benefit cost ratio was higher with 120 x 90 cm with 100 % RDF followed by 120 x 60 cm with 100 % RDF.&nbsp;</div>


<div>Resource Use Efficiency, Productivity and Profitability of Bt Cotton (<em>interspecific</em>) as Influenced by Crop Geometry and Drip Fertigation</div>


<p>Rice plays a pivotal role in food security and global agricultural economy. Rice production sustainability to be assured and accelerated for feeding burgeoning population on the backdrop of scarce water resources. Flooded rice requires 900-2250 mm of water which leads to increasing water shortage. The rice production sustainability is threatened due to arsenic calamity and emission of greenhouse gases causing global warming. Aerobic rice culture technology is paradigm shift in rice production to increase water and crop productivity under the backdrop of shrinking water resource base requiring less water and the crop is grown non flooded or saturated with an added advantage of 50-80% lesser emission of methane. Significant differences in energy balance and evapo-transpiration, water productivity indicates that aerobic rice is one of the promising water saving technologies being developed to lower the water requirement of the rice crop to address the issue of water scarcity in tropical agriculture. Literature reveals that radiation use efficiency (RUE) in aerobic culture is comparable to or higher than that in flooded culture. Water inputs in aerobic rice are 50% lower (only 470 mm - 650 mm), 64-80% higher water productivities, 28-44% lower gross return, 55% lower labor use than flooded rice. But, micronutrient deficiencies especially Fe and Mn due to change in soil redox potential, infestation of root knot nematodes and interaction of biotic- abiotic stresses, increasing soil pH and high weed pressure led to yield failure or severe yield penalty in some cases. Grain yield reduction up to 25% or more has been reported by aerobic crop. This article reviews the possible interventions and modifications in morphological and physiological traits, appropriate breeding strategies for development of ideotype for aerobic situation on nutrient and weed management, water productivity and bio-energetics for sustaining rice production for immediate future to avert water scarcity and ensure food security.</p>


<p>Present Research Priority on Aerobic Rice Culture for Sustainable Rice Production under the Backdrop of Shrinking Water Resource Base: A Review</p>


<div><strong>Background:</strong> In India dairy farming is a significant part of the rural population, providing not only supplementary income and nutritional standards but also organic manures and draught power. Andhra Pradesh ranks 5<sup>th</sup> in total milk production in India with an output of 15.04 million metric tonnes and Chittoor district is one of the leading districts for dairy farming in the state. There is an increasing trend in milk production; however, the main drawback faced by the milk producers in dairy farming is the low productivity of milch animals. Assessing the economics of milk production would be extremely beneficial in planning for the improvement of productivity of dairy animals and framing policies to increase the profitability of dairy farms.<br />
<br />
<strong>Methods: </strong>Chittoor district of Andhra Pradesh was purposively selected for the present investigation. The primary data was collected from 80 respondents of which 40 each from two villages in the year 2021. The economics of milk production and the resource use efficiency of milk were computed based on collected data.<br />
<br />
<strong>Result:</strong> The per-day gross cost for maintaining local cow, crossbred cow and buffalo was found to be ₹ 161.09, ₹ 246.16 and ₹ 196.07, respectively. The overall cost per litre of milk was found to be slightly high in the case of buffalo (₹ 31.45), followed by the local cow (₹ 31.33) and crossbred cow (₹ 19.69), respectively. The net returns per litre of milk were found to be highest in the case of the crossbred cow (₹ 7.45), followed by buffalo (₹ 3.66) and local cow (₹ 0.12). It was observed that the net return per litre of milk for local cows was very less due to high feed cost, labour cost and low productivity of milk. Green fodder, dry fodder and concentrate were observed underutilized whereas labour was found to be over-utilized.</div>


Resources and Productivity of Indian Aquaculture – Status and Prospects

Impact of Cropping Systems and Resource Conservation Techniques on Productivity and Profitability of Systems

Absenteeism of Policy Framework of Land Resources Management and its Influences on Land Productivity and the Ecosystem: A Review

Effect of Production Components of Lentil (Lens culinaris Medik.) under Different Resource Constraints Practices

Lentil Cultivation in Rice Fallow for Maximizing Productivity, Profitability and Resource Conservation

Sustainable diversification of maize (Zea mays L.) -legumes cropping systems for productivity, profitability and resource-use efficiency in West Garo Hills of Meghalaya, India

Crop diversification of predominant Pearl millet based cropping system for higher productivity, resource-use efficiency and profitability in Semi-Arid Rajasthan

Resource Use Efficiency, Productivity and Profitability of Bt Cotton (interspecific) as Influenced by Crop Geometry and Drip Fertigation

Present Research Priority on Aerobic Rice Culture for Sustainable Rice Production under the Backdrop of Shrinking Water Resource Base: A Review

Economics of Milk Production and Resource Use Efficiency of Milk Across Different Herd Size Categories in Chittoor District of Andhra Pradesh