<div>Background: Green gram, Vigna radiata (L.) R. Wilczek is third most important pulse crop cultivated in India. The two key insect pest viz., pod borer, Helicoverpa armigera Hubner and Tobacco leaf caterpillar, Spodoptera litura Fabricius inflicts heavy yield loss in greengram. As these are polyphagous insect pest and the crop is a short duration crop, immediate management strategy such as chemical control is very much essential to check its yield loss. The current study reports the efficacy of novel insecticide i.e. Coragen&reg; 20 SC against above cited two insect pest in greengram. Further its effect on non-target insects and its influence on growth and survival of Bacillus thuringiensis were evaluated.&nbsp; 
 
Methods: Field experiments were conducted to evaluate the efficacy of Coragen&reg; 20 SC (at four doses viz., 75 ml ha-1, 100 ml ha-1, 125 ml ha-1 150 ml ha-1), chlorpyriphos 20 EC @ 2.5 l ha-1 and emamectin benzoate 5 SG @ 220 g ha-1 against H. armigera and S. litura during kharif 2018 and 2019. Based on larval load per plant, the percent reduction in larval counts was estimated based on Henderson and Tilton method. The benefit cost ratio (BCR) was worked out for each respective year based on seed yield and net returns.&nbsp; 
 
Result: Coragen&reg; 20 SC at 125 ml ha-1 and 150 ml ha-1 had resulted in highest percent reduction in larval population over control. Simultaneously, the highest BCR during kharif 2018 (6.29, 4.21) and 2019 (5.95, 5.64) were recorded from above 2 treatments. Further, Coragen&reg; 20 SC showed compatibility with 5 Bt isolates evaluated, i.e Bt growth didn&rsquo;t inhibited in nutrient agar containing field dose of Coragen 20 SC.</div>

<div>Efficacy of Coragen 20 SC against Lepidopteran Pest in Greengram and Its Compatibility with Bacillus thuringiensis Isolates</div>

Background: Soybean, a vital global oilseed crop, faces significant challenges from pest infestations and related damage that compromise productivity. Early and accurate detection of pest damage is critical for sustainable agriculture. This study evaluates the effectiveness of the ResNet-20 architecture in identifying and classifying soybean leaf conditions into three categories-Healthy, Caterpillar-damaged and Diabrotica speciosa-affected-and assesses its potential for practical agricultural deployment. 
&nbsp; 
Methods: The study utilized a dataset of 6,410 soybean leaf images sourced from the Mendeley database, categorized into three classes. The ResNet-20 model architecture incorporated convolutional layers, residual connections and global average pooling for efficient feature extraction and classification. Model performance was evaluated using metrics such as precision, recall, F1-score, accuracy and the Matthews Correlation Coefficient (MCC). 
&nbsp; 
Result: ResNet-20 demonstrated robust performance with an overall classification accuracy of 86.58%. High precision and recall values were observed for pest-affected categories, although a reduced recall for the &ldquo;Healthy&rdquo; class was noted. The MCC of 0.7728 highlighted strong predictive reliability. Misclassifications were attributed to visual similarities between pest-related symptoms and class imbalance in the dataset.

Deep Learning-driven Precision Agriculture: Application of ResNet-20 for the Early Detection and Classification of Soybean Insect Pests under Real-world Constraints

<div>Background: Colic is one of the most common and challenging problem encountered by equine practitioners. In practise majority of horses suffering from colic can be treated with medical management but around 10% of horses with colic require surgical intervention in an effort to save the life of animal. In India, equine abdominal surgery is not popular because there is lack of infrastructure, manpower and expertise therefore, there is a need to conduct clinical studies to document outcome of equine colic cases managed surgically. The present report describes diagnostic, prognostic indicators and post-operative outcome of exploratory celiotomy performed to manage various cases of colic surgical outcome of colic surgery in Indian horse breeds. 
 
