<div style="text-align: justify;">The objective of the study was to establish reference values for radiographic soft tissue indices of the hooves of apparently healthy Nigerian horses and to identify sex and age-related variations if any. Lateromedial radiographic examinations of the forelimb hooves of 52 apparently healthy Nigerian horses of both sexes aged young (1 &ndash; 5years), adult (6 &ndash; 10years) and old (11years and above) were carried out in the cross-sectional survey design. Radiographic soft tissue indices such as hoof wall distal phalanx distance (HWDPD), hoof wall proximal phalanx distance (HWPPD), coronary extensor distance (CED), sole depth (SD), hoof cup (HC), palmarocortical length (PCL) of the third phalanx, hoof wall angle (HWA), angle of third phalanx (AP3) and angle of rotation (AR) &nbsp;were measured and compared between sexes and among age groups. There was no significant sex variations in the indices investigated. However, the mean SD and HC showed age-related significant variation. The mean SD was only significantly (P &lt; 0.05) lower in old horses compared to young and adult horses. The mean values of HC were significantly (P &lt; 0.05) lower in adult and old horses compared to young horses. Radiographic morphometric indices assessed in this study may differ with those reported from other breeds, so they can be used in the future as reference values for diagnosis of laminitis in front feet of Nigerian horses.&nbsp;</div>

Radiographic morphometry of the hoof and third phalanx of apparently healthy Nigerian horses<br />&nbsp;

<div><strong>Background: </strong>Prostate gland affections are considered as common cause for perineal hernia in intact male dogs. Normal prostate gland is usually less distinct, radiographically; however, when enlarged it alters the anatomical position of rectum and urinary bladder and can be distinguished for its objective assessment. Radiography fails to differentiate the parenchymal abnormalities of prostate however, ultrasonography can. Therefore, this study was aimed to assess the involvement of prostate gland using radiography and ultrasonography in perineal hernia affected dogs.&nbsp;<br />
<br />
<strong>Methods:</strong> Thirty-eight intact male dogs, suffering from perineal hernia and presented during the entire year of 2018, were investigated. Both radiographic (subjective and objective) and ultrasonographic modalities were applied to assess the enlargement of prostate gland. The subjective assessment parameters on radiography (n=38) included the lifting/displacement of rectum from normal position and cranial displacement of urinary bladder. The objective parameters (n=29) included the prostate length and depth measured using inbuilt calliper of computerized radiography system and ultrasonography and comparing it with 70% of the pubic brim to sacral promontory distance.&nbsp;<br />
<br />
<strong>Result: </strong>The mean prostatic length was significantly more than the prostate depth on both radiography and ultrasonography. There was a significant positive correlation between the radiographic pubic brim to sacral promontory distance and the prostate length and depth measured on both the diagnostic modalities. The subjective assessment of prostate over emphasized the prostate depth and under estimated the prostate length compared to objective measurements on radiography. There was a significant correlation between the prostate lengths measured on radiography and ultrasonography and the lengths were not significantly different on two diagnostic modalities. Objective analysis on radiography revealed the prostate length and or/depth of 54.72% perineal hernia dogs (15/29) to be more than 70% of pubic brim to sacral promontory distance. In conclusion, the prostate affections may not always be the primary aetiology in dogs suffering from perineal hernia and prior investigation of prostate is recommended as a deciding factor for whether castration should be done a few weeks prior to or simultaneously with the perineal herniorrhaphy. The increased length of the prostate is a better indicator of prostatomegaly than the depth.&nbsp;</div>


<div>Ultrasonographic and Radiographic Assessment of Prostate Gland in Perineal Hernia Dogs</div>


<div><strong>Background:</strong> Radiography is widely used for diagnosis of congestive heart failure as it enables non-invasive assessment of cardiac size, shape and pulmonary vasculature. So, the present study was conducted to record the radiographic changes in dogs with congestive heart failure.<br />
<br />
<strong>Methods:</strong> Fifty-one dogs with cardiac insufficiency brought to Teaching Veterinary Hospital of GADVASU, showing one of the clinical signs of chronic cough, dyspnea, exercise intolerance, abdominal distension, syncope and cyanosis were selected and were subjected to Lateral and Ventro-dorsal chest radiography.&nbsp;<br />
<br />
<strong>Result:</strong> Dilated cardiomyopathy was present in 24 dogs. Radiographically, pulmonary edema, cardiomegaly, vessel congestion were more common in dilated cardiomyopathy (DCM). Valvular diseases were present in 16 dogs and radiographically left atrial (LA) dilatation was present in dogs with valvular diseases. Pericardial effusions were present in 11 dogs showing enlarged globoid heart radiographically.</div>