Methods: The present study was conducted on 20 horses having intestinal colic (n=20). The affected patients were selected for exploratory celiotomy on an emergency basis having moderate to severe persistent abdominal pain, lack of response to medicinal treatment with absence of intestinal borborygmi. Preoperative physical assessment, biochemical analysis and peritoneal fluid analysis were done in all the clinical cases. The preoperative physical assessment and various blood parameter estimation helped in decision making. 
 
Conclusion: The result of intestinal colic cases showed that mean heart rate and respiration rate (mean&plusmn;SE) were significantly higher in non-survivors&nbsp;as compared to survivors. Blood lactate level was significantly higher in non survivors than survivors. Large colon affectation (n=8) were the primary cause of the colic, followed by small colon (n=6), cecum (n=3) and small intestine (n=3). Postoperative complications were peritonitis and ileus (n=6), subcutaneous seroma (n=7), pyrexia (n=4), diarrhoea (n=6). Short term survivability in intestinal colic patients was 55% and long term survivability was 50%.</div>

<div>Evaluation of Diagnostic, Prognostic Indicators and Surgical Outcome in 20 Cases Treated for Equine Intestinal Colic</div>

Background: Odisha started a programme to revive millets in 2017. Keeping this in the background, this paper examines growth of production, area and yield and decomposition of production of millets in Odisha in the last six decades by using triennium ending data, TE1962-63 to TE2019-20.&nbsp; 
 
Methods: Boyce&rsquo;s kinked exponential method has been used to estimate growth for production, area and yield. Production was decomposed to area, yield and interaction effects. Millets as a crop group is compared with other foodgrain groups and then analysis was carried out for four specific millet crops - ragi, jowar, bajra and small millets.&nbsp; 
 
Result: In Odisha, the 1960s and 1970s indicate an increasing trend in production of and area under millets. There is a reversal of these trends since 1980s. The decline started first for small millets in the 1980s and subsequently since the 1990s for the three major millets - bajra, jowar and ragi. Decomposition of millets production indicates that the decline since 1980s is largely on account of area effect, but also because of yield effect in the 1990s and 2010s.&nbsp;

Growth and Decomposition of Millets in Odisha: 1960-61 to 2019-20

<div>Background: Tomato is one of the most important vegetable crops in the world due to its dietary value. Harvesting and storing of physiologically matured tomato seeds is very important to secure good quality seeds for future use in a changing climate. The objective of the study was to assess the effect of maturity stages on seed quality of two tomato accessions during cold storage.&nbsp; 
 
Methods: Seeds of two tomato accessions extracted at four maturity stages (i.e. initially ripe, half ripe, fully ripe and rotten) were stored at -20oC in a deep freezer for 12 months. The quality of stored seeds was measured by seed vigour and germination percentage at 3, 6, 9 and 12 months after storage.&nbsp; 
 
Conclusion: The study showed significant differences in seed vigour and germination percentage at 3, 6, 9 and 12 months after storage (MAS) among the maturity stages. Seeds extracted at the initially ripe stage in GH 9305 had the least vigour at 3, 6, 9 and 12 MAS. The highest reduction in seed quality during the storage period was observed in seeds extracted at the rotten stage in both accessions. Seed vigour and germination were higher in GH 9207 than GH 9305. Storage of physiologically matured tomato seeds at freezing temperature is necessary to reduce seed ageing and to maintain high seed quality.</div>

<div>Influence of Different Maturity Stages on Tomato (Solanum lycopersicum L.) Seed Quality during Storage at -20&deg;C</div>

<div>Background: Tumours in dogs are increasing day by day and the mainstay of treatment is surgery. Wide surgical resection of soft tissue tumour in dogs is mandatory to prevent recurrence but it leads to the formation of a large skin defect requiring skin reconstruction. Among the various skin reconstruction techniques, subdermal skin flap is a simple reconstruction technique which can be performed by harvesting full-thickness skin from the surrounding skin without using special instruments. The current study was aimed to evaluate the healing and recurrence of tumours in dogs after wide surgical resection of tumour and subdermal skin flap reconstruction. 
 