<div>Radiographic Assessment of Dogs with Congestive Heart Failure</div>


<div style="text-align:justify"><strong>Background:</strong> Tremendous achievements have been made in diagnostic and therapeutic aspects of digestive tract affections of bovines throughout the world, wherein clinical traumatic reticuloperitonitis (TRP) is the most commonly reported and studied condition in bovines. TRP is accidental ingestion of foreign body (metallic or non-metallic; penetrating or non-penetrating) objects, which generally get lodged or penetrate the reticulum. The reticulum plays a crucial role in the motility of the digestive tract in bovines and so several invasive and noninvasive methods are used for reticular examination. Hence, the ultrasonographic evaluation of reticular morphometric parameters is the need of the hour.&nbsp;<br />
<br />
<strong>Methods: </strong>The present study was undertaken to evaluate ultrasonographic morphometry of reticulum in bovines (Group I, six clinically healthy cattle and Group II, six clinically healthy buffaloes) at the Postgraduate Institute of Veterinary Education and Research, Kamdhenu University, Rajpur (Nava), Himmatnagar, Gujarat. For ultrasonography, using Esaote MyLabDelta Veterinary Ultrasound System with convex transducer (3-5 MHz), a standing left post-xiphoid paramedian approach was adopted. The morphometric parameters <em>viz</em>. half-moon-shaped reticular wall (RW), RW thickness, RW distance from the parietal peritoneum and the roughly triangular area between RW, cranio-ventral rumen sac and diaphragm were evaluated.&nbsp;<br />
<br />
<strong>Result: </strong>The mean RW thickness (Buffalo-5.33&plusmn;0.58 mm; Cattle-4.53&plusmn;0.33 mm), mean distance of the closest point of the RW from the peritoneum (25.77&plusmn;3.23 mm; 13.07&plusmn;0.67 mm) and mean triangular area (10.21&plusmn;4.42 cm&sup2;; 4.94&plusmn;0.52 cm&sup2;) were higher in healthy buffaloes than cattle.</div>


<p>​Ultrasonographic Morphometry of Reticulum in Cattle and Buffaloes</p>


<div><strong>Background: </strong>Fracture of long bones is a common orthopaedic condition noticed in dogs and its primary goal is to completely restore the function of the injured limb as early as possible. Osteo-conductivity of hydroxyapatite can be improved further by decreasing the particle size to nanometre range and incorporation of inorganic materials in hydroxyapatite can enhance osteoblast cell material interactions. Strontium, Zinc, Silver and Fluorine are known to play an important role in the bone formation and also affect bone material characteristics such as crystallinity, degradation behaviour and mechanical properties. When doped with plasma spray nanohydroxyapatite, these multi-ions cause no harm to the physical environment during the degradation process of hydroxyapatite as these are nontoxic and play significant role in bone metabolism, growth and nourishment. Bone markers have tremendous potential as a rapid and sensitive method for assessing the response of the skeleton to medical or surgical interventions providing valuable information regarding bone turn over in animals. Hence, the current study was undertaken to evaluate the potential of multi-ion doped nano-hydroxyapatite coated intramedullary titanium implants in long bone fracture repair in dogs compared to the conventional intramedullary titanium implants through radiographical studies and evaluation of bone markers.&nbsp;<br />
<br />
<strong>Methods:</strong> Radiographical evaluation, Sandwich ELISA kits developed by Bioassay technology laboratory.<br />
<br />
<strong>Result:</strong> Plasma spray nano-hydroxyapatite coated titanium intramedullary implants have shown excellent osteo-conductivity when doped with multi-ions of Strontium, Zinc, Silver and Fluorine facilitating rapid osteoblastic activity and rapid bone turnover at the fracture site and complete fracture healing by 3<sup>rd</sup> week post-operatively as evidenced by radiographic scores and a peak BALP (Canine Bone Alkaline Phosphatase) values and early limb usage. Bone reabsorption and bone tissue remodelling due to osteoclastic action at the fracture site was quicker when the multi-ion doped nano-hydroxyapatite coated titanium intramedullary implants were used which is evidenced by the radiographic scores and highest CTX (Canine C-telopeptide of Type 1 Collagen) values indicating completion of fracture healing and near completion of bone tissue remodelling by 9<sup>th </sup>post-operative week in long bone fracture repair in dogs.</div>


<p>​Efficacy of Multi-ion Doped Plasma Spray Nano-hydroxyapatite Coated Titanium Implants in Long Bone Fracture Repair in Dogs- Radiographical and Bone Markers Evaluation</p>


<div>Radiographic evaluation plays a crucial role in the prediction and diagnosis of cardiac disease. Vertebral heart score (VHS) and cardiothoracic ratio (CTR) provide an objective measure to evaluate cardiac size. The aim of the present study was to establish the normal reference values of VHS and CTR in 25 clinically normal Zaraibi goats with homogenous age and body weight. Complete clinical, electrocardiographic, echocardiographic and radiographic examinations were included. The VHS and CTR were calculated from right lateral inspiratory radiographs. The VHS ranged from 7.3 to 8.8 (mean&plusmn;SD 8.0&plusmn;0.4) vertebrae and the CTR ranged from 17.1 to 24.6 (mean&plusmn;SD 20.1&plusmn;2.2)%. Significant weak correlation was recorded between VHS and CTR. Vertebral heart score and cardiothoracic ratio are clinically useful tool to evaluate cardiac size in Zaraibi goats.</div>


<div>Objective radiographic evaluation of cardiac size in clinically normal Zaraibi goats</div>


<p><strong>Background:</strong> Gastrointestinal disorders are the most encountered preliminary ailments in a clinical establishment especially pertaining to gastroenteritis and foreign body obstruction in dogs. A persistent diagnostic protocol in these conditions helps in the future therapeutic decision-making process. The present study was conducted to evaluate the role of radiographic findings and ratio of maximum small intestinal diameter to the L5 mid-vertebral diameter as a quantitative diagnostic aid in gastrointestinal disorders <em>i.e</em>., gastroenteritis and foreign body syndrome in dogs.&nbsp;<br />
<br />
<strong>Methods:</strong> In this study a total of 86 dogs were divided into 3 groups <em>viz.</em> group 1 (n=12) included apparently healthy dogs, group 2 (n=61) included dogs suffering with gastroenteritis and group 3 (n=13) included dogs with foreign body syndrome.<br />
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<strong>Result:</strong> Radiographically foreign body was visible in 4 out of 13 cases and presence of diffuse and segmental dilation was noted in dogs suffering with gastroenteritis and foreign body syndrome respectively. A significant increase (p&lt;0.05) in Max SI/L5 of dogs suffering with foreign body syndrome (2.93&plusmn;0.12) was seen as compared to dogs with gastroenteritis (1.68&plusmn;0.09) and apparently healthy dogs (0.71&plusmn;0.04). Also, there was significant increase(p&lt;0.05) of Max SI/L5 in dogs suffering with gastroenteritis (1.68&plusmn;0.09) and those which were apparently healthy (0.71&plusmn;0.04). The following study concluded that radiographic findings such as pattern of dilation and Max SI/L5 ratio can be used as a diagnostic aid in gastrointestinal ailments and value of Max SI/L5 ratio &gt;1.6 is indicative of obstruction in dogs.<br />
&nbsp;</p>


<p>A Clinical Study on Role of Radiographic Findings in Diagnosis of Gastroenteritis and Foreign Body Syndrome in Dogs</p>