Methods: 20 dogs with soft tissue tumours presented to MSVH, GADVASU, Ludhiana, Punjab, during the period 2019-2020 were treated by wide surgical resection and subdermal skin flap technique. Routine clinico-physical, Hematobiochemical, Radiographic examinations, Fine Needle Aspiration Cytology, Histopathology and Culture Sensitivity Test were performed. Different types of flap were created according to the location of tumour and availability of the loose skin and wound healing was evaluated and complications recorded.&nbsp; 
 
Result: Healing of subdermal flap was seen in 15 dogs (75%) while necrosis of subdermal flap was recorded in 5 dogs (25 %) of the cases of which 4 of them had mobility of flap base and were located in ventral abdomen (n=4) and limb (n=1). Overall tumour recurrence was recorded in 3 dogs (15%) which were located in limbs of which 2 dogs had lung metastasis and the tumours were malignant. It can be concluded that single pedicle advancement flaps for thoracic region; bipedicle advancement flap for thoracic and abdominal regions; rotational flaps for lateral thoracic region and transposition flap for proximal limb region are feasible skin reconstruction techniques for the repair of large skin defects in dogs.</div>

<div>Evaluation of Wound Healing Following Wide Surgical Resection and Subdermal Skin Flap Reconstruction for Management of Soft Tissue Tumours in 20 Dogs&nbsp;</div>

<div>Background: Sclerotium rolfsii is a soil borne notorious pathogen widely affecting pulses, vegetables, oil seeds, flowers and ornamentals recording high yield loss. In groundnut it causes stem rot. The current study is focused towards management of S. rolfsii using combined application of Trichoderma spp. under field condition. 
 
Methods: Twenty-five isolates of Trichoderma spp. were screened initially against the stem rot pathogen through dual culture method. The effective Trichoderma spp. again assessed by agar well diffusion method and their secondary metabolites were identified using GC-MS. 
 
Result: From the 25 isolates, T. longibrachiatum and T. asperellum were inhibitory to the growth of S. rolfsii. The isolate T(SP)-20 of T. longibrachiatum showed 84.44% inhibition of mycelial growth of pathogen followed by T(AR)-10 of T. asperellum (75.55%). The major compounds present in GC-MS analysis of T. longibrachiatum and T. asperellum are 2-Tricosenoic acid (3.29%), Hexadecane (3.12%) and Phenol (27.18%), 2, 6, 10-Trimethyltridecane (3.44%) respectively. At field level combined application of effective T. longibrachiatum and T. asperellum excelled well in reducing stem rot disease incidence (82.67%) when compared to individual species.</div>

Combined Application of Trichoderma longibrachiatum T(SP)-20 and Trichoderma asperellum T(AR)-10 in the Management of Stem Rot of Groundnut

<div style="text-align: justify;">All parts of the cowpea crop are nutritious and edible. The present study analyzed the nutritional, anti-nutritional and organoleptic qualities of vegetable cowpea pods, shells and seeds. Two varieties of vegetable cowpea viz. PusaSukomal and PVCP-20 were studied in three parts (pods/shells/seeds). Proximate composition, seven minerals, dietary fiber and two anti-nutrients were analyzed. The study showed that both varieties of vegetable cowpea are nutritious with PusaSukomal being rich in macronutrients and PVCP-20 rich in micronutrients. The three different parts of cowpea differed from each other nutritionally as well as in their anti-nutrient content. Among the different parts analyzed shells were rich in dietary fiber. Seeds were nutrient dense as compared to pods and shells, but more in anti- nutrients. Organoleptically seeds of PusaSukomal were preferred over other forms. &nbsp;It is revealed from the study that PusaSukomal seeds are nutritionally and organoleptically superior to the other samples studied.</div>

<div style="text-align: justify;">Physicochemical and Organoleptic Characteristics of Different Parts of Vegetable Cowpea [Vigna Unguiculata (L.) Walp]</div>

Background: The field experiment was conducted at the Anbil Dharmalingam Agricultural College and Research Institute, Tiruchirappalli, Tamil Nadu during rabi, 2022-2023 to study the influence of spacing and weed management practices on growth characters, nutrient removal by weeds and nutrient uptake of direct seeded rice (DSR).&nbsp; 
 
Methods: The field experiment was laid out in split plot design with three replications. The main plots were spacing of 20 &times; 15 cm, 20 &times; 20 cm and 25 &times; 25 cm. Sub plots were assigned with weed management practices viz., pyrazosulfuron ethyl 10% WP at 20 g a.i ha-1 on 3 DAS as PE + bispyribac sodium 10% SC at 25 g a.i ha-1 on 20 DAS as PoE, Pyrazosulfuron ethyl 10% WP at 20 g&nbsp; a.i ha-1 on&nbsp; 3 DAS as PE + Cono weeding on 20 DAS + hand weeding (HW) on 40 DAS, Pyrazosulfuron ethyl 10% WP at 20 g a.i ha-1 on 3 DAS as PE + Cono weeding on 20 DAS and 40 DAS, Pyrazosulfuron ethyl 10% WP at 20 g a.i ha-1 on 3 DAS as PE + Bispyribac sodium 10% SC at 25 g a.i ha-1 on 20 DAS as PoE + Cono weeding on 40 DAS, Pyrazosulfuron ethyl 10% WP at 20 g a.i ha-1 on 3 DAS as PE + Bispyribac sodium 10% SC at 25 g a.i ha-1 on 20 DAS as PoE + Hand weeding on 40 DAS, Hand weeding at 20 and 40 DAS and unweeded control.&nbsp; 
 
Result: The results indicated that the highest growth attributes, higher nutrient uptake of nitrogen, phosphorous and potassium under DSR and were significantly improved by spacing 20 &times; 20 cm along with pyrazosulfuron ethyl 10% WP at 20 g a.i&nbsp; ha-1 on 3 DAS as PE + Bispyribac sodium 10% SC at 25 g a.i ha-1 on 20 DAS as PoE + Cono weeding on 40 DAS. This was on par with pyrazosulfuron ethyl 10% WP at 20 g a.i ha-1 on 3 DAS as PE + Bispyribac sodium 10% SC at 25 g&nbsp; a.i ha-1 on 20 DAS as PoE + Hand weeding on 40 DAS and hand weeding on 20 and 40 DAS. Similarly lower nutrient removal by weeds were registered under 20 &times; 15 cm spacing along with pyrazosulfuron ethyl 10% WP at 20 g a.i ha-1 on 3 DAS as PE + Bispyribac sodium 10% SC at 25 g a.i ha-1 on 20 DAS as PoE + cono weeding on 40 DAS. The interaction of spacing 20 &times; 20 cm and pyrazosulfuron ethyl 10% WP at 20 g a.i ha-1 on 3 DAS&nbsp; as PE + Bispyribac sodium 10% SC at 25 g a.i ha-1 on 20 DAS as PoE + Cono weeding on 40 DAS significantly increased the growth attributes such as plant height, dry matter production and total numbers of tillers and significantly lowered the nutrient removal by weeds.&nbsp;

Influence of Spacing and Weed Management Practices on the Growth Characters, Nutrient Removal of Weeds and Nutrient Uptake of Direct Seeded Rice

Background: Field experiment was conducted at Anbil Dharmalingam Agricultural College and Research Institute, Thiruchirappalli, Tamil Nadu during the rabi season of 2022-23 to evaluate the effect of spacing and weed management practices of yield parameters and yield of direct seeded rice under sodic soil using three levels of spacing and seven weed management strategies.