<div style="text-align: justify;">A feeding trial was conducted to assess the effect of prebiotics on intestinal histo-morphometry and gut health status of broiler chickens. A total number of 240 day-old broiler chicks were randomly assigned to six dietary treatment groups having five replicates each with eight birds per replicate for six weeks. A basal corn-soybean diet was formulated that served as control (T1). The rest five test dietary treatments were prepared by adding antibiotic (bacitracin methylene di-salicylate-BMD at 0.002% of diet (T2), prebiotics i.e., mannan oligosaccharides (MOS) at 0.1% or 0.2% (T3 and T4) and fructo oligosaccharides (FOS) at 0.1% or 0.2% (T5, T6 respectively) with basal diet. Total anaerobes counts were significantly (P&lt;0.05) reduced at 21 and 42 d at ileum in T2, T3 and T4 groups whereas, coliforms count were reduced (P&lt;0.05) in T2 and T3 groups. However, lactic acid bacteria (LAB) count were significantly (P&lt;0.05) increased in T3 and T4 groups but lactobacillus count were increased (P&lt;0.05) in only T3 group at 21 and 42 d in ileum. Villus height (VH) and width (VW) were significantly increased (P&lt;0.05) at 21d and 42 d in T3 and T4 groups, whereas, at 21 d, crypt depth (CD) were increased (P&lt;0.05) in T3 and T4 groups but at 42 d, CD were significantly improved in T3 and T4 or T5 and T6 groups. No significant (P&gt;0.05) differences were observed in ratio between VH and CD at 21d or 42 d. &nbsp;Thus, it might he concluded that 0.1% or 0.2% MOS inclusion in basal diet improved intestinal histo-morphometry and gut health in broiler chickens and it is a better alternate feed additive to replacement of antibiotic growth promoter.&nbsp;</div>

Effects of prebiotics on intestinal histo-morphometry and gut microflora status of broiler chickens&nbsp;

<p><strong>Background: </strong>Traumatic reticuloperitonitis (TRP) is a frequently observed disorder in the forestomach of bovines, resulting from the ingestion of sharp metallic foreign bodies during feeding due to their indiscriminate eating habits. Under field conditions, distinguishing this disease from other forestomach disorders becomes challenging because of the overlapping clinical signs that are shared by them. The current study aimed to assess clinical, radiological, ultrasonographic, hematological and peritoneal fluid changes to facilitate accurate and early diagnosis along with suitable treatment.<br />
&nbsp;<br />
<strong>Methods:</strong> A total 31 cases of TRP were recorded in the present study period from January 2023-December 2023. The affected animals underwent clinical, ferroscopic, radiographic, ultrasonographic, haematological and peritoneal fluid analysis for the diagnostic purpose which were later managed surgically by standing left laparorumenotomy.<br />
&nbsp;<br />
<strong>Result:</strong> Majority of the affected animals displayed bloat, congested conjunctival mucous membrane, fever, cachexia, grunting and refusal to sit down. Out of the total of 31 animals, 27 tested positive for ferroscopy and 22 animals had at least one visible metallic foreign body on radiographs in the reticulum. Ultrasonographic examination revealed distinctive findings, including an increase in reticular thickness, elevated peritoneal fluid levels and the presence of echogenic deposits. Changes in peritoneal fluid characteristics included alteration of color, elevated total protein levels (&gt;2.5 g/dL) and increased total nucleated cell counts (cells/&micro;L). Hematological analysis indicated that most affected animals showed leucocytosis, neutrophilia and lymphopenia, which returned to normal physiological ranges post-operatively.</p>


<p>Clinical, Haematological, Radiographic, Ultrasonographic and Surgical Findings in Bovine Affected with Traumatic Reticulo-peritonitis</p>


<div><strong>Background:</strong> Mesenchymal stem cells are well known for their self-renewal capacity and ability to differentiate into multiple cell lineages. The aim of the study was to develop a simple technique for isolation of mesenchymal stem cells from porcine adipose tissue and to study the morphometric characteristics of porcine mesenchymal stem cells.<br />
<br />
<strong>Methods:</strong> Porcine adipose derived mesenchymal stem cells were isolated <em>in vitro</em> by using collagenase type II enzyme. Cell yield and viability of the cells were calculated by using trypan blue exclusion method using Neubauer&rsquo;s chamber. Characterization of MSCs were done by using specific cell markers. The morphological changes, morphometry were analysed in culture using Leishman&rsquo;s stain. The cell doubling (CD) and Population doubling time (PDT) were also calculated.<br />
<br />
<strong>Result:</strong> The isolated adherent cells start forming colony and demonstrated an elongated, round and spindle like fibroblastic morphology by day 1. Almost 80-90 per cent confluency was attained on day 8-9 after the initial seeding and was reduced to day 3-4 in the subsequent passages. RT-PCR reactions revealed positive expression of mesenchymal stem cell markers CD44, CD73 and negative expression of CD34, a hematopoietic cell surface marker. Immunocytochemistry also revealed positive expression for CD44 and negative for CD34. In morphometric studies, the cell length, nucleus length, cell width and nucleus width were increased between 24 and 48 hours in both P2 and P3.</div>