Methods: The main plots were spacing of 20 x 15 cm, 20 x 20 cm, and 25 x 25 cm. Sub plot consisted of weed management practices in direct seeded rice viz., PE pyrazosulfuron ethyl 10% WP at&nbsp; 20 g a.i ha-1 on 3 DAS + PoE bispyribac sodium 10% SC at 25 g a.i ha-1 on 20 DAS, PE pyrazosulfuron ethyl 10% WP at 20 g&nbsp; a.i ha-1 on&nbsp; 3 DAS + cono weeding on 20 DAS + hand weeding&nbsp; (HW) on 40 DAS, PE pyrazosulfuron Ethyl 10% WP at 20 g&nbsp; a.i ha-1 on&nbsp; 3 DAS + cono weeding on 20 DAS and 40 DAS, PE pyrazosulfuron ethyl 10% WP at&nbsp; 20 g&nbsp; a.i ha-1 on 3 DAS +&nbsp; PoE bispyribac sodium 10% SC&nbsp; at&nbsp; 25 g&nbsp; a.i ha-1 on 20 DAS +&nbsp; cono weeding on 40 DAS, PE pyrazosulfuron Ethyl 10% WP at 20 g&nbsp; a.i ha-1 on 3 DAS + PoEbispyribac sodium 10% SC at 25 g&nbsp; a.i ha-1 on 20 DAS +&nbsp; HW on 40 DAS, Hand weeding at 20 and 40 DAS, and unweeded control. The field experiment was laid out in split plot design with three replications.

Results: The results indicated that lower total weed density (40.39 no. m-2), dry weight of weeds (85.52 g m-2) and higher WCE (77.5%) were registered under 20 &times; 15 cm which was on par with spacing of 20 &times; 20 cm. The higher number of productive tillers m-2 (389), number of grains panicle-1 (192), number filled grains panicle-1 (187), grain yield (4546 kg ha-1) and straw yield (6714 kg ha-1) were observed under spacing of 20 &times; 20 cm. Application of pyrazosulfuron ethyl&nbsp; 20 g&nbsp; ha-1 at 3 DAS +&nbsp; bispyribac sodium&nbsp; 25 g&nbsp; ha-1 at 20 DAS + cono weeding at 40 DAS possessed the lowest total weed density (7.67 no. m-2), dry weight of weeds (12.63 g m-2), higher WCE (97.0) at 45 DAS and significantly improved the yield parameters and yields compared to unweeded control. The highest grain and straw yields were recorded from interaction between 20 &times; 20 cm and pyrazosulfuron ethyl 20 g ha-1 at 3 DAS + bispyribac sodium 25 g ha-1 at 20 DAS + cono weeding at 40 DAS.

Efficacy of Coragen 20 SC against Lepidopteran Pest in Greengram and Its Compatibility with Bacillus thuringiensis Isolates

Deep Learning-driven Precision Agriculture: Application of ResNet-20 for the Early Detection and Classification of Soybean Insect Pests under Real-world Constraints

Evaluation of Diagnostic, Prognostic Indicators and Surgical Outcome in 20 Cases Treated for Equine Intestinal Colic

Growth and Decomposition of Millets in Odisha: 1960-61 to 2019-20

Influence of Different Maturity Stages on Tomato (Solanum lycopersicum L.) Seed Quality during Storage at -20°C

Evaluation of Wound Healing Following Wide Surgical Resection and Subdermal Skin Flap Reconstruction for Management of Soft Tissue Tumours in 20 Dogs

Combined Application of Trichoderma longibrachiatum T(SP)-20 and Trichoderma asperellum T(AR)-10 in the Management of Stem Rot of Groundnut

Physicochemical and Organoleptic Characteristics of Different Parts of Vegetable Cowpea [Vigna Unguiculata (L.) Walp]

Influence of Spacing and Weed Management Practices on the Growth Characters, Nutrient Removal of Weeds and Nutrient Uptake of Direct Seeded Rice

Effect of spacing and weed management practices on yield parameters and yield of direct-seeded rice